DOCSLIB.ORG

Water, Mineral Nutrient and Hormone Flows and Exchanges in the Hemiparasitic Association Between Root Hemiparasite Rhinanthus Minor and the Host Hordeum Vulgare

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Water, Mineral Nutrient and Hormone Flows and Exchanges in the Hemiparasitic Association Between Root Hemiparasite Rhinanthus Minor and the Host Hordeum Vulgare Water, mineral nutrient and hormone flows and exchanges in the hemiparasitic association between root hemiparasite Rhinanthus minor and the host Hordeum vulgare Dissertation zur Erlangung des naturwissenschaftlichen Doktorgrades der Bayerischen Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg vorgelegt von Fan Jiang aus China Würzburg 2004 Eingereicht am: Mitglieder der Prüfungskommission: Vorsitzender: Prof. Dr. U. Scheer Gutachter: Prof. Dr. W. Hartung Gutachter: Prof. Dr. M. Riederer Tag des Promotionskolloquiums: Doktorurkunde ausgehändigt am: Contents 1. Introduction..............................................................................................................4 1.1 Parasitic plants: a general introduction..............................................................................4 1.2 Haustoria ...............................................................................................................................5 1.3 Water relations ......................................................................................................................7 1.4 Nutritional relationships of parasites and their host..........................................................9 1.4.1 Nitrogen.........................................................................................................................10 1.4.2 Ion accumulation..........................................................................................................11 1.4.3 Carbon assimilation .....................................................................................................12 1.5 Phytohormones in hemiparasitic associations ..................................................................14 1.6 Project aims .........................................................................................................................15 2. Materials and methods ..........................................................................................16 2.1 Plant culture ........................................................................................................................16 2.2 Harvests of plant tissue.......................................................................................................18 2.3 Collections of xylem sap and of phloem exudate..............................................................18 2.4 Modelling of water flows ....................................................................................................19 2.5 Analysis of plant tissue and transport fluids for mineral elements, sugar, anions and amino acids ................................................................................................................................20 2.6 Estimation of net flows of mineral nutrients (N, P, K+, Mg2+) through xylem and phloem in unparasitised barley and unattached Rhinanthus and within the association of barley and Rhinanthus..........................................................................................................................21 2.7 ABA analysis........................................................................................................................22 2.7.1 Extraction of tissues.....................................................................................................22 2.7.2 Principle of the analysis...............................................................................................22 2.7.3 Procedures of ELISA ...................................................................................................23 2.8 Cytokinins analysis .............................................................................................................24 2.8.1 Extraction of tissue.......................................................................................................24 2.8.2 Procedures of ELISA ...................................................................................................25 2.9 Modelling of ABA flows ......................................................................................................26 2.10 Rough estimates of the movements of sucrose in barley................................................26 2.11 Precision of models............................................................................................................27 2.12 Leaf conductance...............................................................................................................27 2.13 Scanning electron microscopy..........................................................................................28 2.14 Hydraulic conductivity of roots .......................................................................................28 2.15 Collection of root exudates from barley and Rhinanthus seedlings..............................29 2.16 Stain for haustoria sections ..............................................................................................30 2.17 Immunolocalisation of ABA .............................................................................................30 2.17.1 Tissue preparation......................................................................................................30 2.17.2 Immunocytochemistry ...............................................................................................31 3. Results .....................................................................................................................32 3.1 Growth of single and parasitising Rhinanthus..................................................................32 3.2 