Évolution Génomique Au Sein D'une Population Naturelle De Streptomyces

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Évolution Génomique Au Sein D'une Population Naturelle De Streptomyces Évolution génomique au sein d’une population naturelle de Streptomyces Abdoul-Razak Tidjani To cite this version: Abdoul-Razak Tidjani. Évolution génomique au sein d’une population naturelle de Streptomyces. Ecosystèmes. Université de Lorraine, 2019. Français. NNT : 2019LORR0159. tel-02461512 HAL Id: tel-02461512 https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/tel-02461512 Submitted on 22 Jun 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. AVERTISSEMENT Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à disposition de l'ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie. Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l'auteur. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document. D'autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite encourt une poursuite pénale. Contact : [email protected] LIENS Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 122. 4 Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 335.2- L 335.10 http://www.cfcopies.com/V2/leg/leg_droi.php http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/infos-pratiques/droits/protection.htm Ecole Doctorale SIReNa - Sciences et Ingénierie des Ressources Naturelles Thèse Présentée et soutenue publiquement pour l’obtention du titre de DOCTEUR DE l’UNIVERSITE DE LORRAINE Mention : « Ecotoxicologie, Biodiversité, Ecosystèmes » Par Abdoul-Razak TIDJANI Evolution génomique au sein d'une population naturelle de Streptomyces Soutenance publique prévue le Mardi 03 décembre 2019 Membres du jury : Rapporteurs : Dr. Philippe NORMAND Directeur de recherche CNRS, Lyon Pr. Dr. Gregory VELICER Professeur, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH), Zürich Examinateurs : Pr. Stéphanie BURY-MONE Professeure, Université Paris-Sud Dr. Catherine MASSON-BOIVIN Directrice de recherche INRA, Toulouse Dr. Cyril BONTEMPS Maître de conférences, Université de lorraine, Co-directeur de thèse Pr. Pierre LEBLOND Professeur, Université de Lorraine, Directeur de thèse ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- UMR 1128 DynAMic INRA-Université de Lorraine, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239, 54506 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy 2 « Le commencement de toutes les sciences, c'est l'étonnement de ce que les choses sont ce qu'elles sont » Aristote 3 4 Dédicaces A ma Mère Assia et à mon Père Mashoud, Pour avoir toujours cru en moi, pour votre soutien indéfectible et pour tous les sacrifices consentis jusqu’à présent à mon égard. A mes sœurs, Kadira, Medina et à mes frères, Wassihou, Nazif, Rachid, Loin des yeux près du cœur dit-on souvent. Mais vous, vous ne m’aviez jamais perdu de vue. Et je comprends maintenant l’importance de tous ces messages quotidiens que nous échangeons. A Maud, Trois années de thèse c’est long, tout comme les 1018 km parcourus les week-ends pour nous voir. Merci pour ta patience, ta persévérance et ton indulgence au cours de ces presque 5 dernières années. 5 6 REMERCIEMENTS I would like to thank Prof. Gregory Velicer, Dr. Philippe Normand, Dr. Catherine Masson and Prof. Stéphanie Bury-Moné for accepting to review this manuscript. J’aimerais remercier Mr le Professeur Pierre Leblond et Mr le Docteur Cyril Bontemps. Le plus gratifiant est d’avoir eu l’honneur de vous avoir avant tout comme mentors, et puis comme directeur et co- directeur de thèse. Ces années passées à me guider sur ce chemin sinueux mais plein de promesses que représente le doctorat feront parties des plus riches et des plus intenses de ma vie. J’aimerais à travers ces modestes lignes vous dire merci(s) ; un pour chacun des 1126 jours passés à apprendre à vos côtés (week-ends compris). Je voudrais remercier le Pr Bertrand Aigle, pour son accueil (chez lui alors que je venais juste de poser mes valises à Nancy) et au labo ainsi que pour les multiples échanges scientifiques ou non que nous avions eus. Un grand merci à ma Lolo. Pour m’avoir initié à la grande messe que nous vouons à Streptomyces et pour ta disponibilité lorsque le besoin se faisait sentir. Merci à Emilie Pio pour tous ces moments intra et extra labo. Tu as été comme une bouffée d’air frais pendant cette thèse. Merci à mon frère Stéphane, pour ta présence, ta sollicitude et le fait d’être toi. Un grand merci également à Louise (pour les « on mange ? » de chaque midi), à Emilie Robert, à Johan et à Anthony. Ces 3 années n’auraient pas été pareilles sans vous tous. Merci à toi Layla (guide omniscient dans les méandres administratifs) pour ta sollicitude. Je voudrais remercier mes amis thésards doctorants : Milena, Matthieu, Julie, Li, Haïfa, et Caroline (je viens de remarquer que vous êtes arrivés au labo inversement chronologiquement à l’ordre alphabétique de vos prénoms. Oui je sais ! on ne change pas un scientifique). Merci pour ces moments passés ensemble dans la quête de ce « précieux ». Bon courage à vous. Sans oublier mes amis Docteurs, Maxime pour les moments de partage au cours de ta dernière année, Charles, Narimane, Clàudia, Greg, Xavier (pour les moments d’évasion scientifique PS4, d’exploration de débit de boissons jus d’ananas à Nancy), Yaouba, Estefania, Yordenka et Sonia. Je n’oublie pas dans cette équation complexe de remerciements les doctorantes du « labo d’à côté », Katleen et Rania. Et je terminerai par les « djeuns » (par ordre alphabétique) : Abbas, Anissa, Anthony, Camille, Louise, Maha et Redouane. J’aimerais remercier tous les membres du laboratoire, permanents et non, avec qui j’ai eu à partager une partie ou toutes ces 3 dernières années. Et puis … allez la farandole pour tout le monde…. Merci à Claire pour ton écoute et ta disponibilité ; merci à toi virginie pour ces moments de partage tant au labo qu’en extra labo ; Merci à Gérard pour nos discussions scientifiques et non, ces moments qui font « qu’on ne sent pas la thèse passer » ; merci à Annabelle (eh oui Artémis ça se transmet), Nicolas, Sophie, Nathalie, Yvonne, Florence, Badreddine pour ces discussions enrichissantes lors des repas de midi et pendant mes déambulations quotidiennes (que j’ose appeler pauses) dans les bureaux. 7 8 LISTE DES ABBREVIATIONS °C : Degrés Celsius µl : microlitre µM : micromolaire A : Adenylation ACP : Acyl Carrier Protein ACV : L-aminoadipyl-L-cysteinyl-D-valine ADN : Acide désoxyribonucléique ADNg : Acide désoxyribonucléique génomique AFLP : Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism AICE : Actinomycete Integrative and Conjugative Element ANI : Average nucleotide identity antiSMASH : antibiotics and Secondary Metabolite Analysis Shell ARN : Acide ribonucléique ARNr : Acide ribonucléique ribosomique AT : Acyltransferase attB : site d’attachement bactérien attP : site d’attachement plasmidique BET : Bromure d’Ethidium BIR : Break Induced Replication C : Condensation CGSMS : Clusters de Gènes de Synthèse de Métabolites Spécialisés cm : Centimètre CRISPR : Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats dNTP : Désoxyribose nucléoside triphosphate DO : Densité optique Hfr : Haute fréquence de recombinaison ICE : Integrative and Conjugative Element kb : Kilobases l : Litres Mb : Mégabases 9 MEB : Microscope Electronique à Balayage mg : Milligramme ml : millilitre MLST : MultiLocus Sequence Typing mM : Millimolaire NCBI : National Center of Biotechnology NGS : Next Generation Sequencing technologies NRP : Non-Ribosomal Peptide NRPS : Non ribosomal Protein Synthase nt : Nucléotide ORF : Open Reading Frame oriT : origine de Transfert PCR : Polymerase Reaction Chain pH : Potentiel d’hydrogène PKS : Polyketide Synthase PSAM2 : Streptomyces ambofaciens plamid 2 RAST : Rapid Annotation using Subsystem Technology REP-PCR : Repetitive Element Polymerase Reaction Chain RFLP : Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism RIPP : RIbosomally synthetized and Post-translationally modified Peptide RPM : Rotations Par Minutes SDS : Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate SFM: Soya Floor Manitol SNP : SIngle Nucleotide Polymorphism ST : Sequence Type T4SS : Type IV Secretion System TAP : Telomere Associated Protein Te : Thioesterase TIR : Terminal Inverted Repeats TP : Terminal Protein UTO : Operational Taxonomic Unit 10 SOMMAIRE SOMMAIRE ............................................................................................................................................ 11 Préambule ............................................................................................................................................. 15 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................... 17 I. Un modèle d’étude : Le micro-habitat sol forestier ...................................................................... 19 I.1 Importance de l’échelle dans l’étude des bactéries du sol. .................................................. 21 I.2 Etude de la diversité et de la répartition des bactéries à la micro-échelle ........................... 22 I.2.1 L’étude des habitats à la micro-échelle et de leurs bactéries ..........................................
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