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Chetumal's Dragonglass: Postclassic Obsidian

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Chetumal's Dragonglass: Postclassic Obsidian CHETUMAL’S DRAGONGLASS: POSTCLASSIC OBSIDIAN PRODUCTION AND EXCHANGE AT SANTA RITA COROZAL, BELIZE by MAX A. SEIDITA B.A. University of Central Florida, 2013 A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Anthropology in the College of Sciences at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2015 ©2015 Max Seidita ii ABSTRACT Obsidian is one of the most common materials preserved in the archaeological record of Mesoamerica. Because of this and obsidian’s unique chemical properties, it has become one of the most common means by which to explain ancient exchange and production. Northern Belize has largely been absent from discussions of Postclassic Mesoamerican economies. The limited amount of obsidian research that has been done is unable to draw comparisons to the region’s primary site during this period, Santa Rita Corozal. This thesis remedies this by exploring the importation, production, and distribution of obsidian at the Postclassic Maya primary center of Santa Rita Corozal, Belize. Through the application of the lithic technology approach and the use of pXRF (portable X-ray fluorescence) spectrometry, it is possible to establish the sources of obsidian being exploited, the stage of reduction of obsidian imports, the major obsidian industry, and obsidian distribution for Santa Rita Corozal’s Postclassic Period. iii Dedicated to Larry J. Seidita (1947 – 2005) iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Drs. Arlen and Diane Chase for the many opportunities they have afforded me both in the field and at UCF. Working at Caracol has given me a love of archaeology and watching the two of them work has both inspired me and provided an education not found in a classroom. Thank you Dr. Stacy Barber for exposing me to a world of archaeology outside of the Maya region, for offering guidance, and for being a role model I look up to. I would like to generally thank all of the Department of Anthropology’s front office staff. In particular Lisa Hass who keeps everything running smoothly and has answers to any question. This thesis would not have been possible without the generosity of the Berkley Archaeological Research Foundation who provided the pXRF used in this research and the Corozal Postclassic Project for providing funds for the pXRF analysis. I would especially like to thank Dr. Nicholas Tripcevich for making the use of the pXRF a reality. Lisa and Lucas Johnson you are both among the most genuine and inspiring people I have ever met. Thank you both for all the encouragement, help, and laughs. I need to thank Maureen “Mo” Carpenter for teaching me how to be an archaeologist. I would like to acknowledge and thank the Belizean workers of the Caracol Archaeological Project, in particular Carlos, Saul, Jaime and Miss Angie. None of this would have been possible without the support and love of my mother, Amy Seidita. She has supported me fully in my pursuit of archaeology. Lastly, I would like to thank Jackie Rumberger for supporting me through the writing of this thesis. Her encouragement and v patience made this thesis possible and her willingness to listen to me rant about obsidian, markets, and XRF kept me sane. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... xi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................... xiii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................... 7 The Postclassic Period ................................................................................................................ 7 Northern Belize and The Chetumal Province ............................................................................. 9 Santa Rita Corozal .................................................................................................................... 11 CHAPTER 3: OBSIDIAN IMPORTATION AND BLADE PRODUCTION ............................. 16 Background ............................................................................................................................... 17 Characterizing Obsidian Blade Production ............................................................................... 21 Methods and Materials .............................................................................................................. 27 Santa Rita Corozal’s Obsidian Assemblage ............................................................................. 32 Discussion and Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER 4: OBSIDIAN EXCHANGE ..................................................................................... 41 Background to Market Exchange .............................................................................................. 42 vii Identifying Markets Archaeologically ...................................................................................... 46 Alternatives to Market Exchange .............................................................................................. 50 Methods..................................................................................................................................... 51 Results and Discussion ............................................................................................................. 55 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 61 CHAPTER 5: XRF ANALYSIS ................................................................................................... 63 XRF History, its Applications in Mesoamerica, and Background............................................ 64 Methods and Materials .............................................................................................................. 67 Discussion ................................................................................................................................. 79 Summary ................................................................................................................................... 87 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSION AND FUTURE RESEARCH ..................................................... 89 Future Research ........................................................................................................................ 91 APPENDICES A: POSTCLASSIC OBSIDIAN ASSEMBALAGE ........................................... 93 APPENDICES B: IMAGE PERMISIONS ................................................................................. 117 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................... 119 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Primary Mesoamerican obsidian sources ...................................................................... 2 Figure 1.2 Map of Postclassic Period obsidian studies in Northern Belize .................................... 3 Figure 2.1 Map of major Postclassic Period Maya Sites ................................................................ 8 Figure 2.2 Map of Santa Rita Corozal.. ........................................................................................ 12 Figure 3.1 Percussion reduction stages and byproducts.. ............................................................. 23 Figure 3.2 Pressure reduction stages and byproducts ................................................................... 25 Figure 3.3 Examples of portion present classifications ................................................................ 31 Figure 3.4 Examples of obsidian blades (actual size). .................................................................. 34 Figure 3.5 Examples of plunge blades, cores, core fragments, and rejuvenation debitage (actual size). .............................................................................................................................................. 35 Figure 3.6 Map showing distribution of cores.. ............................................................................ 36 Figure 4.1 Map showing structures included in distribution study ............................................... 55 Figure 4.2 Platform 2 and associated structures. .......................................................................... 61 Figure 5.1 Hierarchical cluster analysis of means for the elements Mn, Fe. Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb for Postclassic chemical groups and known sources. ................................................................... 72 Figure 5.2 Bivariate plot of PPM values for Sr and Zr, with 95% confidence ellipses of Santa Rita Corozal’s Postclassic assemblage. ........................................................................................ 73 Figure 5.3 Ternary plot of the percentage of Rb, Sr, and Zr of Santa Rita Corozal’s Postclassic assemblage. ................................................................................................................................... 74 ix Figure 5.4 Hierarchical cluster analysis of means
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