Archives of Natural History (1988) 15 (1): 45-60

W. J. Burchell and the botany of St Helena By Q. C. B. CRONK Corpus Christi College, Cambridge CB2 1RH.*

SUMMARY The unpublished writings of W. J. Burchell concerning the natural history of St Helena (9 MSS at Kew, Oxford and Johannesburg) have been examined as sources for historical ecology. Even though the native vegetation of St Helena had been substantially altered by the time of BurchelPs visit (1805-1810), the documents are useful in interpreting subsequent extinction and introduction, as well as for understanding the former vegetation. Floristically the most important document is the "Flora Insulae Sanctae Helenae" and a full transcript is provided here.

INTRODUCTION William John Burchell D.C.L., F.L.S. (1782-1863) was the son of Matthew Burchell, a Fulham nurseryman. Sometime after leaving school he apparently worked at Kew Gardens (Davies, 1980), and thus botany was his principal interest when he left England after an unhappy love affair (Poulton, 1907) to spend the years 1805-10 in St Helena. He was the first botanist to stop for long in St Helena and made the first extensive botanical collections. These are of unequalled importance for the interpret- ation of the botany of St Helena. For this reason I have gathered together here all 1-9 the more important material relating to his stay. St Helena (lat. 15°56'S, long. 5°42'W) is a small island (122 km2) in the middle of the South Atlantic Ocean. It has an extraordinary native flora including many taxonomically isolated endemics, the most famous of which are the "cabbage trees" (arborescent Compositae). Unfortunately the natural vegetation has been almost entirely destroyed by the activities of man (the island was uninhabited when discovered by the Portuguese in 1502). Those endemic not already extinct survive as relicts on cliffs and in the small patches of tree fern thicket remaining on the highest parts of the central ridge, and they are now tenaciously conserved. Surprisingly St Helena is probably better known as the place of Napoleon Bonaparte's final exile (1815-1821) than for its plants. The island was first settled by the English East India Company in 1659, and is now a British Dependency. Burchell left St Helena in 1810 to sail for the Cape of Good Hope and from there made the explorations in Africa on which his fame chiefly rests (McKay, 1943). He returned to England in September 1815 calling again at St Helena for a short time during which he arranged to collect a few more plants (on 15 September 1815). Back at Fulham he began working on his collections. In 1817 (Chichester, 1886) he gave an important collection of skins from South Africa to the British Museum,

* Address for correspondence: Botany School, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EA. 46 W. J. BURCHELL AND THE BOTANY OF ST HELENA and by 1822 he had published the first two volumes of his Travels in the interior of Southern Africa (the third volume never appeared). In 1825 he left England for Brazil making a large collection there and returning in 1829. By then he had largely turned his attention to zoology and his botanical collections (which in 1830 he estimated at 15,000 species (Chichester, 1886) from numerous parts of the world) were no doubt becoming overwhelming. Indeed he never published anything on botany and very little on zoology. From his manuscript floras of St Helena, though, it is clear that he intended to publish. He lived at Churchfield House, Fulham until his suicide on 23 March 1863.

BURCHELL IN ST HELENA When Burchell, aged 23, arrived at St Helena on 13 December 1805, he did not have the East India Company's permission to stay (McKay, 1934). However he got on well with the Governor, Colonel Robert Patton, who secured for him the post of "School Master and acting Botanist". He opened school on 3 December 1806 after a delay due to ill health. In 1789 a Botanic Garden had been established in Jamestown (with Sir Joseph Banks's encouragement (Dawson, 1958)) to facilitate the introduction of plants from the Indies to Kew. Patton wished to build it up again. On 20 November 1806 Burchell discussed it with the Governor and impressed him by offering to inform Mr Aiton at Kew of their proceedings. Accordingly Patton put Burchell in charge. In 1807 he introduced cotton from Peru and requested a supply of coffee trees from Dr Roxburgh at Calcutta but the plants perished on the voyage. In July 1807 Patton left the island and was replaced a year later by Major-General Alexander Beatson. In January 1809 Burchell was asked to give up the position of schoolmaster and, with an increased salary, devote himself to an investigation of the natural resources of the island. The East India Company wished to turn the island from an expensive to a profitable possession. Burchell thus began to send fibres, lichens for dyeing, marine algae and clay samples to England for assessment, all of which came to nothing. At this time he began to disagree with Beatson (who studiously avoided any mention of his name in the St Helena Tracts (Beatson, 1816)). The main source of friction was Burchell's report to the Court of Directors of the East India Company which he drew up in December 1809 and which Beatson asked him to withdraw as in it Burchell took a pessimistic view of his survey. Much fuss and bad feeling followed, compounded by Burchell being asked to pay rent for the schoolhouse in Jamestown, where he had continued living. More unpleasantness followed and in October 1810 Burchell sailed for the Cape.

BURCHELL'S COLLECTING AND ST HELENA JOURNAL Burchell collected extensively in St Helena, making specimens of nearly all the plants he thought to be wild and which he later used in the preparation of his manuscript floras. He did not use field numbers but later numbered his herbarium according to his "Flora Insulae Sanctae Helenae". The year of greatest industry seems to have been 1808; he collected rather little in 1809 even though seconded to be a full time W. J. BURCHELL AND THE BOTANY OF ST HELENA 47

Figure 1. Self-portrait of Burchell sketching Agave lurida Ait., entitled "The American aloe on St Helena—17.2.1807-47". Watercolour in the collection of the Africana Museum (album 68/1466 p. 11). naturalist. Presumably he was encouraged to concentrate on natural history of potential economic value. While in St Helena, Burchell kept a Journal (now in the University Museum at Oxford).9 Professor E. B. Poulton (Hope Professor of Zoology 1893-1933) arranged for a transcript to be made, evidently with publication in mind but his scheme came to nothing. Mrs H. McKay extracted botanical information from the Journal in 1936 and sent it to H. N. Ridley at Kew who was at that time interested in the . He does not appear to have made any use of it however. 48 W. J. BURCHELL AND THE BOTANY OF ST HELENA The Journal has two peculiarities which must be mentioned. Firstly, there are odd sentences and paragraphs cut out. These are thought to be references to his unhappy love affair which led to his leaving England. The excisions were probably made by BurchelPs sister after his death. Secondly, some passages are written in a particularly grand style, as they were intended for sending home to his family, after being copied out (an example is quoted in Cronk (1983)). The Journal is not only important historically, it is an important botanical source. In it he describes the vegetation and topography encountered on his collecting trips. To give an idea of the flavour of the work here is his first journey to the highest parts of the island (not undertaken until 10 October 1807!): 10—Saturday. This morning Barnes came to propose for me to take a ride with him, to which I agreed and we set off up the Ladder-hill road, without determining on any particular journey; but at last, as it was a road I had never seen before we agreed to ride up Dentaaffe's-path. The day was particularly fine, the air cool, and the wind lulled. In examining this part of Sandy-bay ridge I perceived many plants I had never seen before, particularly a sp. of Lobelia, a Campanula, the purple Cabbage tree, a noble species of Asplenium, a Lonchitis, & a Marchantía. I also observed two small sp. of Limax and an Oniscus with a yellow echinated body. The view from the top of the Ridge looking down the woody [Burchell's underlining] precipice, is very sublime: the luxuriance of the verdure causes a delightful feeling strangely mixed with sensations of fear & wonder.