Haustorium..........................................................................................................................34 3.3 Water flows in the parasitic associaton Rhinanthus minor/Hordeum vulgare................36 1 Contents 3.3.1 The stomatal movements of Rhinanthus and Melampyrum arvense ........................36 3.3.2 Hydraulic conductivity of roots of Rhinanthus and Hordeum vulgare.....................39 3.3.3 Water flows in the parasitic associaton Rhinanthus minor/Hordeum vulgare - supplied with 5 mM NO3 .....................................................................................................42 3.3.4 Water flows in the parasitic association Rhinanthus minor/Hordeum vulgare - + supplied with 1 mM NO3 or 1 mM NH4 ............................................................................43 3.3.5 Comparision of water flows in the parasitic association Rhinanthus minor/Hordeum - - vulgare supplied with 5 mM NO3 or 1 mM NO3 ...............................................................47 3.4 Nutritional flows from Hordeum vulgare to the hemiparasite Rhinanthus minor and the influence of infection on host and parasite nutrient relations...............................................49 - 3.4.1 Plants supplied with 5 mM NO3 .................................................................................49 3.4.1.1 Biomass accumulation ..........................................................................................49 3.4.1.2 Mineral nutrients partitioning in control barley, in solitary Rhinanthus and in the association between barley and Rhinanthus .............................................................49 3.4.1.3 Concentrations of mineral nutrients, amides and amino acid-N in xylem sap 50 3.4.1.4 Net flows of mineral nutrients within uninfected barley, unattached Rhinanthus and in the association between barley and Rhinanthus .................................................53 - + 3.4.2 Plants supplied with 1 mM NO3 and 1 mM NH4 .....................................................58 3.4.2.1 Biomass accumulation ..........................................................................................58 3.4.2.2 Mineral nutrients partitioning in control barley, in solitary Rhinanthus and in the association between barley and Rhinanthus .............................................................59 3.4.2.3 Concentrations of mineral nutrients, amides and amino acid-N in xylem sap 65 3.4.2.4 Net flows of mineral nutrients within uninfected barley, unattached Rhinanthus and in the association between barley and Rhinanthus .................................................67 3.4.2.5 Comparision of mineral relations in the parasitic association Rhinanthus - minor/Hordeum vulgare supplied with 5 or 1 mM NO3 .................................................75 3.5 Contents and flows of assimilates (mannitol and sucrose) in the hemiparasitic Rhinanthus minor/Hordeum vulgare association ....................................................................78 3.5.1 Contents and flows of mannitol and sucrose..............................................................78 3.5.2 Mannitol in xylem sap and mannitol/K in phloem sap .............................................80 3.5.3 Flows of mannitol and sucrose ....................................................................................80 3.6 Abscisic acid (ABA) flows from Hordeum vulgare to the hemiparasite Rhinanthus minor and the influence of infection on host and parasite abscisic acid relations..........................88 3.6.1 Abscisic acid content in single and attached barley and Rhinanthus minor............88 3.6.2 ABA in the xylem sap ...................................................................................................88 3.6.3 ABA flows......................................................................................................................91 3.6.4 Comparision of ABA in Rhinanthus/Hordeum associations
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Plant Communities & Habitats
    Plant Communities & Habitats CLASS READINGS Key to Common Trees of Bouverie Preserve Bouverie Vegetation Map This class will be held Deciduous & Evergreen Oaks of Bouverie Preserve almost entirely on the trail so dress Sun Leaves & Shade Leaves accordingly and bring Characteristics of the Oaks of Bouverie Preserve plenty of water Chaparral & Fire (California’s Changing Landscapes, Michael Barbour et.al., 1993) Bouverie Preserve Chaparral (DeNevers) ACR Fire Ecology Program Mixed Evergreen Forest (California’s Changing Landscapes, Michael Barbour et.al., 1993) Ecological Tolerances of Riparian Plants (River Partners) Call of the Galls (Bay Nature Magazine, Ron Russo, 2009) Oak Galls of Bouverie Preserve Leaves of Three (Bay Nature Magazine, Eaton & Sullivan, 2013) Mistletoe – Magical, Mysterious, & Misunderstood (Wirka) How Old is This Twig (Wirka) CALNAT: California Naturalist Handbook Chapter 4 (98-109, 114-115) Chapter 5 (117-138) Key Concepts By the end of this class, we hope you will be able to: Use a simple key to identify trees at Bouverie Preserve, Look around you and determine whether you are in oak woodland, mixed evergreen forest, riparian woodland, or chaparral -- and get a “feel” for each, Define: Plant Community, Habitat, Ecotone; understand how to discuss/investigate each with students, Stand under a large oak and guide students in exploring/discovering the many species that live on/around it, Find a gall on an oak leaf or twig and get excited about the lifecycle of the critters who live inside, Explain how chaparral plants are fire-adapted and look for evidence of these adaptations, Locate at least one granary tree and notice acorn woodpeckers that are guarding it, List some of the animals that rely on Bouverie’s oak woodland habitat, and Make an acorn whistle & count the years a twig has been growing SEQUOIA CLUB Resources When one tugs at a In the Bouverie Library single thing in nature, he A Manual of California Vegetation, second edition, finds it attached to the John Sawyer and Todd Keeler‐ Wolf (2009).
