Biochemistry assay kits Research

Biochemistry LabAssay kits 2

Lipid Profile Assays 3

Diabetes and Metabolism Assays 4

Biomarkers: NGAL ELISAs 5

Biomarkers: Amyloid β ELISAs 6

... Biochemistry ... Metabolism ... Marker Molecules ... Biochemistry ... Metabolism ... Marker Molecules ... Biochemistry ... Metabolism ... Marker Molecule

LabAssay™ Make every drop of sample count

Quantifying biochemistry analytes plays an important part in both biomedical research and clinical diagnosis. Clinical applications typically utilise dedicated chemistry analysers, requiring routine automation and an open-access test menu to provide answers on demand. Research projects however may often lend themselves to a sample storage and batch testing approach, maximising test per kit numbers by minimising calibration and quality control use.

Whilst access to dedicated analysers may be available by arrangement with other affiliated laboratories, a directly accessible method enabling measurement within the lab may be preferable; enabling the scientist to retain full control of the samples and test procedures.

The Wako range of LabAssay kits are designed to offer easy manual protocols for determination of popular chemistry analytes using standard macro or half micro cuvettes and a spectrophotometer. Most kits can also be adapted to a 96 well microtitre plate format - increasing test per kit numbers.

LabAssay biochemistry kits are suitable for use with human or mouse samples and a microtitre plate approach can be ideal when limited sample is available. When source material is restricted you may be forced to prioritise one assay above another; the glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and phospholipids LabAssay kits use just 2µl of sample per analyte - helping you gain maximum data from samples.

■ Glucose (Mutarotase-GOD method)

■ Cholesterol (Cholesterol Oxidase – DAOS method)

■ Triglycerides (GPO – DAOS method)

■ Phospholipids (Choline Oxidase – DAOS method)

■ Alkaline Phosphatase (p-Nitrophenylphosphate hydrolysis method)

www.alphalabs.co.uk LabAssay Kits Cat. No. Description Macro Microtitre Pack Size Cuvette Plate 298-65701 LabAssay Glucose 100 tests (20µl) 1000 tests (2µl) 2 x 150ml 296-63801 LabAssay Phospholipids 130 tests (20µl) 1300 tests (2µl) 8 x 50ml 290-63701 LabAssay Triglycerides 100 tests (20µl) 1000 tests (2µl) 3 x 105ml 294-65801 LabAssay Cholesterol 100 tests (20µl) 1000 tests (2µl) 2 x 150ml 291-58601 LabAssay Alkaline Phosphate N/A 900 tests (20µl) 20 x 5ml Not for diagnostic use

... Biochemistry ... Metabolism ... Marker Molecules ... Biochemistry ... Metabolism ... Marker Molecules ... Biochemistry ... Metabolism ... Marker Molecule

2 ... Biochemistry ...MetabolismMarkerMolecules ...BiochemistryMetabolism ...MarkerMolecules ...BiochemistryMetabolism Marker Molecule Free cholesterolcanbetakenupbylipoproteinsandconfinedtothe metabolism. fatty acids(NEFA)regarding lipid mayprovideadditionalinformation and non-esterified but theadditionoffreecholesterol,phospholipids disease. Profilestypicallycomprise Cholesterol, HDL,LDHandTriglycerides Lipid profilesareoftenuseddiagnosticallytoassesstheriskofcardiovascular Risk factorsassessments Lipid Profiles death. produce pro-inflammatory cytokines and also under go programmed cell implicated in theatherogenicprocess,ascholesterolloadedmacrophages than mildlesions.Free cholesteroluptakebymacrophageshasalsobeen in atheroscleroticlesions,greaterconcentrationsseensevererather Free cholesterol is considered an atherogenic lipid. It has been found accessible. with other lipoproteins andtissuepools,the esterified cholesterol isless The freecholesterolonthelipoproteinsurfaceisreadilyexchangeable outside oftheparticle or esterifiedandstoredinsidethelipoprotein. www.alphalabs.co.uk/Clinical-Chemistry Find outmoreaboutourclinicalchemistryassaysat: cardiovascular riskfactorsincludingobesity, insulinresistance,raisedplasmalipidsandhypertension. develop typeIIdisease.The syndrome includesanumberof will subsequently proportion ofsuchindividuals significant resistance modelproposed.MetabolicsyndromeorXissometimes considered a formofpre-diabetes, as a as signallingmoleculesthatcanimpact on insulinresponsehasbeensteadilyemergingand aNEFA-induced insulin type II diabetes. Insulin resistance is nolongerconsidered purely interms of glucose metabolism, the role of lipids The range includes non-esterified free fatty acids electrolytes, immunoassayandnovelbiomarkers.Mostassayscanbeadaptedtoamanualmethod. Alpha alsooffera comprehensive range of CE IVD marked Clinical Chemistry assaysincludingroutineenzymes, substrates, Looking forotheranalytes? Cat. No. Cat. No. 270-77000 436-91995 434-91795 NEFA Profiles 435-35801 Free Cholesterol Description Description NEFA Standard NEFA HR(2)R2 NEFA HR(2)R1 Free Cholesterol (NEFA) which may serve as predictive indicators forrisk of developing Pack Size Pack Size 2 x10ml 4 x25ml 4 x50ml 50 tests