THE FATE OF BURCHELL'S ST HELENA COLLECTIONS Up to the time of his death Burchell's collections were housed at Fulham, where he intended to work on them. Although he published very little, he "scarcely allowed any naturalist access to any part of his herbarium" (Hemsley, 1885). However, in 1819 Burchell sent several specimens to A. P. De Candolle who used them for descriptions in his Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis (1823-1873). In 1832 he went to Geneva to deliver personally another selection of specimens to De Candolle. These specimens (Burchell's numbers 84, 152, 154-160) are now in Geneva (G-DC) along with a specimen of Wahlenbergia burchellii A.DC. in DC. which Burchell sent to A. L. P. P. De Candolle in 1839. Details of these gifts are to be found in his notebook Memoranda Botánica Vol. II.5 After Burchell's death, his unmarried sister, Ann, began to disperse the collections in 1865. Kew received the St Helena plants together with a fine folio of drawings and other manuscript material including the "Flora Insulae Sanctae Helenae". Of the 200 (198 + 2) numbered specimens of vascular plants in this flora, specimens of all were received at Kew except for 3610 of which five appear to have been received from other sources. I have failed to locate a further 32 and it is possible that some of these have been misplaced at Kew. Alternatively, as the collection was received at a time of space shortage before the opening of the new wing in 1877, it is possible that some were distributed as 'duplicates' or discarded. There are 14 Burchell specimens at Oxford (OXF), mostly 'duplicates' from Kew of existing specimens (K). There is even one specimen (Burchell number 20) at Edinburgh (E) (from Oxford via Professor I. B. Balfour). Enough material is available to enable modern names to be given to most of the species in Burchell's Flora, its importance thus being greatly enhanced. W. J. BURCHELL AND THE BOTANY OF ST HELENA 49 Amongst Burchell's plant specimens at Kew are numerous sheets marked "ex herb A. B. Lambert" (Miller, 1970). A note in Burchell's hand10 states "Plants collected by W. J. Burchell in 1810. These formed part of a duplicate collection sent home from St. Helena in the care of Mr. Russell, in whose absence they were seized at the Customs House in London and unknown to all my friends, sold by auction at the Custom House and bought by Mr. Lambert, who afterwards promised my father to restore them to me when I should return home from Africa. But this he never did and I was forced to submit to their loss—Till after his death I purchased them at the auction of his herbarium in June 1842". He paid 5 guineas for them."

BURCHELL'S ST HELENA DRAWINGS Burchell made a large number of topographical and botanical sketches and water- colour drawings while in St Helena. Most are in the Library of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, bound into a single folio volume. There is also a volume of 65 sketches in the Africana Museum of the Johannesburg Public Library12 (Kennedy, 1966-71, pp. 56-61; items B1670-1740). Burchell had a method of copying sketches by making a reversed copy13—and thus copies of some of these sketches are also in the Kew folio. An example is his drawing of "The Great Redwood tree in Longwood, St Helena" dated 27 December 1807 (Cronk, 1983), the original being in Johannesburg but a copy being at Kew. Pages 78-125 of the Kew folio consist of plant drawings. In addition many of the topographical drawings preceding these contain plants and are of considerable ecological interest. In the botanical part the following plants from the "Flora Insulae Sanctae Helenae" are illustrated (numbers refer to those of the Flora): 1,13(7), 15(7), 63-65, 66/2, 67, 68, 70-72, 74, 78, 80-84, 89-100, 110, 113, 115, 124, 126, 137, 144(7), 147, 150, 152-157, 159, 165, 170, 177, 178(7), 180(7), 196. On the reverse of the drawing of rugosum from Longwood on p. 90 of the Kew folio is the annotation in Burchell's hand: "This plant was found growing wild on the Green Mountain at Ascension but very scarce and furnishes the principal food for the wild goats. 26.1.17". This is highly unlikely, even more so as in 1817 Burchell was at Fulham. It is thus likely to be the erroneous report of another traveller. Nevertheless, Melville (1979) uses this as part of an argument for a phytogeographical link between Ascension and St Helena. In fact all Melville's other examples of St Helena endemics being found on Ascension and vice versa are errors. Melville's interesting idea must therefore be laid aside.

FLORA HELENIANA & FLORA INSULAE SANCTAE HELENAE Flora Heleniana consists of manuscript descriptions of 66 plants of the Flora Insulae Sanctae Helenae (viz. 1-3, 15, 20, 21, 26, 28, 46, 56, 60-83, 85, 86, 88-90, 100, 110, 115, 116, 121, 126, 130, 143, 146, 148-50, 152-160, 170, 179, 196). Most of the endemics thus have full Latin descriptions which are especially valuable in the case of now extinct plants such as Mellissia begonifolia (Roxb.) Hook. f. From a floristic point of view however, the Flora Insulae Sanctae Helenae is the more important manuscript, as it is a complete catalogue of the wild flora of St 50 W. J. BURCHELL AND THE BOTANY OF ST HELENA

Helena as recorded by Burchell. There are notes of interest about many of the species, and most entries are associated with a specimen so that the identifications can be checked. I have gone through all the Burchell exsiccata at Kew with this in mind. The catalogue thus provided with current names (transcribed here, Appendix 1) is a most valuable source. As such I have used it in studies of the historical ecology of particular species (Cronk, 1983; 1986a & b).

OTHER BURCHELL MSS RELATING TO ST HELENA There are specimens of Chenopodium helenianum at Kew from Burchell's garden at Fulham dated 1822. These were grown from seeds in his herbarium, sown in July 1818. He also sowed seeds of Trochetia erythroxylon, Wahlenbergia angustifolia, W. roxburghii, Lobelia scaevolifolia, and spores of various ferns but these apparently did not germinate. Details of his gardening activities at Fulham may be found in his manuscript "Hortus Fulhamensis", at Kew. There is also a fascicle of miscellaneous Burchell notes at Kew ("St Helena— Sandwich Is. etc.") which contains items of interest, notably a list of all the plants Burchell found growing in St Helena gardens (containing about 475 names). The list is difficult to interpret as it is not corroborated by specimens and many of the names are obscure. It is interesting however in that some of the listed species (e.g. Fuchsia coccínea) have subsequently spread out of gardens and are now components of natural vegetation. Finally, the manuscript volume entitled "Burchell Plant Lists", also at Kew, contains a few lists of St Helena plants (although of limited importance).

CONCLUSIONS The Burchell material is the most important key we have for understanding both the original flora of St Helena, and the development of the present one. The following main points emerge from the nine unpublished Burchell MSS relating to St Helena. 1. St Helena of Burchell's time is essentially similar to that of the present. The principal human modifications of the landscape had already occurred by 1805. There were more fragments of indigenous vegetation, and certain of the endemics have become more local or extinct; but most of the endemic plants rare today were rare in Burchell's time also. 2. Burchell lists about 200 wild plants; 65 years later Melliss (1875) listed about 320 wild species. The number at present is probably about 350. Thus, Burchell's list chronicles only the first wave of plant introductions. Some of the plants recorded by Melliss as important in the vegetation were in Burchell's day still confined to gardens (e.g. Fuchsia coccínea). Burchell lists about 475 species occurring in gardens whereas Melliss records about 590. 3. Burchell's thoroughness means that plants not recorded by him are likely to be later introductions. If plants that are obviously introductions are subtracted from his list, we are left with an indigenous flora of only about 80 species (at the W. J. BURCHELL AND THE BOTANY OF ST HELENA 51 maximum)—extraordinarily small. A few plants however may have become extinct before BurchelPs visit, as enormous changes had already occurred since first settlement in 1659.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS For help with Burchelliana I thank the staff of the Oxford University Museum (particularly Mrs Audrey Smith and the late Dr Keith Davies); the staff of the Africana Museum (Johannesburg Public Library); the Herbarium staff and Archivist at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew; Miss Serena Marner of the herbaria of the University of Oxford and Professor G. Bocquet, Geneva.

