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A Pocket Awareness Short Book HOW to GET BLOOD in EMERGENCY

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A Pocket Awareness Short Book HOW to GET BLOOD in EMERGENCY A Pocket Awareness Short Book HOW TO GET BLOOD IN EMERGENCY CONDITION IN WEST BENGAL, INDIA A Complete guide in Emergency situation Dattatreya Mukherjee 2 | P a g e HOW TO GET BLOOD IN EMERGENCY CONDITION IN WEST BENGAL, INDIA EDITION 1 Authors: DATTATREYA MUKHERJEE MBBS STUDENT AND RESEARCH ASSISTANT JINAN UNIVERSITY, P.R CHINA 3 | P a g e INDEX: Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………. 4-5 Chapter 2: Importance of Blood Donation………………….6 Chapter 3: History of Blood Transfusion…………………….7-14 Chapter 4: Blood Banks in West Bengal……………………...15-24 Chapter 5: How to get information about blood………………24-25 Facts 4 | P a g e Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION: Blood transfusion is one of the most essential part of medical science. Different patients have several blood related problems like thalassemia, anaemia, leukaemia, surgery etc. Blood transfusion is very needed in their body. Its an emergency situation. But in many times patients died with out getting blood. Sometimes it’s the problem of availability but sometimes it’s the lack of knowledge of the patient’s family member. World health Organization States that: (1) “Blood transfusion saves lives and improves health, but many patients requiring transfusion do not have timely access to safe blood. The need for blood transfusion may arise at any time in both urban and rural areas. The unavailability of blood has led to deaths and many patients suffering from ill-health. An adequate and reliable supply of safe blood can be assured by a stable base of regular, voluntary, unpaid blood donors. Regular, voluntary, unpaid blood donors are also the safest group of donors as the prevalence of bloodborne infections is lowest among these donors.” 1) https://www.who.int/news-room/facts-in-pictures/detail/blood-transfusion From National Institute of Health (2) 5 | P a g e Oxygen and nutrients are delivered to all areas of the body. Blood transfusions restore or include blood that is lost from surgery or accident if the body does not process blood properly. If you have anaemia, sickle-cell disease, a bleeding condition such as haemophilia, or cancer, you might require a blood transfusion. Blood transfusions can be lifesaving for patients in critical condition. Via blood transfusions, four types of blood products may be given: whole blood, red blood cells, platelets, and plasma. Much of the blood used for transfusions comes from donations of whole blood supplied by voluntary blood donors. In case it is needed, a person may also have his or her own blood extracted and preserved a few weeks before surgery. He or she will examine your blood to guarantee that the blood you are given fits your blood type after a doctor decides that you require a blood transfusion. In order to inject an IV line into one of the blood vessels, a short needle is used. You get safe blood along this section. Typically, blood transfusions require 1 to 4 hours to complete. During and after the treatment, you will be tracked. Usually, blood transfusions are very healthy, since donated blood is properly screened, handled, and preserved. There is a slim risk, though, that the body can have a moderate to serious donor blood reaction. Fever, cardiac or lung complications, alloimmunization, and uncommon but extreme responses in which donated white blood cells invade the healthy tissues of the body can be other complications. By having so much iron from repeated transfusions, some people have health issues. Via a blood transfusion, there is still a very slim risk of having an infectious disease like hepatitis B or C or HIV. The chance is below one in 1 million for HIV. Scientific studies and careful safety controls make it very secure to supply donated blood. Blood transfusions are among the most widely used. (2) https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/blood- transfusion#:~:text=Your%20blood%20carries%20oxygen%20and,such%20as%20hemophilia% 2C%20or%20cancer. 6 | P a g e Chapter 2: IMPORTANCE OF BLOOD DONATION: (RED CEOSS. ORG) Along with helping save lives, there are a number of reasons why donating blood is important. 1. A single donation can save three lives. One blood donation provides different blood components that can help up to three different people. 2. Blood cannot be manufactured. Despite medical and technological advances, blood cannot be made, so donations are the only way we can give blood to those who need it. 3. Blood is needed every two seconds. Nearly 21 million blood components are transfused in the U.S. every year. 4. Only 37 percent of the country’s population is able to donate blood. 5. Your friends or family may need your blood someday. 7 | P a g e Chapter 3: HISTORY OF BLOOD TRANSFUSION 1628 English physician William Harvey discovers the circulation of blood. Shortly afterward, the earliest known blood transfusion is attempted. 