The UNIX Time-Sharing System a Retrospective*
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1.Operating Systems Overview
OPERATING SYSTEMS OVERVIEW Contents O.S.Functions The Evolution of O.S. Characteristics of O.S. Basic hardware elements 1 Contents O.S.Components System calls O.S.Structure USER 1 USER 2 USER 3 USER n compiler text interpreter database editor system operating system computer hardware 2 Programming system components compilers loader linker comand interpreter (shell) … O.S. purposes to make a computer more convenient and easier to use to allow more efficient operations of the whole computer system 3 To simplify the program development The O.S. masks the details of the hardware from the programmer and provides the programmer with a convenient interface for using system resources (system calls) To simplify the program development Definition of an extended (virtual) machine 4 VIRTUAL MACHINE ES: DISK CONTROLLER commands: read, write, head motion, ecc… parameters: sector address, number of sectors for each track, ecc… state and error conditions 5 Hardware resource allocation Access to system resources must be controlled and conflicts for resource contention resolved Hardware resource allocation Any user should be provided with required resources, by following suitable policies 6 The details for the management of hardware resources must be hidden to users System calls provide the interface between the application programs and the O.S. 7 THE EVOLUTION OF O.S. Serial processing No O.S. Control by console Scheduling Setup time 8 Simple batch systems Monitor Resident in main memory Control of the program execution “batch” solution -
Debates in the Digital Humanities This Page Intentionally Left Blank DEBATES in the DIGITAL HUMANITIES
debates in the digital humanities This page intentionally left blank DEBATES IN THE DIGITAL HUMANITIES Matthew K. Gold editor University of Minnesota Press Minneapolis London Chapter 1 was previously published as “What Is Digital Humanities and What’s It Doing in English Departments?” ADE Bulletin, no. 150 (2010): 55– 61. Chap- ter 2 was previously published as “The Humanities, Done Digitally,” The Chron- icle of Higher Education, May 8, 2011. Chapter 17 was previously published as “You Work at Brown. What Do You Teach?” in #alt- academy, Bethany Nowviskie, ed. (New York: MediaCommons, 2011). Chapter 28 was previously published as “Humanities 2.0: Promises, Perils, Predictions,” PMLA 123, no. 3 (May 2008): 707– 17. Copyright 2012 by the Regents of the University of Minnesota all rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Published by the University of Minnesota Press 111 Third Avenue South, Suite 290 Minneapolis, MN 55401- 2520 http://www.upress.umn.edu library of congress cataloging-in-publication data Debates in the digital humanities / [edited by] Matthew K. Gold. ISBN 978-0-8166-7794-8 (hardback)—ISBN 978-0-8166-7795-5 (pb) 1. Humanities—Study and teaching (Higher)—Data processing. 2. Humanities —Technological innovations. 3. Digital media. I. Gold, Matthew K.. AZ182.D44 2012 001.3071—dc23 2011044236 Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper The University of Minnesota is an equal- opportunity educator and employer. -
The Evolution of the Unix Time-Sharing System*
The Evolution of the Unix Time-sharing System* Dennis M. Ritchie Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, NJ, 07974 ABSTRACT This paper presents a brief history of the early development of the Unix operating system. It concentrates on the evolution of the file system, the process-control mechanism, and the idea of pipelined commands. Some attention is paid to social conditions during the development of the system. NOTE: *This paper was first presented at the Language Design and Programming Methodology conference at Sydney, Australia, September 1979. The conference proceedings were published as Lecture Notes in Computer Science #79: Language Design and Programming Methodology, Springer-Verlag, 1980. This rendition is based on a reprinted version appearing in AT&T Bell Laboratories Technical Journal 63 No. 6 Part 2, October 1984, pp. 1577-93. Introduction During the past few years, the Unix operating system has come into wide use, so wide that its very name has become a trademark of Bell Laboratories. Its important characteristics have become known to many people. It has suffered much rewriting and tinkering since the first publication describing it in 1974 [1], but few fundamental changes. However, Unix was born in 1969 not 1974, and the account of its development makes a little-known and perhaps instructive story. This paper presents a technical and social history of the evolution of the system. Origins For computer science at Bell Laboratories, the period 1968-1969 was somewhat unsettled. The main reason for this was the slow, though clearly inevitable, withdrawal of the Labs from the Multics project. To the Labs computing community as a whole, the problem was the increasing obviousness of the failure of Multics to deliver promptly any sort of usable system, let alone the panacea envisioned earlier. -
Open Geospatial Consortium
