Archaeology in Pakistan: a Colonial Past and an Uncertain Future Hadiqa Khan Mphil Archaeology, University of Oxford History of Archaeology

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Archaeology in Pakistan: A Colonial Past and an Uncertain Future Hadiqa Khan MPhil Archaeology, University of Oxford History of Archaeology • Like most modern disciplines, born from a colonial past • Problems with ‘internalism’ in historiography • ‘External’ historiographies emerging from the 1980s Beginnings of Archaeology in India • Early European travellers and voyagers • Asiatic Society established in 1784 • Archaeological Survey of India established in 1861 Colonial framing of the ‘Indian Civilization’ • Unchanging and despotic • ‘Oriental Despotism’ • ‘Spiritual’ The Indus Valley Civilization • First proper systematic survey carried out by John Marshall in 1922 and 1923 • Excavations continued under the leadership of Mortimer Wheeler John Marshall • Director of ASI from 1902-1928 • Initially did not believe that IVC had its origins in India • Alongside Gordon Childe, described the IVC almost as a ‘utopia’ • Published first photographs of the IVC in The Illustrated London News in 1925 Mortimer Wheeler • Director of ASI from 1944-1948 • Took issue with previous leadership • Established school in Taxila for Indian archaeologists • Still held problematic views about Indians and their intellectual capacity Continued… • “even when leisure can be snatched from these domestic embarrassments, the necessary literary apparatus is more often than not beyond the reach of the Indian scholar … For many reasons, the path of learning in modern India and Pakistan is not an easy one. It is a hard enough road for the keen and exceptional mind; for the second-raters, upon whom the scholarship depends on most of its honesty and necessary foot-slogging, it becomes an impassable tangle of conflicting urges and interests” (Wheeler 1958: 197). Continued… • One of Wheeler’s most influential theories regarding the IVC was that of the ‘Aryan Invasion’, which he based on a group of skeletons found in Mohenjo-Daro and his interpretations of hymns from the Rigveda • “in these hymns [from the Rigveda] the invasion constantly assumes the form of an onslaught upon the walled cities of the aborigines, and the only fortifications of approximate date known to us are those of the citadels of Harappa and Mohenjodaro and at certain of the smaller contemporary towns … it is not indeed impossible that the name of Harappa itself is concealed in the Hari-Yupiya which is mentioned in the Rigveda as the scene of a battle about this time” (Wheeler 1968: 113). • This theory remains popular with right-wing groups in India to this day The Indus Valley Civilization and Pakistan • Attempts to either relate the IVC to Pakistani culture or Islam, or to distance Pakistan from it because it does not relate to its culture or religion “This evening, the entire world will be sent a message that we are capable of taking care of our own heritage,” – Saqib Ahmed Soomro, secretary of the Sindh government’s Culture Department. .

Copy Link

Recommended publications

Ghfbooksouthasia.Pdf
1000 BC 500 BC AD 500 AD 1000 AD 1500 AD 2000 TAXILA Pakistan SANCHI India AJANTA CAVES India PATAN DARBAR SQUARE Nepal SIGIRIYA Sri Lanka POLONNARUWA Sri Lanka NAKO TEMPLES India JAISALMER FORT India KONARAK SUN TEMPLE India HAMPI India THATTA Pakistan UCH MONUMENT COMPLEX Pakistan AGRA FORT India SOUTH ASIA INDIA AND THE OTHER COUNTRIES OF SOUTH ASIA — PAKISTAN, SRI LANKA, BANGLADESH, NEPAL, BHUTAN —HAVE WITNESSED SOME OF THE LONGEST CONTINUOUS CIVILIZATIONS ON THE PLANET. BY THE END OF THE FOURTH CENTURY BC, THE FIRST MAJOR CONSOLIDATED CIVILIZA- TION EMERGED IN INDIA LED BY THE MAURYAN EMPIRE WHICH NEARLY ENCOMPASSED THE ENTIRE SUBCONTINENT. LATER KINGDOMS OF CHERAS, CHOLAS AND