1665 The first recorded successful blood transfusion occurs in England: Physician Richard Lower keeps dogs alive by transfusion of blood from other dogs. 1667 Jean-Baptiste Denis in France and Richard Lower in England separately report successful transfusions from lambs to humans. Within 10 years, transfusing the blood of animals to humans becomes prohibited by law because of reactions. 1795 In Philadelphia, American physician Philip Syng Physick, performs the first human blood transfusion, although he does not publish this information. 1818 James Blundell, a British obstetrician, performs the first successful transfusion of human blood to a patient for the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. Using the patient's husband as a donor, he extracts approximately four ounces of blood from the husband's arm and, using a syringe, successfully transfuses the wife. Between 1825 and 1830, he performs 10 transfusions, five of which prove beneficial to his patients, and publishes these results. He also devises various instruments for performing transfusions and proposed rational indications. 1840 At St. George's School in London, Samuel Armstrong Lane, aided by consultant Dr. Blundell, performs the first successful whole blood transfusion to treat hemophilia. 1867 English surgeon Joseph Lister uses antiseptics to control infection during transfusions. 1873-1880 US physicians transfuse milk (from cows, goats, and humans). 1884 Saline infusion replaces milk as a “blood substitute” due to the increased frequency of adverse reactions to milk. 1900 Karl Landsteiner, an Austrian physician, discovers the first three human blood groups, A, B, and C. Blood type C was later changed to O. His colleagues Alfred Decastello and Adriano Sturli add AB, the fourth type, in 1902. Landsteiner receives the Nobel Prize for Medicine for this discovery in 1930. 8 | P a g e 1907 Hektoen suggests that the safety of transfusion might be improved by crossmatching blood between donors and patients to exclude incompatible mixtures. Reuben Ottenberg performs the first blood transfusion using blood typing and crossmatching in New York. Ottenberg also observed the mendelian inheritance of blood groups and recognized the “universal” utility of group O donors. 1908 French surgeon Alexis Carrel devises a way to prevent clotting by sewing the vein of the recipient directly to the artery of the donor. This vein-to-vein or direct method, known as anastomosis, is practiced by a number of physicians, among them J.B. Murphy in Chicago and George Crile in Cleveland. The procedure proves unfeasible for blood transfusions, but paves the way for successful organ transplantation, for which Carrel receives the Nobel Prize in 1912. 1908 Moreschi describes the antiglobulin reaction. The antiglobulin is a direct way of visualizing an antigen-antibody reaction that has taken place but is not directly visible. The antigen and antibody react with each other, then, after washing to remove any unbound antibody, the antiglobulin reagent is added and binds between the antibody molecules that are stuck onto the antigen. This makes the complex big enough to see. 1912 Roger Lee, a visiting physician at the Massachusetts General Hospital, along with Paul Dudley White, develops the Lee-White clotting time. Adding another important discovery to the growing body of knowledge of transfusion medicine, Lee demonstrates that it is safe to give group O blood to patients of any blood group, and that blood from all groups can be given to group AB patients. The terms "universal donor" and "universal recipient" are coined. 1914 Long-term anticoagulants, among them sodium citrate, are developed, allowing longer preservation of blood. 1915 At Mt. Sinai Hospital in New York, Richard Lewisohn uses sodium citrate as an anticoagulant to transform the transfusion procedure from direct to indirect. In addition, Richard Weil demonstrates the feasibility of refrigerated storage of such anticoagulated blood. Although this is a great advance in transfusion medicine, it takes 10 years for sodium citrate use to be accepted. 1916 Francis Rous and J.R.Turner introduce a citrate-glucose solution that permits storage of blood for several days after collection. Allowing for blood to be stored in containers for later transfusion aids the transition from the vein-to-vein method to indirect transfusion. This discovery also allows for the establishment of the first blood depot by the British during World War I. Oswald Robertson, an American Army 9 | P a g e officer, is credited with creating the blood depots. Robertson received the AABB Landsteiner Award in 1958 as developer of the first blood bank. 1927-1947 The MNSs and P systems are discovered. MNSs and P are two more blood group antigen systems — just as ABO is one system and Rh is another. 1932 The first blood bank is established in a Leningrad hospital. 1937 Bernard Fantus, director of therapeutics at the Cook County Hospital in Chicago, establishes the first hospital blood bank in the United States.
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