Open Geospatial Consortium Submission Date: 2016-08-23 Approval Date: 2016-11-29 Publication Date: 2016-01-31 External identifier of this OGC® document: http://www.opengis.net/doc/geosciml/4.1 Internal reference number of this OGC® document: 16-008 Version: 4.1 Category: OGC® Implementation Standard Editor: GeoSciML Modelling Team OGC Geoscience Markup Language 4.1 (GeoSciML) Copyright notice Copyright © 2017 Open Geospatial Consortium To obtain additional rights of use, visit http://www.opengeospatial.org/legal/. IUGS Commission for the Management and Application of Geoscience Information, Copyright © 2016-2017. All rights reserved. Warning This formatted document is not an official OGC Standard. The normative version is posted at: http://docs.opengeospatial.org/is/16-008/16-008.html This document is distributed for review and comment. This document is subject to change without notice and may not be referred to as an OGC Standard. Recipients of this document are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are aware and to provide supporting documentation. Document type: OGC® Standard Document subtype: Document stage: Approved for Publis Release Document language: English i Copyright © 2016 Open Geospatial Consortium License Agreement Permission is hereby granted by the Open Geospatial Consortium, ("Licensor"), free of charge and subject to the terms set forth below, to any person obtaining a copy of this Intellectual Property and any associated documentation, to deal in the Intellectual Property without restriction (except as set forth below), including without limitation the rights to implement, use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, and/or sublicense copies of the Intellectual Property, and to permit persons to whom the Intellectual Property is furnished to do so, provided that all copyright notices on the intellectual property are retained intact and that each person to whom the Intellectual Property is furnished agrees to the terms of this Agreement. -
The UNIX Time- Sharing System
1. Introduction There have been three versions of UNIX. The earliest version (circa 1969–70) ran on the Digital Equipment Cor- poration PDP-7 and -9 computers. The second version ran on the unprotected PDP-11/20 computer. This paper describes only the PDP-11/40 and /45 [l] system since it is The UNIX Time- more modern and many of the differences between it and older UNIX systems result from redesign of features found Sharing System to be deficient or lacking. Since PDP-11 UNIX became operational in February Dennis M. Ritchie and Ken Thompson 1971, about 40 installations have been put into service; they Bell Laboratories are generally smaller than the system described here. Most of them are engaged in applications such as the preparation and formatting of patent applications and other textual material, the collection and processing of trouble data from various switching machines within the Bell System, and recording and checking telephone service orders. Our own installation is used mainly for research in operating sys- tems, languages, computer networks, and other topics in computer science, and also for document preparation. UNIX is a general-purpose, multi-user, interactive Perhaps the most important achievement of UNIX is to operating system for the Digital Equipment Corpora- demonstrate that a powerful operating system for interac- tion PDP-11/40 and 11/45 computers. It offers a number tive use need not be expensive either in equipment or in of features seldom found even in larger operating sys- human effort: UNIX can run on hardware costing as little as tems, including: (1) a hierarchical file system incorpo- $40,000, and less than two man years were spent on the rating demountable volumes; (2) compatible file, device, main system software. -
TIMEDATE Time and Date Utilities
§1 TIMEDATE INTRODUCTION 1 1. Introduction. TIMEDATE Time and Date Utilities by John Walker http://www.fourmilab.ch/ This program is in the public domain. This program implements the systemtime class, which provides a variety of services for date and time quantities which use UNIX time t values as their underlying data type. One can set these values from strings, edit them to strings, convert to and from Julian dates, determine the sidereal time at Greenwich for a given moment, and compute properties of the Moon and Sun including geocentric celestial co-ordinates, distance, and phases of the Moon. A utility angle class provides facilities used by the positional astronomy services in systemtime, but may prove useful in its own right. h timedate_test.c 1 i ≡ #define REVDATE "2nd February 2002" See also section 32. 2 PROGRAM GLOBAL CONTEXT TIMEDATE §2 2. Program global context. #include "config.h" /∗ System-dependent configuration ∗/ h Preprocessor definitions i h Application include files 4 i h Class implementations 5 i 3. We export the class definitions for this package in the external file timedate.h that programs which use this library may include. h timedate.h 3 i ≡ #ifndef TIMEDATE_HEADER_DEFINES #define TIMEDATE_HEADER_DEFINES #include <stdio.h> #include <math.h> /∗ Make sure math.h is available ∗/ #include <time.h> #include <assert.h> #include <string> #include <stdexcept> using namespace std; h Class definitions 6 i #endif 4. The following include files provide access to external components of the program not defined herein. h Application include files 4 i ≡ #include "timedate.h" /∗ Class definitions for this package ∗/ This code is used in section 2. -
Tops-10 Monitor Calls Manual, Vol. 1