PANDYAS SAW THE RISE OF THE FIRST URBAN CENTERS. THE GUPTA KINGDOM BEGAN THE RICH DEVELOPMENT OF BUILT HERITAGE AND THE FIRST MAJOR TEMPLES INCLUDING THE SACRED STUPA AT SANCHI AND EARLY TEMPLES AT LADH KHAN. UNTIL COLONIAL TIMES, ROYAL PATRONAGE OF THE HINDU CULTURE CONSTRUCTED HUNDREDS OF MAJOR MONUMENTS INCLUDING THE IMPRESSIVE ELLORA CAVES, THE KONARAK SUN TEMPLE, AND THE MAGNIFICENT CITY AND TEMPLES OF THE GHF-SUPPORTED HAMPI WORLD HERITAGE SITE. PAKISTAN SHARES IN THE RICH HISTORY OF THE REGION WITH A WEALTH OF CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT AROUND ISLAM, INCLUDING ADVANCED MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE. GHF’S CONSER- VATION OF ASIF KHAN TOMB OF THE JAHANGIR COMPLEX IN LAHORE, PAKISTAN WILL HELP PRESERVE A STUNNING EXAMPLE OF THE GLORIOUS MOGHUL CIVILIZATION WHICH WAS ONCE CENTERED THERE. IN THE MORE REMOTE AREAS OF THE REGION, BHUTAN, SRI LANKA AND NEPAL EACH DEVELOPED A UNIQUE MONUMENTAL FORM OF WORSHIP FOR HINDUISM. THE MOST CHALLENGING ASPECT OF CONSERVATION IS THE PLETHORA OF HERITAGE SITES AND THE LACK OF RESOURCES TO COVER THE COSTS OF CONSERVATION.
[Show full text]
Role of Gandhara in Spread of Styles, Influence of Gandhara Art and Influences on Gandhara Art
2013 Hawaii University International Conferences Arts, Humanities, & Social Sciences January 6th to January 8th Ala Moana Hotel Honolulu, Hawaii Role of gandhara in spread of styles, Influence of Gandhara Art and Influences on Gandhara Art SAMINA SALEEM Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Role of Gandhara in spread of styles (Its influences) 1 Samina Saleem Academic Qualification: Masters in Fine Arts from University of Punjab, Pakistan. Presently: student of M.Phil in Asian Studies, Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Personal Position: Working as Assistant Professor in Fine Arts, in Government Post Graduate College for Women Satellite Town, Rawalpindi, Pakistan. Date of Birth: 18th April, 1963 Nationality: Pakistani Address (Work): Taxila Institute of Asian Civilizations, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. Title of Research: Role of Gandhara in spread of styles (Comparison of South Asian Civilization of Gandhara; and its influences on Later Eastern and Western Art) Role of Gandhara in spread of styles (Its influences) 2 ABSTRACT BY SAMINA SALEEM Role of gandhara in spread of styles, Influence of Gandhara Art and Influences on Gandhara Art Basic purpose of this paper is to provide the students and researcher a new dimension to look into the art of South Asian region. This art which is known as Gandhara art flourished here from 1st Millennium to the of the 11th century AD. First part of Paper is comprised of brief history of this area, that is a part of subcontinent specially Pakistan. This area has been a trade route from west to East, also been having a magnetic attraction for West since long, because it has versatility in its Geography, climate and also its inhabitants.
[Show full text]
Reference Map
Attock ‐ Reference Map Attock Tehsil Hasan Abdal Tehsil Punjab Fateh Jang Tehsil Jand Tehsil Pindi Gheb Tehsil Disclaimers: The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. Bahawalnagar‐ Reference Map Minchinabad Tehsil Bahawalnagar Tehsil Chishtian Tehsil Punjab Haroonabad Tehsil Fortabbas Tehsil Disclaimers: The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Dotted line represents approximately the Line of Control in Jammu and Kashmir agreed upon by India and Pakistan. The final status of Jammu and Kashmir has not yet been agreed upon by the parties. p Bahawalpur‐ Reference Map Hasilpur Tehsil Khairpur Tamewali Tehsil Bahawalpur Tehsil Ahmadpur East Tehsil Punjab Yazman Tehsil Disclaimers: The designations employed and the presentation of material on this map do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.