NOTES AND MANUSCRIPT SOURCES 1 BURCHELL, W. MS(1) "Flora Heleniana"; manuscript florula in the Archive Room, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2 BURCHELL, W. MS(2) "Flora Insulae Sanctae Helenae"; tabulated flora in the Archive Room, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 3 BURCHELL, W. MS(3) "Burchell Plant Lists" (St Helena Plants, Index to Localities of Plants Contd in African Herbarium & South African Compositae); Archive Room, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 4 BURCHELL, W. MS(4) "Hortus Fulhamensis" (Catalogus Plantarum Africa Australis extratropica (exceptis 2 ad 51) quaram Semina in horto propris apud Fulham servit); Archive Room, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 5 BURCHELL, W. MS(5) "Memoranda Botánica Vol. 2"; Archive Room, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 6 BURCHELL, W. MS(6) "St Helena—Sandwich Islands etc", unbound manuscript material; Archive Room, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew: containing the "Catalogus plantarum quae Sta. Helenae variis in hortis inveniuntur. 7 BURCHELL, W. MS(7) "St Helena", folio of St Helena drawings; Library, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 8 BURCHELL, W. MS(8) "St Helena sketches", volume of 65 sketches; Africana Museum, Johannes- burg Public Library. 9 BURCHELL, W. MS(9) "St Helena Journal", Burchell's St Helena diary; Hope Dept, Oxford University Museum: the original and a transcript by Prof. E. B. Poulton. 10 KEW PLANT LISTS for 1863. Manuscript lists of accessions, in the library Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 11 SOTHEBY, F. Leigh, sale catalogue for 1842. Catalogue of the highly valuable botanical museum of the late A. S. Lambert Esq. London. The copy in the possession of the Botany Library, British Museum (Natural History) is annotated with the prices fetched by various items. 12 AFRICANA MUSEUM. The source of the Burchell material at the Johannesburg Public Library is the Africana Collection built up by John Gaspard Gubbins, which formed the Gubbins (Africana) Library at the University of the Witwatersrand and the core of the Africana Museum. He was Director of the Museum at the time of his death. There are said to be some letters written by Burchell from St Helena in the Library of the University of the Witwatersrand (H. J. Bruce, pers. comm.). 13 JOURNAL, MS(9), Friday 20 November 1807, "... the Gum tree of which I had made a pencil drawing and was most agreeably surprized to find upon trial that I could take off three perfect impressions: thus I had four drawings with only the trouble of making one". 52 W. J. BURCHELL AND THE BOTANY OF ST HELENA REFERENCES

BEATSON, A., 1816 Tracts relative to the island of St Helena; written during a residence offive years. London. CHICHESTER, H. M., 1886 W. J. Burchell, in Leslie Stephen (ed) Dictionary of National Biography, vol. 7, Brown-Burthogge. London. CRONK, Q. C. B., 1983 The decline of the Redwood erythroxylon in St Helena. Biological Conservation 26: 163-174. CRONK, Q. C. B., 1984 The historical and evolutionary development of the plant life of St Helena. [Unpublished Ph.D. thesis]. University of Cambridge. CRONK, Q. C. B., 1986a The decline of the St Helena Ebony Trochetiopsis melanoxylon. Biological Conservation 35: 159-172. CRONK, Q. C. B., 1986b The decline of the St Helena Gumwood . Biological Conservation 35: 173-186. DAVIES, K. C, 1980 Burchell's serpents. Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History 9: 455-473. DAWSON, W. R. (ed.), 1958 The Banks letters. London. HEMSLEY, W. B., 1885 Report on the botany of the Bermudas and various other islands of the Atlantic and Southern Oceans. Report of the Scientific Results of the Voyage of HMS 'Challenger', Botany 1(3): 1-299. KENNEDY, R. F., 1966-1971 Catalogue of pictures in the Africana Museum. Johannesburg. McKAY, H. M., 1934 William John Burchell in St Helena, 1805-1810. South African Journal of Science 31: 481-489. McKAY, H. M., 1943 Sketch map of Burchell's trek. Journal of South African Botany 9(3): 27-78. MELLISS, J. C, 1875 St Helena. London. MELVILLE, R., 1979 Endangered island floras, pp 365-367, in Bramwell, D. (ed) Plants and Islands. London. MILLER, H. S., 1970 The herbarium of Aylmer Bourke Lambert, notes on its acquisition, dispersal and present whereabouts. Taxon 19: 489-656 [Burchell on p. 517]. POULTON, E. B., 1907 William John Burchell. The materials of a lecture delivered before the British Association in the Town Hall, Cape Town on Thursday evening, August 17, 1905. Report of the British & South African Association 3 [1905]: 57-110.

APPENDIX 1

BURCHELL'S "FLORA INSULAE SANCTAE HELENAE"

For each Burchell number I have given the current name (the nomenclature follows Cronk, 1984) followed by Burchell's name in brackets. An exclamation mark follows if I have seen a specimen at Kew to confirm the identification. Where the exclamation mark is in brackets, a specimen exists but bears what is apparently the wrong number on the label. There follows the information given by Burchell (excluding some purely descriptive material), under the various headings used by Burchell, explained in the key below: Dist. = Habitatio generatim

Loc. = Habitatio nominatim

Fl. = Flores fert mense Fr. = Fructus seminave fert mense Hab. = Habitus (Burchell's symbols for annual, woody, perennial and biennial have been transcribed A, W, P & B respectively) Ref. = Descriptio, Specimen, Icon. (Burchell indicated whether he had prepared a description, specimen or drawing, which I have rendered D, S & I respectively). Obs. = Observado W. J. BURCHELL AND THE BOTANY OF ST HELENA 53