TOPS-10 Monitor Calls Manual Volume 1 AA-097 4G-TB October 1988 This manual describes the functions that the monitor performs to service monitor calls from assembly language programs. The TOPS-10 Monitor Calls Manual Is divided Into two volumes: Volume 1 covers the facilities and functions of the monitor; Volume 2 describes the- monitor calls, calling sequences, symbols, and GETTAB tables. This manual supe-rsedes the previous manual of the same name, SOC order number AA-0974F-TB. Operating System: . TOPS-10 Version 7.04 Software: GALAXY Version 5.1 digital equipment corporation maynard, massachusetts First Printing, November 1975 Revised, May 1977 Revised, January 1978 Revised, August 1980 Revised, February 1984 Revised, April 1986 Revised, October 1988 The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment Corporation. Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document. The software described in this document is furnished under a license and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of such license. No responsibility is assumed for the use or reliability of software on equipment that is not supplied by Digital Equipment Corporation or its affiliated companies. Copyright © 1975, 1984, 1988 Digital Equipment Corporation All Rights Reserved. Printed in U.S.A. The Reader's Comments form on the last page of this document requests the user's critical evaluation to assist in preparing future documentation. The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation: CI DECtape LA50 SITGO-10 DDCMP DECUS LN01 TOPS-10 DEC DECwriter LN03 TOPS-20 DECmail DELNI MASSBUS TOPS-20AN DECnet DELUA PDP UNIBUS DECnet-VAX HSC PDP-11/24 UETP DECserver HSC-50 PrintServer VAX DECserver 100 KA10 PrintServer 40 VAXNMS DECserver 200 KI Q-bus VT50 DECsystem-10 KL10 AeGIS DECSYSTEM-20 KS10 RSX ~BmBDmDTM CONTENTS PREFACE CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION TO MONITOR CALLS 1.1 MONITOR CALL SYMBOLS . -
The UNIX Time-Sharing System
1. Introduction ACM Symposium on Operating Systems Principles There have been three versions of UNIX. The earliest Yorktown Heights, N.Y.: October, 1963 version (circa 1969-70) ran on the Digital Equipment Corporation PDP-7 and -9 computers. The second ver. sion ran on the unprotected PDP.~~'20 computer. hi^ paper describes only the PDP-ll 40 and .'45 [I] system System The UNIX Time- since it is more modern and many of the diferences The UNMO Time-Sharing between it and older UNlx systems result from redesign Dennis M. Ritchie and Ken Thompson Sharing System of features found to be deficient or lacking. Since PDP-l l UNIX became operational in February July, 1974 Dennis M. Ritchie and Ken Thompson 1971, about 40 installations have been put into service; Volume 17, Number 7 Bell Laboratories they are generally smaller than the system described here. Most of them are engaged in applications such as pp. 365-375 the preparation and formatting of patent applications and other textual material, the collection and processing of trouble data from vartous switching machines within the Bell System, and recording and checking telephone service orders. Our own installation is used mainly machines, most notably the PDP-I1 family. for research in operating systems, languages, com- UNIPhas become one of the most widely puter networks, and other topics in computer scienc', known and imitated operating systems of all The genius of Ritchie and Thompson is in UNIX is a general-purpose, multi-user, interactive and also for document preparation. time. Ken Thompson, in working on a pro- their selection of a subset of the most pow- operating system for the Digital Equipment Corporation Perhaps the most important achievement of L.NIX PDP-II/~Oand 11/45 computers. -
Openvms I/O User's Reference Manual
OpenVMS I/O User’s Reference Manual Order Number: AA–PV6SD–TK April 2001 This manual contains the information necessary to interface directly with the I/O device drivers supplied as part of the Compaq OpenVMS operating system. Several examples of programming techniques are included. This document does not contain information on I/O operations using the OpenVMS Record Management Services. Revision/Update Information: This manual supersedes the OpenVMS I/O User’s Reference Manual, OpenVMS Alpha Version 7.2, OpenVMS VAX Version 7.2 Software Version: OpenVMS Alpha Version 7.3 OpenVMS VAX Version 7.3 Compaq Computer Corporation Houston, Texas © 2001 Compaq Computer Corporation Compaq, VAX, VMS, and the Compaq logo Registered in U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. OpenVMS and Tru64 are trademarks of Compaq Information Technologies Group, L.P in the United States and other countries. Microsoft, MS-DOS, Visual C++, Windows, and Windows NT are trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and other countries. Intel, Intel Inside, and Pentium are trademarks of Intel Corporation in the United States and other countries. Motif, OSF/1, and UNIX are trademarks of The Open Group in the United States and other countries. All other product names mentioned herein may be trademarks of their respective companies. Confidential computer software. Valid license from Compaq required for possession, use, or copying. Consistent with FAR 12.211 and 12.212, Commercial Computer Software, Computer Software Documentation, and Technical Data for Commercial Items are licensed to the U.S. Government under vendor’s standard commercial license. Compaq shall not be liable for technical or editorial errors or omissions contained herein. -