[Show full text]
(3RD & 4TH QUARTER, 2019) User Data Throughput (3G) (Threshold
INDEPENDENT CMOS’ QUALITY OF SERVICE SURVEY RESULTS (3RD & 4TH QUARTER, 2019) In the 3rd & 4th Quarter 2019, Pakistan Telecommunication Authority (PTA) has carried out Independent survey to check Quality of Service (QoS) of Cellular Mobile Operators (CMOs) from September to December 2019 in twelve (12) different cities of Baluchistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Sindh and Azad Jammu Kashmir. The names of these cities are as under: S. No. Name S. No. Name S. No. Name 1 Abbottabad 5 Muzaffarabad 9 Swabi 2 Charsadda 6 Sargodha 10 TandoAllahYar 3 Gujranwala 7 Sibbi 11 Taxila 4 Murree 8 Sukkur 12 Thatta DATA – KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS Data KPIs. The performance of data services of CMOs has been checked by measuring User Data Throughput and Signal Strength (i.e. Received Signal Code Power (RSCP) for 3G and Reference Signal Receive Power (RSRP) for 4G. User Data Throughput This KPI defines user data rate (Internet speed) to be provided by CMOs to mobile users across the coverage areas. The data throughput results of all CMOs are as under: User Data Throughput (3G) (Threshold > 256Kbps) 5000.00 4500.00 4000.00 256 kbps 3500.00 3000.00 2500.00 Kbps 2000.00 1500.00 1000.00 500.00 0.00 Overall Rural Urban Jazz 4054.12 4222.25 4358.02 Telenor 3687.67 3715.35 3731.22 Ufone 3812.62 3518.31 4114.17 ZonG 2479.75 2383.02 2521.36 CMOs User data “throughput” of 3G services found higher than the threshold value of 256Kbps Page 1 of 46 User Data Throughput (4G) (Threshold > 2Mbps) 25.00 20.00 15.00 Mbps 10.00 2Mbps 5.00 0.00 Overall Rural Urban Jazz 15.65 19.10 15.21 Telenor 4.20 6.23 3.59 ZonG 5.32 6.03 5.16 CMOs User data “throughput” of 4G services found higher than the threshold value of 2Mpbs SIGNAL STRENGTH.
[Show full text]
Walking with the Unicorn Social Organization and Material Culture in Ancient South Asia
Walking with the Unicorn Social Organization and Material Culture in Ancient South Asia Jonathan Mark KenoyerAccess Felicitation Volume Open Edited by Dennys Frenez, Gregg M. Jamison, Randall W. Law, Massimo Vidale and Richard H. Meadow Archaeopress Archaeopress Archaeology © Archaeopress and the authors, 2018. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78491 917 7 ISBN 978 1 78491 918 4 (e-Pdf) © ISMEO - Associazione Internazionale di Studi sul Mediterraneo e l'Oriente, Archaeopress and the authors 2018 Front cover: SEM microphotograph of Indus unicorn seal H95-2491 from Harappa (photograph by J. Mark Kenoyer © Harappa Archaeological Research Project). Access Back cover, background: Pot from the Cemetery H Culture levels of Harappa with a hoard of beads and decorative objects (photograph by Toshihiko Kakima © Prof. Hideo Kondo and NHK promotions). Back cover, box: Jonathan Mark Kenoyer excavating a unicorn seal found at Harappa (© Harappa Archaeological Research Project). Open ISMEO - Associazione Internazionale di Studi sul Mediterraneo e l'Oriente Corso Vittorio Emanuele II, 244 Palazzo Baleani Archaeopress Roma, RM 00186 www.ismeo.eu Serie Orientale Roma, 15 This volume was published with the financial assistance of a grant from the Progetto MIUR 'Studi e ricerche sulle culture dell’Asia e dell’Africa: tradizione e continuità, rivitalizzazione e divulgazione' All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by The Holywell Press, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com © Archaeopress and the authors, 2018.