1. Boerhaavia verticillata! (Boerhaavia, floribus rubris). Dist.: In rupibus aridissimis. Loc: On the side of Ladder Hill; &c. Hab.: P. Ref.: D.S.I. 2. Boerhaavia verticillata! (Boerhaavia, var. fl. albis)—Loc.: In the road to Munden's Fort. Fl.: 7. Hab.: P. Ref.: S. 3. Veronica anagallis-aquatica (Veronica anagallis) ! Dist.: In rivulis. Loc: In the run in James' Valley Fl.: 1. 12. Fr.: 1. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. 4. Cyperus distans (Cyperus) ! Dist.: In rivulis et aquosis. Fl.: 1.2.3.4.5.6.12. Hab.: 3-4 pedalis, speciosus umbella purpureo-fusca. Ref.: S 5. Cyperus cyperodes (Cyperus) ! Dist.: In pascuis altioribus, aeque in exterioribus aridis. FL: 1.12. Hab.: Pedalis, sesquipedalis et ultra umbella viridis. P. Ref.: S 6. Cyperus difformis (Cyperus) ! Dist.: In aquosis. Loc: At Major Dentaaffe's in Sandy Bay under the waterfall. FL: 4.5. Hab.: Pedalis, sesquipedalis, umbellae pollicares, capitulis nigrofuscis. P. Ref.: S. 7. Cyperus sanguinolentus (Cyperus) ! Dist.: In aquosis. Loc: At Major Dentaaffe's in Sandy Bay- under the waterfall. FL: 4.5. Hab.: pedalis, P. Umbellae parvae semipollicares, fuscae. Spiculae 4-11. Ref.: S. 8. Cyperus polystachyos (Cyperus) ! Dist. In aquosis. Loc: Sisters Walk in the Water Course. In the Water course above Major Hodson's. FL: 3. Hab.: Vix pedalis, P. Umbellae semipollicares, spicule 20 et ultra. Ref.: S. 9. Cyperus polystachyos (Var.) ! Dist.: In aquosis. Loc: At Lieut. Cooper's near the Waterfall. FL: 5 Hab.: P. Ref.: S. 10. Cyperus laevigatus (Cyperus) ! Dist.: in aquosis. Loc: Sisters Walk. Above Major Hodson's plentifully. FL: 3.4.5. Hab.: Sesquipedalis, P. Planta caespitosa scirpoidea. Ref.: S. Obs.: Affinis C. tenello Vahl. Enum. 11. Cyperus rotundus (Cyperus) ! Loc: In the Botanic Garden. Hab.: P. Ref.: S. Obs.: "Knot grass". Rarissime floret. 12. Scirpus nodosus (Scirpus) ! Dist.: In pascuis aridis et aliquando, sed rarius, in aquosis. FL: 3.4. Hab.: 2-3 pedalis. P. Ref.: S. Obs.: The rush used for thatching. 13. Scirpus chlorostachys (Schoenus) ! Dist.: In aquosis. FL: 3.12. Hab.: Spithameus et infra. P. Ref.: S. I. Obs.: Is mixed with mud for plaistering instead of hair. 14. Scirpus chlorostachys (var. capitulis viviparus). Dist.: In aquosis. Loc: In a pond (running water) under some willows near Mr. Balcombes in Swanley Valley. FL: 12. Hab.: Spithameus. P. Ref.: S. 15. Bulbostylis neglecta (Schoenus) ! Dist.: in aridissimis. Loc: By the side of the road under the Alarm house where in sight of Longwood telegraph. FL: 7. Hab.: 1-4 pollicaris. Ref.: D.S.I. 16. Bulbostylis lichtensteiniana (Schoenus) ! Dist.: In aridissimis. Loc: On the top of Little Stone Top. FL: 12. Hab.: 3-6 pollicaris, P. Ref.: S. 17. Scirpus cernuusl (Schoenus). Dist.: In rupes áridas ventibus objectas. Loc: Little Stone Top, 8.12.1807. Hab.: P, palmaris. Ref.: S. 18. Kyllinga monocephala (Kyllinga triceps) ! Dist.: in pascuis nemoralibus. Loc: Dentaaffe's in Sandy Bay, 4.4.1806. FL: 4.5.12 Hab.: 4-10 pollicaris, P. Ref.: S. 19. Carexpraealta (Carex elata) ! Dist.: In umbrosis montium humidorum. Loc: On Diana's Peak. FL: 11.12. Hab.: 4-6 pedalis, P. Ref.: S. 20. Carex aequabilis (Carex longifolia) ! Dist.: In umbrosis montium humidorum. Loc: On and under High Peak. FL: 1. Hab.: 2-pedalis, P. Ref.: D.S. 21. Anthoxanthum odoratum (Anthoxanthum odoratum) ! Dist.: In pascuis altioribus vulgatissimum. FL: 1.12. Ref.: S. Obs.: "Hay-grass". 22. Phalaris minor (Phalaris) ! Dist.: In pascuis. Loc: On Deadwood, plentifully. At the Waterfall. FL: 11.12. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. 23. Paspalum scrobiculatum (Paspalum) ! Hab.: P. Ref.: S. Obs.: "Cow-grass". 24. Cynodon dactylon (Digitada linearis) (!). Dist.: In pascuis aridioribus. Hab.: P. Ref.: S. Obs.: "Wire-grass". 25. Stenotaphrum secundatum (Digitada) ! Loc: At Major Wright's. Hab.: P. Obs.: "English wire- grass". 54 W. J. BURCHELL AND THE BOTANY OF ST HELENA

26. Digitaria ciliaris (Digitada sanguinale) ! FL: 5.6.7. Ref.: D.S. 27. Panicum cf. repens (Panicum) ! Loa: Above Dr. Kay's, in the road. FL: 5 Hab.: A. Ref.: S. Obs.: An Milii species, cum sequente? 28. Panicum cf. repens (Panicum) Loa: About Red Hill House. FL: 5. Hab.: Planta fasciculata. Ref.: D.S. 29. Panicum sp.? (Panicum). Loc: Above Sowden's. FL: 7.8. Hab.: 3-pedalis. Ref.: S. 30. Panicoid grass (Panicum) Loc: Botanic garden. FL: 4. Hab.: A. Ref.: S Obs.: Precedente minus. 31. Panicoid grass (Panicum). Loc: In the road at the top of Side-Path. FL: 5. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. Obs.: Precedente minus. 32. Setaria verticillata (Panicum verticillatum) ! FL: 3. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. Obs.: Spicae vestibus adhierant. 33. Setaria welwitschii (Panicum) ! Dist.: In regiones medias, inter rupes. Loc: About Sowden's. At the top of Side path. FL: 8. Hab.: P. Ref.: S. 34. Setaria itálica! (Panicum Italicum) Loc.: At West Lodge. Hab.: A. 35. Eriochloa procera (Milium) ! Loc: By the side of the road going up Ladder Hill. FL: 5. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. 36. Agrostis capillaris i.e. A. tenuis (Agrostis repens) ! Dist.: In pascuis interioribus copióse. FL: 1.12. Hab.: P. Obs.: "Mat-grass". 37. Polypogon monspeliensis (Agrostis) ! Dist.: In aquosis et ad fontes. Hab.: A. Sesquipedalis. Ref.: S. 38. Polypogon tennis (Agrostis). Loc: On Ladder Hill near water. In many places along the run in James Valley. FL: 6.8.12. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. 39. Agrostis bergiana (Agrostis) ! Dist.: In pascuis aridis et saxetis. Loc: In Shark's Valley, just below Julio's. FL: 11. Hab.: A. Culmi pedales. Gramen gracile elegans. Ref.: S. 40. Sporobolus africanus (Agrostis) ! Loc.: In the road near Forster's. FL: 5.6. Hab.: P. Culmi 2-3 pedalis. Gramen durum. 41. Holcus setigera! (Holcus) Dist.: In pascuis aridis. Loc.: Below the road close under the Alarm- House. FL: 9.10. Hab.: P. Spithameus. Ref.: S. 42. Danthonia decumbens (Mélica decumbens) ! Dist.: In pascuis interioribus. Loc: In all the pastures beyond Cason's gate plentifully. FL: 11. Hab.: P. Flores Melicae. Ref.: S. 43. Dactyloctenium aegyptiacum (Eleusine Egyptiaca) ! Loc.: By the side of the road, just above Mr. Dunn's. FL: 4.5. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. 44. Eleusine indica (Eleusine Indica) ! Loc: In James Valley, abundantly. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. 45. Dinebra retroflexa (Cynosurus) ! Loc.: Plentifully in James Valley. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. 46. Pennisetum macrourum (Elymus) ! Dist.: In aridissimis etiamque in humidioribus, calidis. Loc.: At Plantation house. In Fisher's Valley near Bradley's. On the Barren ridge by the Side Path road over against Putty Hill. FL: 2. Hab.: P. 4-6 pedalis. Gramen durum valide. Habitus Elymi arenarii. Ref.: D.S. Obs.: "Bull-grass". 47. Bromus sp. ? (Bromus) Loc.: At Rosemary-Hall. At Mrs Forbes'. FL: 7. Hab.: A. Pedalis et sesquipedalis—Faciem gaudet Avenae- Ref.: S. Obs.: Ob glumas ápice aristatas, an Festuca? 48. Bromus pectinatus (Bromus) ! Loc: Near the top of Flag-Staff. FL: 11. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. 49. Vulpia bromoides (Festuca) ! Dist.: In locis siccis. FL: 10.11. Hab.: A. Facies F. uniglumis et F. myuri. Ref.: S. 50. Eragrostis saxatilis (Festuca) ! Dist.: In locis saxosis praeruptis siccissimis. Loc.: On Lot and the adjoining ridge. Amongst the rocks at Major Dentaaffe's. FL: 1.4. Hab.: P. Habitus Festucae ovinae. Gramen caespitosum, comosum. Ref.: S. 51. Poa annual (Poa annua) Hab.: A. Ref.: S. 52. Poa sp. ? (Poa compressa) Loc.: In Longwood under the trees and many places both dry and moist. Hab.: P. 53. Poa sp. ? (Poa).: In Mr. Brooke's garden. FL: 1.12. Hab.: P. Obs.: Simillima Poae compressae at folia glauca. W. J. BURCHELL AND THE BOTANY OF ST HELENA 55