Julian Day from Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia "Julian Date" Redirects Here
Julian day From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia "Julian date" redirects here. For dates in the Julian calendar, see Julian calendar. For day of year, see Ordinal date. For the comic book character Julian Gregory Day, see Calendar Man. Not to be confused with Julian year (astronomy). Julian day is the continuous count of days since the beginning of the Julian Period used primarily by astronomers. The Julian Day Number (JDN) is the integer assigned to a whole solar day in the Julian day count starting from noon Greenwich Mean Time, with Julian day number 0 assigned to the day starting at noon on January 1, 4713 BC, proleptic Julian calendar (November 24, 4714 BC, in the proleptic Gregorian calendar),[1] a date at which three multi-year cycles started and which preceded any historical dates.[2] For example, the Julian day number for the day starting at 12:00 UT on January 1, 2000, was 2,451,545.[3] The Julian date (JD) of any instant is the Julian day number for the preceding noon in Greenwich Mean Time plus the fraction of the day since that instant. Julian dates are expressed as a Julian day number with a decimal fraction added.[4] For example, the Julian Date for 00:30:00.0 UT January 1, 2013, is 2,456,293.520833.[5] The Julian Period is a chronological interval of 7980 years beginning 4713 BC. It has been used by historians since its introduction in 1583 to convert between different calendars. 2015 is year 6728 of the current Julian Period. -
TOPS-10 Version 7.04 Monitor Internals Course
TOPS-10 Version 7.04 Monitor Internals Course This document is the student guide that accompanies the TOPS-10 Version 7.04 Monitor Internals Course. Revision/Update Information: Version 1.0 Digital Equipment Corporation June 1989 The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a commitment by Digital Equipment Corporation. Digital Equipment Corporation assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this document. The software described in this document is furnished under a license and may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of such license. No responsibility is assumed for the use or reliability of software on equipment that is not supplied by Digital Equipment Corporation or its affiliated companies. Copyright ©1986, 1987, 1988, 1989 by Digital Equipment Corporation All Rights Reserved. Printed in U.S.A. The postpaid READER'S COM:MENTS form on the last page of this document requests the user's critical evaluation to assist in preparing future documentation. The following are trademarks of Digital Equipment Corporation: DEC DIBOL UNIBUS DEC/CMS EduSystem VAX DECIMMS lAS VAXcluster DECnet MASSBUS VMS DECsystem-10 PDP VT DECSYSTEM-20 PDT DECUS RSTS DECwriter RSX This document was prepared using VAX DOCUMENT, Version 1.1 Contents Chapter 1 Introduction to the TOPS-10 Monitor 1.1 User Program Addressing ............................................... 1-1 1.2 Monitor Calls ......................................................... 1-3 1.3 Interrupts ........................................................... 1-3 1.4 The Monitor .......................................................... 1-3 1.5 Structure of the Monitor .................................... "............ 1-4 1.6 The Monitor as an Event Processor ........................................ 1-5 Chapter 2 Monitor Cycle 2.1 The Control Routine ................................................... -
The UNIX Time-Sharing System
t ·,) DRAFT The UNIX Time-Sha.ring Syste:n D. M. Ritchie 1· ~oduction UNIX is a general-purpose, multi-user time sharing system in- ) plernented on several Digital Equip~ent Corporation PDP series machines. UNIX was written by K. L. Tho::ipson, who also wrote many of the command prograns. The author of this meraorandurn contributed several of the major corilinands, including the assembler and tne debugger. The file system was originally designed by Thom?son, the author, and R.H. Canaday. There are two versions of UNIX. The first, which has been in ex- istence about a year, rtins on the PDP-7 and -9 coraput~rs; a more modern version, a few months old, uses the PD?-11. This docu,f'.ent describes U:-HX-11, since it is more modern and many of the dif- ferences between it and UNIX-7 result from redesign of features found to be deficient or lacking in the earlier system. Although the PDP-7 and PDP-11 are both small computers, the design of UNIX is amenable to expansion for use on more powerful machines. Indeed, UNIX contains a number of features w,~ry selc.om offered even by larger syste~s, including 1 o A versatile, conveni<?nt file system with co:nplete integra- tion between disk files and I/0 devices; .. - 2 - i " 2. The ability to initiate asynchrously running processes. It must be said, however, that the most important features of UNIX are its simplicity, elegance, and ease of use. Besides the system proper, the major programs available under UNIX are an assembler, a text editor based on QED, a symbolic debugger for examining and patching faulty programs, and " B " t a higher level language resembling BCPL.