    [Show full text]
  • Yellow Rattle Rhinanthus Minor
    Yellow Rattle Rhinanthus minor Yellow rattle is part of the figwort family (Scrophulariaceae) and is an annual plant associated with species-rich meadows. It can grow up to 50 cm tall and the stem can have black spots. Pairs of triangular serrated leaves are arranged in opposite pairs up the stem and the stem may have several branches. Flowers are arranged in leafy spikes at the top of the stem and the green calyx tube at the bottom of each flower is flattened, slightly inflated and bladder-like. The yellow flowers are also flattened and bilaterally symmetrical. The upper lip has two short 1 mm violet teeth and the lower lip has three lobes. The flattened seeds rattle inside the calyx when ripe. Lifecycle Yellow rattle is an annual plant germinating early in the year, usually February – April, flowering in May – August and setting seed from July – September before the plant dies. The seeds are large and may not survive long in the soil seed bank. Seed germination trials have found that viability quickly reduces within six months, and spring sown seed has a much lower germination rate. Yellow rattle seed often requires a period of cold, termed vernalisation, to trigger germination. It is a hemi-parasite on grasses and legumes. This means that it is partially parasitic, gaining energy through the roots of plants and also using photosynthesis. This ability of yellow rattle makes it extremely useful in the restoration of wildflower meadows as it reduces vegetation cover enabling perennial wildflowers to grow. However, some grasses, such as fescues, are resistant to parasitism by yellow rattle and in high nutrient soils, Yellow rattle distribution across Britain and Ireland grasses such as perennial rye-grass, may grow The data used to create these maps has been provided under very quickly shading out yellow rattle plants licence from the Botanical Society which are not tolerant of shady conditions.
    [Show full text]
  • Biomass Accumulation and Partitioning of Tomato Under Protected Cultivation in the Humid Tropics
    Europ.J.Hort.Sci., 71 (4). S. 173–182, 2006, ISSN 1611-4426. © Verlag Eugen Ulmer KG, Stuttgart Biomass Accumulation and Partitioning of Tomato under Protected Cultivation in the Humid Tropics V. Kleinhenz1), K. Katroschan1), F. Schütt1) and H. Stützel2) (1)Asian Institute of Technology, ASE/SERD, Klong Luang, Thailand and 2) Hanover University, Faculty of Horticulture, Institute of Vegetable Production, Hanover, Germany) Summary Results of a 2-year structural analysis of indeterminate sink strength resulting from poor fruit set were de- tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivated dur- formed leaves and accelerated growth of auxiliary ing different seasons under protected cultivation (ven- shoots. When canopy density was increased by culti- tilated greenhouses with PE-film roofs and PE-net vating tomato with double stems, total fruit biomass walls) in the humid tropics of Central Thailand are per plant was significantly improved by ca. 13 %. presented. Under the prevailing high-radiation condi- Within these plants, ca. 100 % more biomass was par- tions (ø 35.9 MJ m–2 outside and 23.7 MJ m–2 inside titioned into fruits of the primary stem than the sec- of the greenhouse), total dry-mass production was ondary stem. Since leaf biomass and area did not vary 2.6 g MJ–1 and similar to regions at greater latitude significantly between individual stems, there was indi- with much lower global radiation. Plant density cation that secondary stems improved availability of (2.1 plants m–2 in single rows vs. 4.2 plants m–2 in assimilates which promoted biomass partitioning into double rows) had no meaningful effect on biomass fruits on primary stems.
