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Teen Pregnancy and Media Engagement: a Uses and Gratifications Study

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Teen Pregnancy and Media Engagement: a Uses and Gratifications Study TEEN PREGNANCY AND MEDIA ENGAGEMENT: A USES AND GRATIFICATIONS STUDY David Michael Strukel A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate College of Bowling Green State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY May 2016 Committee: Ewart Skinner, Advisor Priscilla K. Coleman, Graduate Faculty Representative Daniel Fasko Sandra Faulkner Monica Longmore Gi Woong Yun © 2015 David Strukel All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT Ewart Skinner, Advisor While teenage pregnancy has been on the decline, overall, since the 1970s, the frequency of teenage pregnancy in the United States is much higher than its incidence in other major industrialized countries. Furthermore, in the U.S., in certain instances and communities, teenage pregnancy has remained at unacceptable levels. This dissertation explores teenage pregnancy from the perspective of teenage mothers focusing on their relationship with the media throughout the process of their pregnancy and into motherhood. This study also takes into consideration the contextual factors that impact media usage such as the environment in which participants live in, socioeconomic status, family background, interaction with peers, and school, among other possible influences. The novel approach taken here is the use of qualitative interviews from the Uses and Gratifications perspective, and the employment of Grounded Theory analysis. The participant sample comprises 30 students a school for teenage mothers in the Midwest. No previous academic studies have examined the engagement pregnant teenagers have had with the media. However, several studies have examined teenagers’ exposure to sexual content on television and their subsequent sexual behavior. Research questions focus on how and when these young women find information pertaining to having a child before, during and after their pregnancy and their current engagement with the media. Responses among three groups of light, average, and heavy media usage show that pregnant teens and teen mothers usage of media was fairly consistent amongst the groups in terms of sharing progress of pregnancy and seeking health information about pregnancy online. Most of the teen mothers changed their attitude toward seeing sex in the media iv after having their baby. Several pregnant teens/teen mothers decreased their social media activity or deleted their social media accounts due to drama and bullying. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Ewart Skinner, for his continued support and advice. I would also like to thank my outstanding committee. Dr. Priscilla Coleman, Dr. Daniel Fasko, Dr. Sandra Faulkner, Dr. Monica Longmore and Dr. Gi Woon Yun…you have been uplifting and inspiring. I thank you. A special mention of gratitude goes to Dr. Monica Longmore, who joined the committee after the comps defense and added a wealth of knowledge and expertise! Special thanks also goes to Dr. Sandra Faulkner for coming on board after the comps process and lending her expertise. Special thanks to my great friend, Dr. Shanda Gore, who said to me a few years ago, “Struke, you should do this! It will be worth it.” Also special thanks to another great friend, Rebecca Finzel Scharf, who often asked me how it was going and was a great sounding board for advice and support. I also would like to thank the many friends and colleagues who helped me along the way. That help came in the way of a word of encouragement, sharing a dinner, a phone call, or just being there to listen. It was greatly appreciated! Thank you to the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Toledo for paying for the $20 Kroger gift cards for each participant in the second round of interviews for this dissertation. Thank you to the administration, staff, and students who helped with this research. Thank you to Jingning Mei for the work on the graphs and charts. Thank you to Sriya Chattopadhyay for the editing. Thank you to my lovable little Scottish Terrier, Bonnie, who gave me a lot of relief from work when I needed it! Special thanks to my Mom, Mary Strukel, and my Dad, the late Dr. Frank Strukel. They have been there for me through everything. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………..... ................ 1 Statement of the problem .......................................................................................... 1 Societal costs of teen pregnancy ................................................................................ 3 Public health significance of teen pregnancy ............................................................ 6 Significance of the study ........................................................................................... 7 Teen pregnancy in popular culture ............................................................................ 10 Popular critiques and criticism for the teen pregnancy genre ................................... 13 MTV-related studies .................................................................................................. 14 Purpose of the study .................................................................................................. 19 Research design ......................................................................................................... 19 Research questions .................................................................................................... 20 CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................... 22 Social media and teen pregnancy .............................................................................. 34 CHAPTER THREE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND RESEARCH METHOD…… .................... 39 Uses and Gratifications .............................................................................................. 49 Grounded theory analysis .......................................................................................... 55 Pilot test design .......................................................................................................... 64 Research questions .................................................................................................... 65 The research setting ................................................................................................... 65 vii Pilot interview summaries ......................................................................................... 71 Pilot results/Discussion ............................................................................................. 75 Organization of the study .......................................................................................... 81 CHAPTER FOUR THE STUDY . ........................................................................................................... 87 Light media users.............................. ........................................................................ 91 Mindy............................. ........................................................................................... 91 Hanna............................. ............................................................................................ 99 Isabel............................ .............................................................................................. 100 Missy.......................... ............................................................................................... 103 Gabby.................. ...................................................................................................... 106 Summary of light media users.................... ............................................................... 107 Average media users................... ............................................................................... 108 Kelly............... ........................................................................................................... 108 Patty......................................................................... .................................................. 111 Anna.......................................... ................................................................................ 114 Adrienne........................... ......................................................................................... 119 Wanda..................... ................................................................................................... 120 Summary of average media users...................................... ........................................ 122 Heavy media users..................... ................................................................................ 123 Barb................ ........................................................................................................... 123 Heidi........................ .................................................................................................. 129 Bev...................... ....................................................................................................... 133 Linda........................ .................................................................................................. 138 viii Conni............................... .......................................................................................... 139 Lisa................................ ...........................................................................................
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