[Show full text]
An Introduction to Pakistan's Military
An Introduction to Pakistan’s Military July 2011 Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs Harvard Kennedy School 79 JFK Street Cambridge, MA 02138 Fax: (617) 495-8963 Email: [email protected] Website: http://belfercenter.org Design and Layout Tim Duffy Copyright 2011 President and Fellows of Harvard College Printed in the United States of America Contents Introduction 4 Pakistan’s Strategic Challenges: Traditional Threats and New Adversaries 8 External Threats, Inconsistent Partners 8 Internal Threats 19 A Short History of Pakistan’s Military 22 Indian Partition, Kashmir, and the Use of Proxies 22 US Military Aid, the First Military Regime, and the 1965 War 23 The 1971 War and a Return to Civilian Rule 24 Islamization, the Mujahideen, and Nuclear Stumbling Blocks 25 A Return to Civilian Rule 26 Musharraf and Kargil 27 The Post-September 11 World 27 Conventional Capabilities 30 Army 30 Air Force 31 Navy 32 Proxies 32 Nuclear Strategy and Security 34 Command and Control 35 Nuclear Doctrine 36 Key Concerns About Pakistan’s Nuclear Program 36 Counterinsurgency 38 Appendices 40 Acronyms 41 Endnotes 42 Introduction Pakistan’s military is a central actor in many of today’s most pressing security challenges, and few institutions face such extreme pressures from such diverse forces. In recent years the military has been asked to simultaneously combat a vicious internal insurgency, suppress international terror- ist groups, and respond to Pakistan’s worst floods in eighty years, all while squaring off against a much larger rival in one of the most strategically complex regions in the world. Pakistan’s armed forces are not only an instrument of the state’s foreign policy, but also the most influential actor in the country’s internal politics.
[Show full text]
BS Archaeology
DRAFT CURRICULUM OF ARCHAEOLOGY FOR 4-YEAR BS PROGRAMME HIGHER EDUCATION COMMISSION ISLAMABAD – PAKISTAN i. Goals and Objectives of Learning ii. Learning Outcomes and Competencies iii. Teaching methodology- How to teach iv. Assessment methodology v. Evaluation vi. Reading and Writing materials vii. Recommendations STANDARDIZED FORMAT / SCHEME OF STUDIES FOR FOUR-YEAR INTEGRATED CURRICULA FOR BACHELOR DEGREE IN BASIC, SOCIAL, NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES STRUCTURE: No. of Credit Sr. Categories courses Hours No. Min – Max Min – Max 1. Compulsory Requirement (No Choice) 9 – 9 25 – 25 2. General Courses to be chosen from 7 – 8 21 – 24 other departments 3. Discipline Specific Foundation 9 – 10 30 – 33 Courses 4. Major Courses including research 11 – 13 36 – 42 project / Internship 5. Electives within the major 4 – 4 12 – 12 Total 40 – 44 124 – 136 Total number of Credit hours 124-136 Duration 4 years Semester duration 16-18 weeks Semesters 8 Course Load per Semester 15-18 Cr hr Number of courses per semester 4-6 (not more than 3 lab /practical courses) Title of the Course Credit Hours: Prerequisites: Specific Objectives of course: Course Outline: Lab Outline: Recommended Books: Journals / Periodicals: World Wide Web: 2 LAYOUT: Compulsory General Courses to be Discipline Specific Requirements (the student chosen from other Foundation Courses has no choice) departments 9 courses 7-8 courses 9-10 courses 25 Credit hours 21-24 Cr. Hours 30-33 Credit hours Subject Cr. Subject Cr. Subject Cr. hr hr hr 1. ENGLISH I 3 1. Introduction to 3 1. Introduction to 3 2. ENGLISH II 3 Anthropology Archaeology 3.
[Show full text]
Pakistan Archaeology
Pakistan Archaeology Number 32-2017 DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND MUSEUMS GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN ISLAMABAD i Pakistan Archaeology Number 32-2017 ii Pakistan Archaeology Number 32-2017 Chief Editor Abdul Azeem Editor Mahmood-ul-Hasan DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND MUSEUMS GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN ISLAMABAD iii BOARD OF EDITORS Dr. Abdul Azeem Dr. Aurore DIDIER Director, Director, Department of Archaeology and French Archaeological Mission in Museums, Government of Pakistan, the Indus Basin Islamabad CNRS-UMR 7041/ArScAn 21, allee de l’Universite 92023 Nanterre Cedex-France Mahmood-ul-Hasan Dr. Chongfeng Li Assistant Director, Professor of Buddhist Art and Department of Archaeology and Archaeology, Museums, Government of Pakistan, Peking University, Islamabad School of Archaeology and Museology, Beijing, China Prof. Dr. Muhammad Ashraf Dr. Luca M. Olivieri Khan Director, Former Director, Taxila Institute of Italian Archaeological Mission in Asian Civilizations, Quaid-i-Azam Pakistan University, Plazzo Baleani, Islamabad, Pakistan Corso Vittorio Emanuele, Rome, Italy Mr. Saleem-ul-Haq Dr. Pia Brancaccio Former Director, Associate Professor, Department of Archaeology and Department of Art and Art History, Museums, Government of Punjab, Drexel University, Lahore, Pakistan Westphal College of Media Arts and Design, Philadelphia, USA iv © Department of Archaeology and Museums, Pakistan 2017 ISSN 0078-7868 Price in Pakistan: Rs. 1000.00 Foreign Price U. S. $ 40 Published by The Department of Archaeology and Museums Government of Pakistan, Islamabad Printed by Graphics Point Pak Media Foundation Building, G-8 Mrkaz, Islamabad, Pakistan v CONTENTS Illustrations……………………………………………….. vii Editorial…………………………………………………... xii Explorations Discovery of Rock art in Azad Jammu and Kashmir 15 M. Ashraf Khan and Sundus Aslam Khan and Saqib Raza……..