54. Poa pratensis (Poa) ! Loc: Near the top of Flagstaff. Fl.: 11. Hab.: Simillima Poae compressae at radix non repens et folia brevia obtusa. Ref.: S. 55. Eragrostis poaeoides (Poa) ! Loc.: In James Valley abundantly. Fl.: 1.2.3. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. 56. Eragrostis cilianensis (Poa) ! Dist.: In montibus sterilibus calidioribus. Loc: On the hills in Sandy bay. On Ladder Hill under High Knoll. About Cleugh's Plain. Fl.: 1.4.5.6. 12. Hab.: A. Gramen concinnum spiculis brizaeformibus. Ref.: D.S. 57. Briza minor! (Briza media) Loc: In Mr. Doveton's garden. FL: 1. Hab.: A. 58. Avena sativa! (Avena) Loc: In Swanley Valley. FL: 12. Hab.: A. Facies Avenae sativae. 59. Plagiochloa oblitera (Crypsoides) ! Dist.: In aridis sterilibus. Loc: In the barren places between Longwood and Flagstaff. FL: 11.12. Ref.: 5. 60. Tragus roxburghii (Phleoides) ! Dist.: Inter rupes regionis calidae, rarissimum. Loc: In the middle turning of the road up Ladder Hill. FL: 6. Hab.: A. Ludad inflorescentiam quodamodo refert Elymum. Ref.: D.S. Obs.: Hoc gramen diligenter anno sequente quaesive, at non inveniendum erat. 61. Polycarpon tetraphyllum (Polycarpon tetraphyllum) ! Ref.: S. 62. Plantago major (Plantago major). Loc: Dentaaffe's, Sandy Bay 26.4.1806. Hab.: P. Obs.: "Ground Plantain". 63. Plantago robusta (Plantago marítima) ! Dist.: In montibus rupestribus elatio necnon in rupibus humidis. Loc: On Flagstaff. On Stonetop. On the rocks at the Waterfall. On the rocks at Cat hole. On Little Stone Top. FL: 11.12. Hab.: P. Ref.: D.S.I. 64. Nesohedyotis arbórea (Dogwood) ! Dist.: In sylvis altioribus madidis. FL: 2.3.4.5. Hab.: W. Ref.: D.S.I. 65. Heliotropium pannifolium (Heliotropium pannifolium) ! Loc: At Sandy Bay at the top of Broad Gut. FL: 2.3. Hab.: W. Ref.: D.S.I. 66. Anagallis arvensis (Anagallis arvensis) ! Dist.: In collibus et hortis interioribus. FL: 4.5.6. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. 66/2. Ipomoea pes-caprae! (Ipomoea brasiliensis) Loc: At Sandy Bay. Ref.: S.I. Obs.: "Sea bean" 66/3. Convolvulus arvensis! (convolvulus arvensis) Loc: On the lawn at Plantation House Hab.: P. 67. Wahlenbergia angustifolia (Campanula) ! Dist.: In rupibus graminosis interioribus. Loc: On High Peak. At Fosters. FL: 1.2.3.4.5.6.12. Hab.: W. Ref.: D.S.I. 68. Wahlenbergia linifolia (Campanula) ! Dist.: In sylvis alterioribus madidis. Loc: On and about Diana's Peak. FL: 1. Hab.: W. Ref.: S.I. 69. Wahlenbergia roxburghii (Campanula) ! Dist.: In sylvis altioribus madidis. Loc: On Sandy Bay ridge near Taylor's. FL: 2.3.8. Hab.: W. Folia praecedentibus 4 plo majora. Ref.: D.S.I. 70. Trimeris scaevolifolia (Lobelia) ! Dist.: In montibus altissimis sylvosis. Loc: On and about Diana's Peak. FL: 1.4.5.8.12. Hab.: W. Ref.: D.S.I. 71. Trochetiopsis erythroxylon (Dombeya erythroxylon) ! Dist.: In montibus altissimis sylvosis et etiam in locis calidioribus siccioribus. Loc: Near Diana's Peak. FL: 1.5.8.9. Hab.: W. Ref.: D.S.I. Obs.: "Redwood". 72. Trochetiopsis melanoxylon (Dombeya "Dwarf Ebony") ! Dist.: In rupibus praeruptis inaccessis in regione exteriore calidiore. Loc: At Man & Horse. High Hill. FL: 5. Hab.: W. 73. Datura stramonium (Datura stramonium) ! Loc: Dentaaffe's Sandy B. 26.4.1806. FL: 4.12. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. 74. Nicotiana glauca (Nicotiana fruticosa) ! Dist.: In montibus sterilibus exterioribus. Loc: Under Lots Wife. In Broad gut, Sandy Bay. On Tobacco plain. FL: 6.7. Hab.: W. Obs.: "Tobacco". 75. Physalis peruviana (Physalis edulis) ! Hab.: P. Obs.: "Bilberry". 76. Lycopersicum esculentum! (Solanum pseudolycopersicum) Hab.: A. Ref.: D. Obs.: "Scrunchy apple". 77. Solanum nigrum (Solanum nigrum) ! FL: 6.7. Ref.: S. 78. Solanum cf. americanum (Solanum villosum) ! Loc: About Sandy Bay. FL: 2.3. Hab.: A. Ref.: D.S.I. Obs.: Affinis S. nigro. 79. Solanum sodomaeum (Solanum sodomaeum) ! (s.n.) Loc: The largest and finest bushes are at Botley's. 8 ft. Hab.: W. Ref.: D. Obs.: "Brinjal". 56 W. J. BURCHELL AND THE BOTANY OF ST HELENA