    [Show full text]
  • The Economic Consequences of Striga Hermonthica in Maize Production in Western Kenya
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences Department of Economics The economic consequences of Striga hermonthica in maize production in Western Kenya Jenny Andersson Marcus Halvarsson Independent project ! 15 hec ! Basic level Agricultural Programme- Economics and Management Degree thesis No 669 ! ISSN 1401-4084 Uppsala 2011 The economic consequences of Striga in crop production in Western Kenya Jenny Andersson Marcus Halvarsson Supervisor: Hans Andersson, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Economics Assistant supervisor: Kristina Röing de Nowina, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Department of Soil and Environment Examiner: Karin Hakelius, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Economics Credits: 15 hec Level: Basic C Course title: Business Administration Course code: EX0538 Programme/Education: Agricultural Programme-Economics and Management Place of publication: Uppsala Year of publication: 2011 Name of Series: Degree project No: 669 ISSN 1401-4084 Online publication: http://stud.epsilon.slu.se Key words: Africa, farming systems, maize, striga Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences Faculty of Natural Resources and Agricultural Sciences Department of Economics Acknowledgements This MFS project was funded by Sida and was a part of an on-going research project in Western Kenya led by Kristina Röing de Nowina. We appreciate the opportunity given to us to be a part of it. We would like to thank all farmers who were interviewed and made it possible to establish this report. We would also like to thank our supervisors Hans Andersson and Kristina Röing de Nowina for their support. Nairobi May 2011 Jenny Andersson and Marcus Halvarsson Summary Kenya is a country of 35 million people and is situated in Eastern Africa.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes on Identification Works and Difficult and Under-Recorded Taxa
    Notes on identification works and difficult and under-recorded taxa P.A. Stroh, D.A. Pearman, F.J. Rumsey & K.J. Walker Contents Introduction 2 Identification works 3 Recording species, subspecies and hybrids for Atlas 2020 6 Notes on individual taxa 7 List of taxa 7 Widespread but under-recorded hybrids 31 Summary of recent name changes 33 Definition of Aggregates 39 1 Introduction The first edition of this guide (Preston, 1997) was based around the then newly published second edition of Stace (1997). Since then, a third edition (Stace, 2010) has been issued containing numerous taxonomic and nomenclatural changes as well as additions and exclusions to taxa listed in the second edition. Consequently, although the objective of this revised guide hast altered and much of the original text has been retained with only minor amendments, many new taxa have been included and there have been substantial alterations to the references listed. We are grateful to A.O. Chater and C.D. Preston for their comments on an earlier draft of these notes, and to the Biological Records Centre at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology for organising and funding the printing of this booklet. PAS, DAP, FJR, KJW June 2015 Suggested citation: Stroh, P.A., Pearman, D.P., Rumsey, F.J & Walker, K.J. 2015. Notes on identification works and some difficult and under-recorded taxa. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland, Bristol. Front cover: Euphrasia pseudokerneri © F.J. Rumsey. 2 Identification works The standard flora for the Atlas 2020 project is edition 3 of C.A. Stace's New Flora of the British Isles (Cambridge University Press, 2010), from now on simply referred to in this guide as Stae; all recorders are urged to obtain a copy of this, although we suspect that many will already have a well-thumbed volume.
    [Show full text]
  • Combined Control of Striga Hermonthica and Stemborers by Maize–Desmodium Spp
    ARTICLE IN PRESS Crop Protection 25 (2006) 989–995 www.elsevier.com/locate/cropro Combined control of Striga hermonthica and stemborers by maize–Desmodium spp. intercrops Zeyaur R. Khana,Ã, John A. Pickettb, Lester J. Wadhamsb, Ahmed Hassanalia, Charles A.O. Midegaa aInternational Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), P.O. Box 30772, Nairobi 00100, Kenya bBiological Chemistry Division, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK Accepted 4 January 2006 Abstract The African witchweed (Striga spp.) and lepidopteran stemborers are two major biotic constraints to the efficient production of maize in sub-Saharan Africa. Previous studies had shown the value of intercropping maize with Desmodium uncinatum in the control of both pests. The current study was conducted to assess the potential role of other Desmodium spp., adapted to different agro-ecologies, in combined control of both pests in Kenya. Treatments consisted of intercropped plots of a Striga hermonthica- and stemborer-susceptible maize variety and one Desmodium sp. or cowpea, with a maize monocrop plot included as a control. S. hermonthica counts and stemborer damage to maize plants were significantly reduced in maize–desmodium intercrops (by up to 99.2% and 74.7%, respectively) than in a maize monocrop and a maize–cowpea intercrop. Similarly, maize plant height and grain yields were significantly higher (by up to 103.2% and 511.1%, respectively) in maize–desmodium intercrops than in maize monocrops or maize–cowpea intercrops. These results confirmed earlier findings that intercropping maize with D. uncinatum effectively suppressed S. hermonthica and stemborer infestations in maize resulting in higher crop yields.
    [Show full text]
  • Striga (Witchweeds) in Sorghum and Millet: Knowledge and Future Research Needs
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by ICRISAT Open Access Repository Striga (Witchweeds) in Sorghum and Millet: Knowledge and Future Research Needs A. T. Obilana 1 and K.V. Ramaiah 2 Abstract Striga spp (witchweeds), are notorious root hemiparasites on cereal and legume crops grown in the semi-arid tropical and subtropical regions of Africa, the southern Arabian Peninsula, India, and parts of the eastern USA. These weed-parasites cause between 5 to 90% losses in yield; total crop- loss data have been reported. Immunity in hosts has not been found. Past research activities and control methods for Striga are reviewed, with emphasis on the socioeconomic significance of the species. Striga research involving biosystematics, physiological biochemistry, cultural and chemical control methods, and host resistance are considered. We tried to itemize research needs of priority and look into the future of Striga research and control In light of existing information, some control strategies which particularly suit subsistence and emerging farmers' farming systems with some minor adjustments are proposed. The authors believe that a good crop husbandry is the key to solving the Striga problem. Introduction 60%), susceptibility (in about 30%), and resis- tance (in about 10%). On the other hand, in Striga species (witchweeds) are parasitic weeds maize, susceptibility has been the common reac- growing on the roots of cereal and legume crops tion as resistant varieties are still being identi- in dry, semi-arid, and harsh environments of fied and confirmed. The reaction of millet is tropical and subtropical Africa, Arabian Penin- complex, with ecological zone implications.