[Show full text]
Taxila Mirrors Preserved in India and Technology Transfer
Indian Journal of History of Science, 54.2 (2019) 135-143 DOI: 10.16943/ijhs/2019/v54i2/49657 Taxila Mirrors Preserved in India and Technology Transfer Pranab K Chattopadhayay* and Satyakam Sen** Abstract The mirrors excavated from Taxila are preserved in the collections of Museums of India and Pakistan. They are significant for information on the technological history of mirrors of the Indian subcontinent. The paper recapitulates the history of the site and excavations conducted in the past at Taxila. It also focuses on the metallurgical composition, manufacturing technique and other features like technology transfer. Key words: Cire perdue, Mahal, Mirror-technology, Omphalos, Sirkap, Takaśilā. 1. INTRODUCTION of the Jhelum and opposed the movement of Alexander. Later, Chadragupta Maurya captured Taxila or Takaśilā (25°13′52′′ N, 82°13′52′′ the North West in 325 BCE. Thus the Greek rule E), an ancient archaeological site, is situated in in Taxila was short-lived. A oka, the grandson of Rawalpindi district of Punjab, Pakistan. As per C14 ś Chandragupta, was made governor of Taxila by dates settlement at Taxila (in the Hathial area) his father Bindusara. The Taxila region was thus traces back to ca. 2550–2288 BCE. In ancient annexed under Mauryas, as mentioned in a major Indian literature, like Rāmāyaa, it is referred to A okan rock edict found in the north of Mansehra as a city founded by Bharata, who placed his son ś village (Chakrabarti, 2011, pp. 51–52). The weak Taksha as its ruler. In Mahābhārata, it is successors of A oka could not hold on to Taxila mentioned that one of the successors of Pandava, ś for long.
[Show full text]
Civilization
SARASVATI Civilization Volume 1 Dr. S. Kalyanaraman Babasaheb (Umakanta Keshav) Apte Smarak Samiti Bangalore 2003 1 SARASVATI: Civilization by S. Kalyanaraman Copyright Dr. S. Kalyanaraman Publisher: Baba Saheb (Umakanta Keshav) Apte Smarak Samiti, Bangalore Price: (India) Rs. 500 ; (Other countries) US $50 . Copies can be obtained from: S. Kalyanaraman, 5 Temple Avenue, Srinagar Colony, Chennai, Tamilnadu 600015, India email: [email protected] Tel. + 91 44 22350557; Fax 4996380 Baba Saheb (Umakanta Keshav) Apte Smarak Samiti, Yadava Smriti, 55 First Main Road, Seshadripuram, Bangalore 560020, India Tel. + 91 80 6655238 Bharatiya Itihasa Sankalana Samiti, Annapurna, 528 C Saniwar Peth, Pune 411030 Tel. +91 020 4490939 Library of Congress cataloguing in publication data Kalyanaraman, Srinivasan. Sarasvati/ S. Kalyanaraman Includes bibliographical references and index 1.River Sarasvati. 2. Indian Civilization. 3. R.gveda Printed in India at K. Joshi and Co., 1745/2 Sadashivpeth, Near Bikardas Maruti Temple, Pune 411030, Bharat ISBN 81-901126-1-0 FIRST PUBLISHED: 2003 2 Burial ornaments made of shell and stone disc beads, and turbinella pyrum (sacred conch, s’an:kha) bangle, Tomb Step well, Abaneri MR3T.21, Mehrgarh, Period 1A, ca. 6500 BCE. The nearest source for this shell is Makran coast near Karachi, 500 km. South. [After Fig. 2.10 in Kenoyer, 1998]. 3 About the Author Dr. S. Kalyanaraman has a Ph.D. in Public Administration from the University of the Philippines; his graduate degree from Annamalai University was in Statistics and Economics. His PhD dissertation was on development administration, a comparative study of 6 Asian countries, published as Public Administration in Asia in 2 volumes.