80. Mellissia begonifolia (Boxwood) ! Loa: About Little Stone Top and Longrange. FL: 12. Hab.: W. Ref.: S.I. Obs.: "Boxwood". affine Lycio. 81. Phylica ramosissima (Phylica) ! Loa: On Lot. FL: 2.3.4.5. Fr.: 1.11.12. Hab.: W. Ref.: S. Obs.: "Wild Rosemary". 82. Nesiota elliptica (Phylica) ! Dist.: In montibus sylvosis madidis altissimis. Loa: On Diana's Peak. FL: 8.9.10. Fr.: 12. Hab.: W. Ref.: S.I. Obs.: "Wild Olive". 83. Achyranthes áspera (Achyranthes) ! (OA'Fs.n.) Dist.: in vepretibus regionis interioris. FL: 12. Hab.: P. Ref.: D.S.I. 84. Frankenia portulacifolia (Frankenia) Dist.: Ex fissuris rupium inaccessorum regionis exterioris. Loa: On the sides of precipices in Deep Valley. Near Lot. Near Porters Gate. FL: 12. Hab.: W. Habitus Frankenia. Ref.: D.S.I. Obs.: "St Helena Tea". 85. Chenopodium helenianum (Chenopodium) ! Loa: In Longwood. FL: 11.12. Hab.: A. Planta viridis non pulverulenta. Ref.: D.S. 86. Chenopodium helenianum (Chenopodium) ! Loa: In Longwood. FL: 10.11. Hab.: A. Planta rubro- coccinea. Ref.: D.S. 87. Chenopodium múrale (Chenopodium) ! Dist.: In hortis. Hab.: A. Obs.: "Fat Hen". 88. Chenopodium ambrosioides (Chenopodium ambrosioides) ! Dist.: In hortis. FL: 11 Hab.: A. Ref.: S. Obs.: A Madeira. 89. Suaeda helenae (Salsola) ! Dist.: in montibus aridissimis, sterilibus exterioribus. FL: 2.4.5.12. Hab.: W. Ref.: D.S.I. 90. Dichondra repens (Dichondra) ! Dist.: In pascuis interioribus, ubi praecipue inter vepretes luxuriat. Loa: Little Stone Top. 8.12.1807. FL: 1-12. Hab.: P. Ref.: D.S.I. Obs.: "Ground Ivy". 91. Caucalis sp. ? (Caucalis leptophylla). Loa: In James Valley near the Waterfall. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. 92. Sium burchellii (Angelica) ! Dist.: In sylvis montosis altissimis humidis. Loa: On Diana's Peak. FL: 1. Ref.: S. Obs.: "Angelica". 93. Apium graveolens (Apium). Dist.: In aquosis regionis exterioribus. FL: 1.2. Hab.: P. Obs.: "Wild Celery". 94. Aloe vera! (Aloe). 95. Agave sp. (Agave) Hab.: P. Scapus 10 pedalis. 96. Juncus bufonius (Juncus bufonius) ! Dist.: In aquosis et umbrosis humidis. Loa: Dentaaffe's S. Bay. 26.4.1806. FL: 7.10. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. 97. Juncus lomatophyllus (Juncus, radix repens) ! Dist.: In rivulis regionis interioris. Loa: In the run at Forster's. Ditto below Major Defountains. FL: 12. Hab.: P. Culmi 2-3 pedales. Ref.: S. 98. Rumex acetosella (Rumex acetosella) ! Dist.: In pascuis. Hab.: P. Ref.: S. 99. Rumex crispus (Rumex crispus) ! Dist.: In aquosis. FL: 1.11.12. Hab.: P. Ref.: S. 100. Polygonum glabrum (Polygonum) ! Loa: Near the waterfall in James Valley at a place called Cat-hole, hanging down the rocks. FL: 1.2.3. Hab.: P. Caulis aliquando 10 pedales et ultra. Ref.: D.S.I. 101. Cassia occidentalis (Cassia occidentalis) ! Dist.: In locis calidis rupestribus. Loa: In Sandy Bay, near Lot. Hab.: W. 3 pedalis. Ref.: S. 102. Tribulis cistoides (Tribulus terrestis) ! Dist.: In collibis aridis calidis. Loc: At Sandy Bay between the Lime Kiln and the Quarry. FL: 5.6.7. Fr.: 7. Hab.: A. Terrae adpressus. Ref.: S. 103. vulgaris (Cucubalus Behen) ! Dist.: In pascuis. Loc: On the side of the road between South Sea Hall & Major Wright's. FL: 11.12. Hab.: P. Ref.: S. 104. Stellaria media (Stellaria media) ! Dist.: in umbrosis et dumetis. FL: 5. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. Obs.: "Chickweed". 105. Oxalis corniculata (Oxalis) ! Dist.: In pascuis. Hab.: A. 106. Oxalis sp. (Oxalis stricta). Hab.: P. 106a. Oxalis sp. (Oxalis Caprina). Loa: Dentaaffe's Sandy B. 26.4.1806. 107. Cerastium glomeratum (Cerastium vulgatum) ! Dist.: In graminosis et dumetis interioribus. Loc: By the side of the road on the ridge over against Mrs Forbes'. FL: 10. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. 108. Spergula arvensis (Spergula arvensis) ! Dist.: In graminosis interioribus. Loc.: About Forster's on a bank by the side of the road. Dentaaffe's Sandy B. 26.4.1806. FL: 5.6. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. W. J. BURCHELL AND THE BOTANY OF ST HELENA 57