    [Show full text]
  • Mistletoes: Pathogens, Keystone Resource, and Medicinal Wonder Abstracts
    Mistletoes: Pathogens, Keystone Resource, and Medicinal Wonder Abstracts Oral Presentations Phylogenetic relationships in Phoradendron (Viscaceae) Vanessa Ashworth, Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Keywords: Phoradendron, Systematics, Phylogenetics Phoradendron Nutt. is a genus of New World mistletoes comprising ca. 240 species distributed from the USA to Argentina and including the Antillean islands. Taxonomic treatments based on morphology have been hampered by phenotypic plasticity, size reduction of floral parts, and a shortage of taxonomically useful traits. Morphological characters used to differentiate species include the arrangement of flowers on an inflorescence segment (seriation) and the presence/absence and pattern of insertion of cataphylls on the stem. The only trait distinguishing Phoradendron from Dendrophthora Eichler, another New World mistletoe genus with a tropical distribution contained entirely within that of Phoradendron, is the number of anther locules. However, several lines of evidence suggest that neither Phoradendron nor Dendrophthora is monophyletic, although together they form the strongly supported monophyletic tribe Phoradendreae of nearly 360 species. To date, efforts to delineate supraspecific assemblages have been largely unsuccessful, and the only attempt to apply molecular sequence data dates back 16 years. Insights gleaned from that study, which used the ITS region and two partitions of the 26S nuclear rDNA, will be discussed, and new information pertinent to the systematics and biology of Phoradendron will be reviewed. The Viscaceae, why so successful? Clyde Calvin, University of California, Berkeley Carol A. Wilson, The University and Jepson Herbaria, University of California, Berkeley Keywords: Endophytic system, Epicortical roots, Epiparasite Mistletoe is the term used to describe aerial-branch parasites belonging to the order Santalales.
    [Show full text]
  • Researchcommons.Waikato.Ac.Nz
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Research Commons@Waikato http://researchcommons.waikato.ac.nz/ Research Commons at the University of Waikato Copyright Statement: The digital copy of this thesis is protected by the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand). The thesis may be consulted by you, provided you comply with the provisions of the Act and the following conditions of use: Any use you make of these documents or images must be for research or private study purposes only, and you may not make them available to any other person. Authors control the copyright of their thesis. You will recognise the author’s right to be identified as the author of the thesis, and due acknowledgement will be made to the author where appropriate. You will obtain the author’s permission before publishing any material from the thesis. Identifying Host Species of Dactylanthus taylorii using DNA Barcoding A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Science in Biological Sciences at The University of Waikato by Cassarndra Marie Parker _________ The University of Waikato 2015 Acknowledgements: This thesis wouldn't have been possible without the support of many people. Firstly, my supervisors Dr Chrissen Gemmill and Dr Avi Holzapfel - your professional expertise, advice, and patience were invaluable. From pitching the idea in 2012 to reading through drafts in the final fortnight, I've been humbled to work with such dedicated and accomplished scientists. Special mention also goes to Thomas Emmitt, David Mudge, Steven Miller, the Auckland Zoo horticulture team and Kevin.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 5. Establishment of the Parasite
    Parasitic Flowering Plants Chapter 5. Establishment of the parasite This chapter primarily deals with how a parasite becomes established, how the haustoria are initi- ated and develop, and how water and nutrients are transferred from host to parasite. In this con- text the structure of the interface (Fig. 333) is of particular interest. In other words, the focus will be on what it means to be a parasitic plant, and * how this comes about. It is natural, however, first to look at how at least some of the parasite seeds end in a suitable place for germination near a po- tential host. Then we will develop a further un- derstanding of the fascinating and complex haus- torium, which parasites use to extract materials from their hosts. The general structure of mature haustoria is described along with the presenta- A tion of the parasitic families, and the terminol- ogy is outlined in Chapter . Seed dispersal strategies Parasitic plants have adopted one of five differ- ent strategies for seed dispersal. The purpose of all four strategies is to bring seeds either in di- rect contact with a suitable host, or to bring * seeds within a critical distance beyond which a seedling has no chance to reach the host through its own growth. This is simply because the stored nutrients in the seed are limited, and therefore the seedling will otherwise die. The critical dis- tance varies of course with species. The five germination strategies are as follow: B A. The seeds are relatively large and have enough storied nutrients in the form of starch, Fig.
