Published online: 27 April 2018 ISSN (online): 2376-3191 Records of the Hawaii Biological Survey for 2017. Edited by Neal L. Evenhuis. Bishop Museum Occasional Papers 123: 25 –30 (2017) lsid:zoobank.org:pub:30C6C9C4-964B-4A3C-964D-A9BA7524607B A New Species of Flightless Campsicnemus (Diptera : Dolichopodidae) from the Wai‘anae Range , O‘ahu , Hawaiian Islands 1 NEAL L. E vENHuIS Hawaii Biological Survey, Bishop Museum, 1525 Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817, USA; email:
[email protected] INTRODUCTION Flightless forms of otherwise normally alate insects are usually an adaptation to extreme environmental conditions. Islands, whether oceanic or island-ecosystems such as moun - tain summits or areas isolated from easy dispersal, are the most common places flightless insects may be found. In Hawaii, flightlessness has also developed in response to the lack of predatory ants. Ants have only recently (the last few hundred years) been introduced; thus, the Hawaiian fauna has evolved over millions of years in the absence of these preda - tory organisms. In the Dolichopodidae, flightlessness is extremely rare. Of the more than 7,700 species of long-legged flies found worldwide (Grichanov & Brooks, 2017), only 16 flightless species are known (0.2%). Within that number, eight, a remarkable 50% of all flightless dolichopodids, are found in the Hawaiian Islands. Bickel (2006) and Evenhuis (1997) summarized the species of flightless dolichopodids and noted that most are found above 1500 m and are found on islands. A seventeenth flightless species, the ninth in Hawai‘i, Campsicnemus hao, n. sp . is described herein. One population of the new species described herein is noteworthy in that it was found at roughly 400 m (one of the lowest elevations recorded for a flightless dolichopodid) in the midst of large populations of introduced ants.