3 Diagnostic Tests Not for diagnostic use www.alphalabs.co.uk

Diabetes and Metabolism

Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders which result in elevated blood sugar. The hormones, glucagon and insulin, serve to regulate blood glucose and play an important part in carbohydrate metabolism. In non-diabetic individuals the pancreas will release glucagon when blood glucose levels are low prompting gluconeogenesis in the liver. When blood sugar is high the pancreas releases insulin which instructs the body to store glucose. Together these two hormones operate as a corrective mechanism to keep a stable blood glucose concentration.

Other hormones can also affect glucose regulation, such as the gut hormone Glucagon-like peptide (GLP) -1. GLP-1 and GLP-2 are both produced from pro-glucagon, whilst GLP-1 stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion and supresses glucagon secretion GLP-2 stimulates intestinal growth and function. GLP-1 also delays gastric emptying and increases satiety. Appetite and hunger are also regulated by leptin, an adipose-derived hormone with roles in regulation of energy balance and metabolism.

Obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease are related, the former two both increasing the risk of developing the latter. A complex network of mediators illustrate interconnections between such conditions such as leptin. Leptin is produced by fat tissue and circulating levels of leptin are proportional to total body fat. Chronically elevated leptin is associated with metabolic syndrome, hypertension and cardiovascular disease. However, leptin also has glucoregulatory effects and can correct diabetes in some models.

C peptide is often used as an indirect indicator of insulin. Both insulin and C peptide are produced from pro-glucagon and stored in the beta cells of the pancreas. When insulin is released almost equal amounts of C-peptide are also secreted. This makes C-peptide a useful marker of Wako offer a range of assay kits to aid in the insulin production and it is often used to assess residual beta cell function. investigation of diabetes and metabolism in rat models including; Diabetes and Metabolism ■ Rat C Peptide ELISA: indirect indicator of Cat. No. Description Format Pack Size insulin production 295-57401 Rat C Peptide ELISA 96 Well Plate 1.56-50ng/ml ■ Rat Glucagon ELISA: pancreatic type (no www.alphalabs.co.uk 297-57101 Rat Glucagon ELISA 96 Well Plate 50-10,000pg/ml cross-reactivity with intestinal glucagon) 291-59201 Rat GLP-1 ELISA 96 Well Plate 206-50,000pg/ml ■ Rat GLP-1 ELISA: also detects mouse and 292-60601 Rat GLP-2 ELISA 96 Well Plate 0.137-100ng/ml human GLP-1 297-57601 Rat Leptin ELISA 96 Well Plate 312.5-20,000pg/ml ■ Rat GLP-2 ELISA: for quantification of GLP-2 in rat serum or plasma ■ Rat Leptin ELISA: detects rat leptin in serum, plasma or culture supernatant Not for diagnostic use

... Biochemistry ... Metabolism ... Marker Molecules ... Biochemistry ... Metabolism ... Marker Molecules ... Biochemistry ... Metabolism ... Marker Molecule

4

NGAL - Acute Kidney Injury Marker

NGAL (neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin) is readily synthesized by tubular cells following kidney damage and is secreted in high levels into blood and urine upon injury of the kidney (within 2 hours or less). This can be used clinically to facilitate early detection of acute kidney injury (AKI). This earlier identification of AKI prompting rapid, appropriate treatment and offering a better prognosis.