109. Portulaca olerácea (Portulaca olerácea). Dist.: In montibus aridissimis mari proximis. Hab.: A. Fugax. Obs.: "Purslane". 110. Euphorbia heleniana (Euphorbia prostrata) ! Dist.: In montibus aridissimis mari proximis. Loc: About Banks'. About Sandy Bay in the valleys. FL: 1.2.7. Hab.: A. Ref.: D.S.I. 111. Euphorbia helioscopio! (Euphorbia helioscopa). Loc: About Cleugh's plain. At Major Dentaaffe's in Sandy Bay. About South Sea Hall. FL: 6.7. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. 112. Euphorbia peplus! (Euphorbia Peplus). Loc: At the waterfall. Up Side Path. By the side of the road on the ridge over against Mrs. Forbes'. FL: 8.9.10. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. 113. Hypertelis acida (Longwood samphire) ! Dist.: In regionibus aridissimus, mari proximis. Loc: In Longwood towards the sea. About Sandy Bay. FL: 7.8. Hab.: P. Planta pedalis ramosa glaucescentia rare caesio albido. Ref.: S.I. Obs.: "Samphire". 114. Opuntia vulgaris! (Cactus Opuntia). Dist.: In aridis. Hab.: W. Obs.: "Prickly-pear". 115. Hydrodea cryptantha (Mesembryanthemum) ! Dist.: In aridissimis mari proximis. Loc: On Prosperous Bay Plain. About Sandy Bay. FL: 1.12. Hab.: A. Fugax. Ref.: D.S.I. 116. Rubus pinnatus (Rubus pinnatus) ! Dist.: In montibus graminosis interioribus. FL: 1-12. Hab.: W. Ref.: D.S. Obs.: "Blackberry". Flores paniculati; qua nota differt a R. pinnato Sp. PL cui flores racemosi. 117. Rubus rosifolius! (Rubus caesius). Loc: At Plantation House. Hab.: W. 118. Fragaria vesca (Fragaria). Loc: At Mr. Doveton's. At Forster's. FL: 1.12. Hab.: P. Ref.: S. 119. Argemone mexicana (Argemone mexicana) ! Dist.: In collibus calidis. Loc: In James Valley. FL: 11.12. Hab.: A Fugax. Ref.: S. 120. Ranunculus parviflorus! (Ranunculus) Dist.: In aquosis. FL: 1.12. Ref.: S. 121. Ranunculus bulbosus! (Ranunculus bulbosus) Loc: By the Bramin's house. Dentaaffe's Sandy Bay. 21.4.1806. FL: 1.2.3. 122. Mentha aquatica (Mentha hirsuta) Dist.: In aquosis. FL: 6. Hab.: P. Ref.: S. Obs.: "Wild mint". 123. Stachys arvensis (Stachys arvensis) Dist.: in pascuis et hortis. Ref.: S. 124. Coronopus didymus (Lepidium) ! Dist.: In montibus arenosis. Loc: At Sandy Bay at the Lime- Quarry. FL: 7.8. Hab.: A. Spithamea et infra ramosa. Ref.: S.I. 125. Capsella bursa-pastoris (Thlaspi Bursa-Pastoris) Hab.: A. 126. Alyssum maritimum (Alyssum maritimum) Dist.: In rupibus siccis. Loc: On rocks below the waterfall at Mr. Dunn's. FL: 2. Hab.: P. Ref.: D.S.I. 127. Nasturtium officinale (Sisymbrium Nasturtium) Dist.: In aquis. Hab.: P. Obs.: "Watercress". 128. Raphanus raphanistum! (Raphanus) Dist.: In aquosis. Loc: In the valley below Mrs. Forbes. FL: 1.5 Hab.: B. Ref.: S. 129. Pelargonium cotyledonis (Pelargonium Cotyledonis) ! Loc: At Cole's Rock. FL: 5 Hab.: W. Obs.: "Old father live for ever". In mensibus hibernis foliis destitutum est, eaque induera incipit versus finem Februarii. 130. Sida cordifolia (Sida) ! Dist.: In convallibus exterioribus. Loc: In Rupert's Valley near Bunker's Hill & c. FL: 5. Ref.: D.S. 131. Malva parviflora (Malva rotundifolia) ! Loc: At the top of Side Path. Hab.: P. Ref.: S. 132. Hibiscus trionum! (Hibiscus trionum) Dist.: In regione exteriore. Hab.: A. 133. Fumaria muralis (Fumaria annua) ! Dist.: In cultis interioribus. Loc: Dentaaffe's S. Bay 26.4.1806. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. 134. Ulex europaeus (Ulex europaeus) Hab.: W. Obs.: "Furze". 135. Lathyrus sp. ? (Lathyrus, flore punices) Loc: In the grass at Deadwood. 136. Vicia tetrasperma (Ervum tetraspermum) ! Loc: In the grass near Cleugh's Plain House. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. 137. Psoralea pinnata (Psoralea pinnata) ! Dist.: In collibus humidioribus. FL: 1.12. Hab. W. 2- orgyalis. Rami stricti. Ref.: S.I. Obs.: "Gobblygheer". 138. Trifolium dubium (Trifolium filiforme) Loc: On the lawn at Plantation House. FL: 1.12. 139. tenerrimus (Sonchus) ! Loc: By the Barrier Gate under High Knoll. Hab. A. Ref.: S. 58 W. J. BURCHELL AND THE BOTANY OF ST HELENA 140. Sonchus oleraceus (Sonchus oleraceus). Loa: Dentaaffe's Sandy B. 26.4.1806. Obs.: "Sow-thistle". 141. radicata () ! Dist.: In pascuis interioribus ubique. FL: 1.12. Ref.: S. 142. Hypochaeris radicata (Hypochaeris glabra) ! Dist.: In pascuis montosis. Loa: On Flagstaff. FL: 5. Ref.: S. 143. Gnaphalium purpureum (Gnaphalium) ! Dist.: In aridis calidioribus. Loc: In James' Valley. On the rocks between Banks and Ruperts. FL: 7.8. Hab.: A. Filaginoideum. Ref.: D.S.I. 144. Gnaphalium luteo-album (Gnaphalium) ! Dist.: In aridis calidioribus. Loc: In Sister's Walk. About High Knoll. About Rosemary Hall and Sowden's. FL: 2.3.4. Hab.: A. Filaginoideum. 145. Senecio vulgaris (Senecio vulgaris) Hab.: A. Obs.: "Groundsel". 146. Senecio sylvaticus (Senecio sylvaticus) ! Dist.: In vepretibus interioribus. Loc: Dentaaffe's Sandy Bay 26.4.1806. FL: 1.12. Hab.: A. Ref.: D.S. 147. Cotula coronopifolia (Cotula anthemoides) ! Dist.: In locis calidis saxosis irriguis. Loa: On Ladder Hill. In the valleys about Sandy Bay, In Rupert's Valley &c. FL: 5.6.7.8. Hab.: A. Ref.: S.I. Obs.: "Pagoda Flower". 148. Sigesbeckia orientalis (Sigesbeckia) ! Dist.: In ruderatis interioribus. Loc: In Swanley Valley, Rosemary Hill & Sowden's About Col. Greentree's & C. FL: 1.2.10.11.12. Hab.: A.B. Ref.: D.S.I. 149. Osteospermum sanctae-helenae (Osteospermum) ! Dist.: In calidis saxosis. Loc: In valleys about Sandy Bay. At the Waterfall. FL: 2.3.5.6.7.8. Hab.: A. Ref.: D.S. 150. Eclipta alba (Eclipta)! Dist.: In saxosis aridis calidioribus. Loc: At the top of Side path. Below the road under Alarm House. FL: 2.3. Hab.: A. Ref.: D.S. 151. Eclipta alba (Eclipta, var., ampio major) ! Loc: In the Botanic Garden. FL: 2. Hab.: A. Ref.: D.S.I. 152. Commidendrum robustum ! Dist.: In planitiebus calidus aridissimis. Loc: A grove of ancient trees is on Man & Horse. FL: 11. Hab.: W. Ref.: S. Obs.: "Gumwood tree". 153. Commidendrum rugosum\ Dist.: In planitiebus calidis aridissimis, necnon, in saxosis et in rupibus inaccessis radicans inter saxi rimas. Loc: The largest and most ancient trees are about Little Stone Top, 10 feet. FL: 9.12. Hab.: W. Ref.: D. Obs.: "Scrubwood". 154. Pladaroxylon leucadendron i.e. Scenario 1. ! Dist.: In montibus altissimis sylvosis humidioribus. Loc: About Diana's Peak and Sandy Bay Ridge. FL: 6. Hab.: W. Ref.: D.S.I. Obs.: "White Cabbage tree". 155. integrifolium ! Dist.: in cacuminibus humectis montium altissimorum. Loc: About Diana's Peak and Sandy Bay Ridge. FL: 1.2.10.11.12. Ref.: S.I. Obs.: "Bastard Cabbage tree". 156. Lachanodes arbórea i.e. Senecio redivivusl Dist.: In montibus altissimis, sylvosis humidioribus. Loc: Diana's Peak and Sandy Bay Ridge. FL: 2.3.8. Ref.: D.S.I. Obs.: "Red Cabbage Tree". 157. Commidendrum spurium ! Dist.: In montibus sylvosis altioribus. Loc: Thompson's Wood Hill. FL: 1.5.12. Ref.: D.S.I. Obs.: Little Cymose Cabbage Tree. 158. Commidendrum robustuml Dist.: In montibus sylvosis altioribus. Loc: Thompson's Wood Hill. Under West Lodge telegraph. FL: 1.5.12. Ref.: D.S.I. Obs.: Cluster-leaved gum tree. 159. Commidendrum rotundifolium ! Dist.: In planitiebus calidis aridissimis necnon in convallibus saxosis. Loc: In Longwood. The largest and most ancient trees are in Shark's Valley below Julio's. FL: 2.3.4.5.6. Ref.: D.S.I. Obs.: "Bastard Gum tree". 160. Petrobium arboreum (Drimyphyllum arboreum) ! Dist.: In montibus sylvosis altioribus. Loc: On Sandy Bay Ridge. At Forster's. Above Harding's Spring &c. FL: 5.6. Ref.: S. Obs.: "Whitewood". Facile diagnoscitur, foliis oppositis, ramulisque alternis. 160a. Petrobium arboreum ! Ref.: S. Obs.: Variat foliis rotundo-obovatis, et foliis oblongolanceolatis acuminatis. 161. Colocasia esculenta (Arum esculentum). 162. Zantedeschia aethiopica (Calla ethiopica) 163. Lemna minor (Lemna minor). Dist.: In aquis ubique. 164. Unica urens (Urtica urens). Dist.: In ruderatis. Loc: Major Dentaaffe's in Sandy Bay, 26.4.1806. FL: 1.2.3. Hab.: A. W. J. BURCHELL AND THE BOTANY OF ST HELENA 59