    [Show full text]
  • An Account of Orobanche L. in Britain and Ireland
    Watsonia, 18, 257-295 (1991) 257 An accountof OrobancheL. in Britain and Ireland J. RUMSEY and S. L. JURY Departmentof Botany, Universityof Reading,P.O. Box 221,Reading, Berkshire, RG6 2AS ABSTRACT Morphological descriptions are given of the 14 speciesof Orobanche (Orobanchaceae) recorded in the British Isles, together with separate keys for identifying fresh material and herbarium specimens. Accounts of the history of the speciesare presented together with illustrations and distribution maps. The variation in Orobanche minor is accounted for with the recognition of four varieties. INTRODUcnON ..,,; . The genus Orobanche is renowned as a taxonomically very difficult one. In most casesthis is a result of many of the useful charactersbecoming lost on drying, and the lack of adequate field notes. Plants which are very distinct in the field become reduced to a hideous brown uniformity when pressed. Therefore, herbarium specimens are often incorrectly determined (an average of 5-10% in fact). The loss of characters on drying, considerable intra-specific variation, confusing synonymies, incorrectly cited names and badly described specieswith poor types (often with different specieson the same sheet) have done little to generate interest in the genus. Too many botanists have shown a reluctance to deal with this genusin herbaria, perpetuating the myth that the speciesare impossible to identify once dried. Certainly, Orobanche minor Sm. and its close relatives often cannot be positively determined without descriptive notes made at the time of gathering, but all other species from the British Isles are distinct enough not to need any additional information. It is hoped that this account will stimulate other botanists to study, identify and record members of this fascinating parasitic genus in Britain and Ireland, as well as clear up some errors and confusions made in the past.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Rank List.Xlsx
    FAMILY SCIENTIFIC NAME COMMON NAME S RANK Aceraceae Acer ginnala Amur Maple SNA Aceraceae Acer negundo Manitoba Maple S5 Aceraceae Acer negundo var. interius Manitoba Maple S5 Aceraceae Acer negundo var. negundo Manitoba Maple SU Aceraceae Acer negundo var. violaceum Manitoba Maple SU Aceraceae Acer pensylvanicum Striped Maple SNA Aceraceae Acer rubrum Red Maple SNA Aceraceae Acer spicatum Mountain Maple S5 Acoraceae Acorus americanus Sweet Flag S5 Acoraceae Acorus calamus Sweet‐flag SNA Adoxaceae Adoxa moschatellina Moschatel S1 Alismataceae Alisma gramineum Narrow‐leaved Water‐plantain S1 Alismataceae Alisma subcordatum Common Water‐plantain SNA Alismataceae Alisma triviale Common Water‐plantain S5 Alismataceae Sagittaria cuneata Arum‐leaved Arrowhead S5 Alismataceae Sagittaria latifolia Broad‐leaved Arrowhead S4S5 Alismataceae Sagittaria rigida Sessile‐fruited Arrowhead S2 Amaranthaceae Amaranthus albus Tumble Pigweed SNA Amaranthaceae Amaranthus blitoides Prostrate Pigweed SNA Amaranthaceae Amaranthus hybridus Smooth Pigweed SNA Amaranthaceae Amaranthus retroflexus Redroot Pigweed SNA Amaranthaceae Amaranthus spinosus Thorny Amaranth SNA Amaranthaceae Amaranthus tuberculatus Rough‐fruited water‐hemp SU Anacardiaceae Rhus glabra Smooth Sumac S4 Anacardiaceae Toxicodendron rydbergii Poison‐ivy S5 Apiaceae Aegopodium podagraria Goutweed SNA Apiaceae Anethum graveolens Dill SNA Apiaceae Carum carvi Caraway SNA Apiaceae Cicuta bulbifera Bulb‐bearing Water‐hemlock S5 Apiaceae Cicuta maculata Water‐hemlock S5 Apiaceae Cicuta virosa Mackenzie's
    [Show full text]