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Whither? a Theological Question for the Times

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Whither? a Theological Question for the Times WHITHER? A THEOLOGICAL QUESTION FOR THE TIMES CHARLES AUGUSTUS BRIGGS, D.D. DAVENPORT PROFESSOR OF HEBREW AND THE COGNATE LANGUAGES IN THE UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY NEW YORK CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS 1889 COPYRIGHT, 1889, BY CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS. O. JENKINS' SONS PRINTERS, SO N. WILLIAM STREET. NEW VORK, TO DAVID HUNTER McALPIN, THE GENEROUS DONOR OF THE WESTMINSTER COLLECTION IN THE LIBRARY OF THE UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, NEW YORK, ^bis Booh IS DEDICATED AS A TOKEN OF ESTEEM AND FRIENDSHIP. PREFACE. This book is a product of more than twenty years of study in the history of Puritan Theology, and es- pecially of the Westminster divines, the authors of the Westminster Standards. In the years 1866-1869 the author was in Berlin, en- gaged partly in the study of exegetical theology and oriental languages with Dr. Aemilius Roediger, and partly in the study of the history of doctrine under the guidance of Dr. Isaac Dorner. He undertook a special study of the history of the doctrine of Justification by Faith and its relation to Sanctification. In this study he learned the failures of the Protestant scholastics from the faith of the Reformation. When he came to 1 the study of the Westminster Confession he was sur- prised to find that it had not only retained the pure faith of the Reformation, but had advanced upon it in the unfolding of the doctrines of Sanctification, Faith, and Repentance. This was a surprise, because it had not been noted by any of the British or American di- vines whose works he had studied, and it was entirely in advance of the faith of the British and American Churches. Since that time his study of the Westminster Stand- ards, in the light of the Westminster divines and their Puritan associates and precursors, has continued with (vii) v iii PREFACE. constantly increasing interest. He has spared no time, labor, or expense in searching the original editions and manuscript sources of all documents relating to this subject ; spending many months in the chief libraries of Great Britain and in the lesser Puritan libraries ; and diligently searching in old book-stores for every book, tract, and manuscript that could be found and pur- chased. During the past fourteen years the kind friend, to whom this book is dedicated, has furnished all the funds that were necessary for making these purchases,. This entire collection was given by Mr. McAlpin to the library of the Union Theological Seminary, which now contains the best Westminster Library in the world. These studies of the Westminster divines disclosed the fact that modern Presbyterianism had departed from the Westminster Standards, all along the line. It is not strange that this departure has been unconscious, for the Westminster divines have been entirely neglected by the dogmaticians of our century. They have not been read. One looks in vain for their names in the works of Presbyterian divines. Instead of them the scholastic divines of the seventeenth century, of the continent of Europe, have been used as authorities ; and consequently the dogmaticians have taught in their systems the scho- lastic theology of the continent of Europe, and have in- terpreted the Westminster Standards to correspond with it. The author has been troubled for some years with these facts. He has occasionally referred to them incidentally in connection with various theological discussions in which he has been engaged ; but he has hesitated to disclose all the facts for fear of exciting theological con- troversy and of doing more injury than good to the kingdom of Christ. He has waited for an external call PREFACE. j x to publish them. This call came in May last, through the action of the General Assembly of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America with regard to the revision of the Confession of Faith. Accordingly he turned aside from other literary work to fulfil this duty. The question of revision of the Westminster Stand- ards has become the burning question of the Presby- terian world by simultaneous action of the General As- semblies of the American and Scottish Churches. Be- fore the ministers can act intelligently it is necessary that they should know tne facts that are presented to the readers of this volume. My friend, the Rev. Charles R. Gillett, the librarian of the Union Theological Seminary, has greatly aided me by preparing the Index, a work for which he has unusual qualifications. This book is historical. It aims to show what the Westminster Standards are, what the Presbyterian Churches have done with them in the past, and to in- terpret them by copious citations from