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Commercial Gum and Gum Resin Resources in Kenya

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Commercial Gum and Gum Resin Resources in Kenya A REVIEW OF COMMERCIAL GUMS AND GUM RESINS RESOURCES IN KENYA: TAXONOMY, ECOLOGY AND DISTRIBUTION Francis N. Gachathi and Meshack O. Muga KEFRI P.O. Box 20412, Nairobi E-mail: fgachathi @yahoo.com Abstract Gums and resins are among the natural resources in Kenya with potential for generating wealth and uplifting the living standards of the local communities in the drylands. The quality of Kenyan gums and resins is however affected by various factors that include, botanical origin and mixing of different species. Effort is therefore required to address issues related to improvement and production of commodities from these resources, among them, correct species identification. The objectives of this study are to identify by botanical and local names and describe; plants that produce commercial gums and resins, their ecological preference and distribution; species that are most similar to and likely to be confused with them and other species that produce similar gums or resins that could be possible adulterants. The study area was Northern Kenya and involved field discussions and site visits with gums and resins collectors and traders and examination of collected products at collection centers. Commercial gum arabic is obtained from Acacia senegal or A. seyal while gum resins are myrrh from Commiphora myrrha, hagar from C. holtziana and frankincense from Boswellia neglecta. Species that are likely to be confused with A. senegal are A. condyloclada, A. hamulosa, A. ogadensis, and A. thomasii while those likely to be confused with A. seyal are A. zanzibarica, A. xanthophloea and A. hockii. Possible adulterants of gum arabic are A. paolii and A. mellifera while resins are usually adulterated with C. africana, Commiphora confusa, C. habessinica, C. schimperi, C. pseudopaolii, C. kua var. gowlello and C. incisa. Keywords: Gums and gum resins, taxonomy, ecology, distribution 1 Introduction Gum arabic comes from Acacia senegal (L.) Willd. or Acacia seyal Del. while main gum resins in Kenya are myrrh from Commiphora myrrha (Nees) Engl., Hagar from C. holtziana Engl. and frankincense from Boswellia neglecta S. Moore. These are trees and shrubs that are dominant and form an important component of the vegetation in the drylands often referred to as Acacia-Commiphora woodland. In general acacias are very distinctive and easily recognized by their characteristic thorns, feather-like leaves and pods. They are popularly called "thorn tree" while most shrubs with hooked spines are called "Ngoja kidogo" meaning wait-a-bit. Commiphoras are medium sized trees that are recognized by their peeling outer bark and aromatic exudate, compound leaves usually clustered at the ends of the short and spiny-tipped shoots and fleshy fruit, splitting when ripe into 2, disclosing a red, orange or yellow outgrowth of the seed. Boswellias are closely related to Commiphoras, they are generally short trees or shrubs with their outer bark often peeling in papery flakes from the greenish under bark. Their leaves, which are compound, are usually clustered at the ends of the branches. Fruits are angled, opening when mature with the valves dropping and leaving a central winged column with the seeds attached. Gum arabic The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) defines gum arabic as the ‘dried exudation obtained from the stems and branches of Acacia senegal or A. seyal (FAO, 1998). In its natural state, it comes in a variety of shapes, colours and sizes. The colour of the gum may vary from colourless through different shades of yellow, amber, orange, red and dark brown. The best grades from A. senegal are in the form of whole, round tears, orange-brown in colour and with a matt surface texture. Gum from A. seyal is more friable than that produced by A. senegal and is rarely found as whole lumps. Use of gum arabic falls into three main sub-sectors: food industry, pharmaceutical industry and technical areas such as printing, ceramics and textile industries (Chikamai and Odera, 2002). 2 Myrrh Myrrh is the gum-resin exudate from the stems of Commiphora myrrha. It oozes and hardens to form lumps of varying shapes and sizes of variable colour from red, brown to dark brown. Locally, it is used to make ink used in Quranic schools, burning to repel snakes and offensive insects and medicine for various ailments. Its commercial uses are mainly essential oils, cosmetics, flavours, antiseptics and other medicines. Hagar (opoponax) Hagar is oily resin exudate from the stems of Commiphora holtiziana. It oozes out and hardens to form lumps of various sizes and shapes with variable colour from yellow to dark brown or black. Locally, hagar is used as acaricide against ticks, snake bites, scorpions, foot rot, mange and other livestock ailments. Commercially, it is a