[Show full text]
Current Status of Management and Protection of Taxila World Heritage Site, Pakistan Pakistan’Daki Taxila Dünya Mirası Alanında Yönetim Ve Korumanın Mevcut Durumu
Current Status of Management and Protection of Taxila World Heritage Site, Pakistan Pakistan’daki Taxila Dünya Mirası Alanında Yönetim ve Korumanın Mevcut Durumu Mehmet SOMUNCU¹∗, Ashfaq Ahmad KHAN¹ ¹Department of Geography, Ankara University, Ankara Abstract: Taxila is one of the six World Heritage Sites of Pakistan. Taxila World Heritage Site is facing several problems resulting from various management issues and the current land use problems like almost all developing countries. It is necessary at first to identify current status and related issues for effective management and conservation of Taxila World Heritage Site. New management strategies and policies have to be determined based on these updated data. Research was conducted in March 2010 at Taxila World Heritage Site and observations were made to query about current situation and related problems. Results of research findings are considered bases for development of effective management policies and strategies for the conservation and protection of Taxila World Heritage Site. Key words: Taxila, World heritage, Protection of world heritage, Management of world heritage, UNESCO, Pakistan. Özet: Taxila Pakistan’daki altı Dünya Mirası Alanından birisidir. Hemen bütün gelişmekte olan ülkelerde olduğu gibi Taxila Dünya Mirası Alanı da çeşitli yönetim ve güncel arazi kullanımlarından kaynaklanan sorunlarla karşı karşıyadır. Taxila Dünya Mirası Alanının korunması ve etkin yönetiminin sağlanması için öncelikle mevcut durum ve sorunlarının saptanması, elde edilen bu güncel verilere dayalı olarak yeni bir yönetim stratejisi ve politikasının belirlenmesi zorunludur. Bu amaca yönelik olarak 2010 yılı Mart ayında yerinde yapılan araştırma ve gözlemlerle Taxila Dünya Mirası Alanının güncel durumu sorgulanmış ve sorunları saptanmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen bulguların, Taxila Dünya Mirası Alanının korunması ve etkin yönetimi için geliştirilecek politika ve stratejilere temel oluşturucağı düşünülmektedir.
[Show full text]
Walking with the Unicorn Social Organization and Material Culture in Ancient South Asia
Walking with the Unicorn Social Organization and Material Culture in Ancient South Asia Jonathan Mark KenoyerAccess Felicitation Volume Open Edited by Dennys Frenez, Gregg M. Jamison, Randall W. Law, Massimo Vidale and Richard H. Meadow Archaeopress Archaeopress Archaeology © Archaeopress and the authors, 2017. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd Summertown Pavilion 18-24 Middle Way Summertown Oxford OX2 7LG www.archaeopress.com ISBN 978 1 78491 917 7 ISBN 978 1 78491 918 4 (e-Pdf) © ISMEO - Associazione Internazionale di Studi sul Mediterraneo e l'Oriente, Archaeopress and the authors 2018 Front cover: SEM microphotograph of Indus unicorn seal H95-2491 from Harappa (photograph by J. Mark Kenoyer © Harappa Archaeological Research Project). Access Back cover, background: Pot from the Cemetery H Culture levels of Harappa with a hoard of beads and decorative objects (photograph by Toshihiko Kakima © Prof. Hideo Kondo and NHK promotions). Back cover, box: Jonathan Mark Kenoyer excavating a unicorn seal found at Harappa (© Harappa Archaeological Research Project). Open ISMEO - Associazione Internazionale di Studi sul Mediterraneo e l'Oriente Corso Vittorio Emanuele II, 244 Palazzo Baleani Archaeopress Roma, RM 00186 www.ismeo.eu Serie Orientale Roma, 15 This volume was published with the financial assistance of a grant from the Progetto MIUR 'Studi e ricerche sulle culture dell’Asia e dell’Africa: tradizione e continuità, rivitalizzazione e divulgazione' All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owners. Printed in England by The Holywell Press, Oxford This book is available direct from Archaeopress or from our website www.archaeopress.com © Archaeopress and the authors, 2017.
[Show full text]