164a. Unica pilulifera (Urtica pilulifera) Loc: At Rosemary Hall. 165. Acalypha rubra (Acalypha) ! Loc.: In woody hollow near Round Tower. Fl.: 4.5. Hab.: W. Ref.: S. Obs.: "Stringwood". 166. Ricinus communis (Ricinus) Hab.: W. 167. Mercurialis annua (Mercurialis ambigua) Dist.: In ruderatis. Loc: At West Lodge. At Swanley Valley. Fl.: 1.9.10.11.12. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. Obs.: Flores monoici axillares. 168. Amaranthus lividus (Amaranthus polygonoides) ! Fl.: 2.3. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. Obs.: "Dandy Coolen". 169. Amaranthus sp. (Amaranthus) Dist.: In ruderatis. Loc: In James' Valley. On Ladder Hill & C. Fl.: 1.2.3. Hab.: A. Ref.: S. 170. Pleopeltis macrocarpa (Polypodium) Dist.: In truncis arborum. In rupibus et muris. Loc: Dentaaffe's, Sandy Bay. 26.4.1806. Ref.: D.S.I. 171. Pseudophegopteris dianae (Polypodium) ! Dist.: Im umbrosis aquosis. Loc: In Swanley Valley below the willow pond. Ref.: S. 172. Dryopteris napoleonis (Aspidium) ! Dist.: In umbrosis humidis. Loc: Against the Bank at French's Gut. Hab.: P. 9 pollicare. Ref.: S. Obs.: Pinnae ad apices sensim minores. 173. Dryopteris napoleonis (Aspidium) ! Dist.: In umbrosis humidis, sylvestribus. Loc: Thompson's Wood Hill. Harding's spring. Hab.: P. Sesquipedale et ultra. Ref.: S. Obs.: Pinnae ad apices sensim minores. 174. Dryopteris napoleonis (Var. pinnulis argute incisis, linearis lanceolatis) ! Loc: On Sandy Bay ridge about Taylor's. Hab.: P. Praecedente minus. Ref.: S. 175. Christella chaseana (Aspidium) ! Dist.: In numbrosis aquosis. Loc: In Swanley Valley, above and below the willow pond. Sandy Bay Ridge. Hab.: P. 3-pedale. Ref.: S. 176. Dryopteris cognata ! Dist.: In montibus altissimis humidis umbrosis. Loc: On Diana's Peak. Hab.: 3-4 pedale. Ref.: S. 177. Microstaphyla furcata (Acrostichum tridentatum) ! Dist.: In rupibus humectatis interioribus. Hab.: 3-pollicare. Ref.: S.I. 178. Elaphoglossum conforme (Acrostichum) ! Dist.: In montibus altissimis humidis truncos insuper arborum. Loc: On Diana's Peak upon the trunks of the Bastard Cabbage trees & Dicksonia. 179. Elaphoglossum nervosum (Acrostichum) ! Dist.: In montibus altissimis humidis truncos insuper arborum. Loc: On Diana's Peak and under West Lodge telegraph on the stems of the Cabbage trees. Ref.: S.I. 180. Elaphoglossum dimorphum (Acrostichum) ! Dist.: In rupibus graminosis altissimis. Loc: On Halley's mount and Sandy Bay. Hab.: Spithameum et minor. 181. Asplenium erectum (Asplenium) Dist.: In umbrosis interioribus. Hab.: Pedalis. Ref.: S. 182. Asplenium aethiopicum (Asplenium apiifolium) ! Dist.: In muris et rupibus subinterioribus siccioribus. Loc: Major Dentaaffe's in Sandy Bay. 26.4.1806. 183. Asplenium platybasis (Asplenium) ! Dist.: In umbrosis montium altissimorum humidorum. Loc: On Diana's Peak. Ref.: S. 184. Asplenium compressum (Asplenium) ! Ref.: S. 185. Grammitis ebenina (Grammitis) ! Dist.: Insuper truncos et ramos arborum montium altissimorum. Loc: On the Bastard Cabbage Tree. Ref.: S. 186. Diplazium nigro-paleaceum (Asplenium) ! Dist.: In sylvaticis et dumosis montium interiorum. Loc: Diana's Peak and Sandy Bay Ridge. And on woody hills in many places. Hab.: Tripedalis pinnis sub-pendulis. Ref.: S. 187. Ceterach cordatum (Asplenium) ! Dist.: In rupibus calidis aridissimis inter rimas. Loc: On Friar's ridge. Rupert's ridge &c Hab. Frons 4-6 pollicaris. Ref.: S. Obs.: Planto recens, odorem spargit Anthoxantho odorati. Involucram nullum. 188. Ceterach cordatum (variat divisionibus apices incisi) ! Loc: On the eastern ridge over Jamestown. Ref.: S. 189. Pteris dentata (Pteris) ! Dist.: In pascuis et umbrosis necnon inter saxorum frustula in siccioribus exterioribus et petrosis. Hab.: Facies Pteridis aquilina. Ref.: S. 60 W. J. BURCHELL AND THE BOTANY OF ST HELENA

190. Pteris paleacea (Pteris) ! Dist.: In humidatis et montibus altissimis. Loc: On Diana's Peak. At Harding's Spring. 190a. Pteris sp.? (Pteris crispa) Loe: Dentaaffe's Sandy Bay. 26.4.1806. 191. Hypoiepis rugosula (Adiantum) ! Dist.: In petrosis siccioribus, necnon in dumetis interioribus. Loc: At Redoubt on New Ground. By the side of the road over above Luffkin's. In Swanley Valley. Ref.: S. 192. Cheilanthes multifida (Adiantum) ! Dist.: In siccioribus in muris et fissuris rupium calidioribus. Hab.: Spithamea, fragilis. Ref.: S. 193. Dicksonia arborescens (Dicksonia arborescens) ! Dist.: In montibus altissimis, madidis sylvosis. Loc: On Diana's Peak and Sandy Bay Ridge. Under Casons Gate and West Lodge Telegraph; towards Sandy Bay. Hab.: Cauli 12-20 pedalis. 194. Dicksonia arborescens (Dicksonia) ! Loc: On Diana's Peak. Ref.: S. 195. Hymenophyllum capillaceum (Hymenophyllum) ! Dist.: In montibus altissimis humidis umbrosis, insuper ramos arborum. Hab.: Vix digitale. Ramos et truncos arborum vestit musco simillimum. Ref.: S. 196. Ophioglossum opacum (Ophioglossum vulgatum) ! Dist.: In montibus aridissimis sterilibus, calidis. FL: 6.7. Hab.: 2-pollicare. Planta fugacissima. Ref.: S.I. Obs.: Numquam inveniendum nisi mensibus nunc nominatis. 197. Lycopodium axillare (Lycopodium selago) ! Dist.: In montibus altissimis humidis. Loc: On Diana's Peak & Halley's Mount. FL: 8. Hab.: Spithameum erectum. Ref.: S. 198. Lycopodium cernuum (Lycopodium cernuum) ! Dist.: In montibus altissimis humidis. Loc: On Diana's Peak & Sandy Bay Ridge. FL: 5. Hab.: Bispedale. Ref.: S. Obs.: Facies Abietis, elegans. "Buckshorn".