well- established herbal medicine and essential oil in cosmetics. Frankincense Frankincense is the exudate from the stems of Boswellia neglecta. It oozes out in small droplets that harden to form nodules or large lumps. It is of two types, black and white. Locally it is used as chewing gum, burnt as incense, perfume and medicine for a wide range of ailments. Commercially it is used as essential oil in perfumery, cosmetic as well as flavour industries. Recognition of A. senegal Acacia senegal is generally recognized by its three hooked prickles, central one curved downwards and the two laterals more or less curved upwards, or singly, the laterals being absent and with the flowers in spikes. These characters are however shared by a number of other Acacia species and A. senegal forms part of this complex group of spicate- flowered acacias with prickles in threes or singly (not in pairs). These species are closely related to and are often confused with A. senegal. 3 General description of A. senegal A shrub or tree usually 2-15 m tall. Bark on trunk yellowish to grey or greyish-brown, rough or smooth and papery and peeling off. Crown variable, loose and round to dense and flattened, sometimes open with long whippy branches. Young branchlets glabrous to densely pubescent. Prickles 2-8 mm long, in threes, with the central one curved downwards and the two laterals more or less curved upwards, or singly with the laterals absent. Petiole usually glandular. Pinnae 2-6(-12) pairs, with glands on the rhachis between the top 1-5 pairs of pinnae. Leaflets 7-25 pairs per pinna, glabrous to somewhat pubescent, 1-7 mm long, 0.5-2 mm wide. Flowers whitish or yellow-white, more or less scented, in spikes 2-10 cm long. Pods dehiscent, straight, grey to brown or yellowish- brown, pubescent, oblong or elliptic, 3-14(-19) cm long, 1.3-3.4 cm wide. Seeds (2-)4-8 per pod, more or less transverse. The local names associated with A. senegal include: Ekunoit (Turkana), Edad, Adad (Somali), Idado (Borana), Ol-derekesi (Maasai), Lolderikesi (Samburu), Chemangayan (Pokot), Bura-dima (Orma), Mirgi (Rendile), Mung'ole (Kamba). Variation within A. senegal The first description of a variety of A. senegal dates as far back as 1896 (Brenan, 1953). However, our current understanding about the existence of different varieties is credited to Brenan (1959) while a more comprehensive treatment of the different varieties of A. senegal was given by Ross (1979). Within the species, four varieties are currently recognized: typical var. senegal Brenan, var. kerensis Schweinf. (1896), var. leiorchachis Brenan (1953) and var. rostrata Brenan (1953). This last variety occurs in southern Africa. Beentje (1994) finds it very difficult to separate the varieties supposed to occur in Kenya and prefer to see the species as a single, quite variable one. Dharani (2006) recognizes var. senegal and var. leiorhachis as the only varieties in Kenya. In the field the habit and the habitat of the three varieties are strikingly different and are probably the most essential diagnostic characters by means of which the taxa can be identified correctly (Gachathi, 1994). 4 Typical var. senegal is recognized as a tree with a flat or rounded crown and rough non- papery and non-peeling bark commonly growing on sandy alluvial loamy soils in plains or at the foot of hills in semi-humid to semi-arid areas of Nakuru, West Pokot, Kajiado, Kitui, Isiolo and Baringo Districts. var. senegal var. kerensis var. leiorhachis var. leiorhachis (A. circummarginata) Var. kerensis grows as a single or several-stemmed shrub with lateral branches from near the base and with smooth yellowish-brown peeling bark on the stem. It is found in the very dry areas, common on rocky limestone hills and ridges and on sandy plains frequently forming almost pure stands over large stretches of land in Turkana, Samburu, Isiolo, Marsabit, Wajir, Garissa and Mandera Districts. Most common at areas between 400-1130 m elevation and with 300-550 mm rainfall. This is the main gum arabic producing variety. Var. leiorchachis exhibits two growth forms; either as a straggling slender tree starting with a very branched bushy base then thinning out to 1-4 slender whippy erect tall stems with peeling bark or a well grown tree with open rounded spreading crown and yellowish papery and peeling bark on the main trunk. The whippy form occurs in clusters of small populations on extremely rocky gneiss-derived sandy soils in semi-arid to arid areas in plains. Populations of this variety are found at Marti in Baragoi Division of Samburu District, along Magadi road in Kajiado and in Garba Tula. The tree with round crown formation (synonym A. circummarginata Chiov.) occurs on red deep sandy soils along 5 drainage lines and areas with high water table. It is common in Wajir, Marsabit and Samburu Districts. Species likely to be confused with A. senegal The best description of the relationship between A.
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