their authors. Only by such a study can any one intelligently consider the question of Revision. The book is polemical. It is necessary to overcome that false orthodoxy which has obtruded itself in the place of the Westminster orthodoxy. I regret, on many accounts, that it has been necessary for me to attack so often the elder and younger Hodge, divines for whom I have great respect and admiration. Their names will always rank among the highest on the roll of American theologians. It has also been necessary to expose the errors of my younger associates in the editorship of the Presbyterian Review, and other divines, my friends and colleagues. The reader will see that this polemic has x PREFACE. nothing in it of a personal or partisan character ; it could not be avoided in the line of discussion that has been undertaken ; for it is the theology of the elder and younger Hodge that has in fact usurped the place of the Westminster theology in the minds of a large pro- portion of the ministry of the Presbyterian Churches, and now stands in the way of progress in theology and of true Christian orthodoxy ; and there is no other way of advancing in truth except by removing the errors that obstruct our path. The book is irenical. It shows that there have been so many departures from the Standards in all directions, that it is necessary for all parties in the Presbyterian Churches to be generous, tolerant, and broad-minded. The author does not wish to exclude from the Church those theologians whom he attacks for their errors. He is a broad-churchman and all his sympathies are with a comprehensive Church, in which not only these divines shall be tolerated, but all other true Christian scholars shall be recognized, and wherein all Christians may unite for the glory of Christ. He rejoices in all earnest efforts for Christian Unity, not only in Presby- terian and Reformed Churches, but in the entire Chris- tian world. The book is catholic. The six chapters that make up the body of the book use the Westminster Standards as the test of orthodoxy, to determine the extent of departures from them in the Presbyterian Churches. But the doctrines discussed in them are those in which all Christian Churches are interested. The author has kept in mind the common interests of Catholic Christianity, and he has not hesitated to use on occasion a higher test of orthodoxy than the Westminster symbols. What has been done in six chapters of this book for the Pres- PREFACE. xj byterian Churches could be done for all the other Prot- estant Churches. They all alike have departed from their official standards of doctrine. What then is to be done under these circumstances? Whither are Chris- tians to direct their minds and energies ? It is the main intent of the book to ask this question, and to give, in some measure, an answer to it. Accordingly the t\Vo introductory and the two concluding chapters are wider than Presbyterianism, and have in mind the Christian world. The process of dissolution has gone on long enough. The time has come for the reconstruction of theology, of polity, of worship, and of Christian life and work. The drift in the Church ought to stop. Christian divines should steer directly toward the divine truth, as the true and only orthodoxy, and strive for the whole truth and nothing but the truth. The barriers between the Protestant denominations should be removed and an organic union formed. An Alliance should be made between Protestantism and Romanism and all other branches of Christendom. The Lambeth Conference, in its proposals for Christian Unity, points in the right direction. The Church of England is entitled to lead. Let all others follow her lead and advance steadily toward Christian Unity. True Christian orthodoxy will stand firm on the consensus of Christendom, will debate the dissensus in an irenic spirit, and will advance bravely until it master the sum total of truth that God may reveal unto us, and exhibit the fulness of Christian life into which the divine Spirit may guide us. TABLE OF CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. Drifting, p. i. CHAPTER II. Orthodoxy, p. 6. Orthodoxy and Orthodoxism, p. 7 ; Orthodoxy and the Scrip- tures, p. 9 ; Orthodoxy and the Symbols of Faith, p. 19. CHAPTER III. Changes, p. 23. Changes in the Positions of the Traditional Orthodoxy, p. 23 ; What are the Westminster Standards ? p. 23 ; Change of At- titude to the Standards, p. 27 ; Revision of the Standards, r ; the p. 30 ; the Ministr) , p. 33 Presbytery, p. 43 ; Presby- terian Worship, p. 48 ; Religion and Morals, p. 58. CHAPTER IV. Shifting, p. 63. Traditional Orthodoxy shifting from the base of the Reforma- tion, p. 63 ; the Holy Scriptures, p. 63 ; Verbal Inspiration, p. 64 ; Inerrancy of the Scriptures, p. 68 ; the Authority of the Scriptures, p. 73 ; Authenticity and Canonicity, p. 81. (xiii) XIV CONTENTS.
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