Measuring NGAL may be of interest in various research areas including kidney injury, transplant, cardiovascular surgery, sepsis, drug development (as safety and efficacy marker) or clinical trial patient selection. Monitoring this marker of AKI can also be applied to toxicology studies to identify nephrotoxic agents and ischaemic events.

All NGAL ELISA kits contain a pre-coated 96 Well ELISA plate and ready-to-use calibrators to provide 40 tests in duplicate, sample volume 10µl.

The NGAL ELISA assays are compatible with plasma, serum, urine, tissue extracts or culture media. Available for use with mouse, rat, pig, dog , monkey and human samples.

Animal models provide additional information in the study of kidney function, surgical procedures and treatment in relation to human disease, and these studies continue to be important in drug development. Until now only invasive methods (biopsies and histopathology) have been available to determine kidney damage in animal models, as serum creatinine is both a slowly responding and relatively unspecific marker of the decline in kidney function that may result from injury.

In contrast these animal NGAL ELISA tests are non-invasive, give an early indication of kidney damage, use little sample and is easy to perform. The test can potentially be used to measure drug efficacy in the development of new treatments for kidney damage, to assess safety or nephrotoxic side effects of new drugs, and can be used in basic research on kidney injury and kidney diseases. NGAL measurement in animals may prove to be of considerable value in the preclinical evaluation of new pharmaceutical products, as it is much cheaper and easier to perform than microscopic examination of the kidney, which has hitherto been the usual procedure.

NGAL www.alphalabs.co.uk Cat. No. Description Format Measuring range KIT 042 Mouse NGAL ELISA 96 Well Plate 10-1,000pg/ml KIT 046 Rat NGAL ELISA 96 Well Plate 4-400pg/ml KIT 043 Dog NGAL ELISA 96 Well Plate 4-400pg/ml KIT 044 Pig NGAL ELISA 96 Well Plate 4-400pg/ml KIT 045 Monkey NGAL ELISA 96 Well Plate 10-1,000pg/ml KIT 036 Human NGAL ELISA 96 Well Plate 10-1,000pg/ml Not for diagnostic use

... Biochemistry ... Metabolism ... Marker Molecules ... Biochemistry ... Metabolism ... Marker Molecules ... Biochemistry ... Metabolism ... Marker Molecule

5 Amyloid β Protein Alzheimer's disease marker

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common cause of dementia. During the progression of the disease, protein plaques and neurofibrilllary tangles develop in the brain. The senile plaques that form are dense, insoluble deposits of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) and other materials which accumulate outside and around neurons.

Amyloid-β peptide can exist in both 40 and 42 amino acid forms but Aβ42 may be initially deposited and accumulate more readily than Aβ40. Thus, early stage, diffuse plaques may be positive for Aβ42 but negative for Aβ40. Indeed, plaques containing Aβ40 may only appear in the more advanced stages of disease.

Several post-translational modifications of Aβ have been described, including truncation and pyroglutamate formation, which typically effect the N-terminus of the Aβ peptide. Such modification may influence protein properties such as solubility and aggregation. ■ BAN50: Detects the N-terminal of Aβ The Wako range of ELISA assay kits can be used to analyse Aβ in various human ■ BNT77: Detects Aβ(11-28) and rat samples including plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, tissue homogenate or cell ■ BA27: Detects the C-terminal of Aβ(40) culture media. Utilising monoclonal antibodies developed by Takeda Chemicals the ■ BC05: Detects the C-terminal of Aβ(42) range includes kits for detection of both Aβ 42 and Aβ40, with both full-peptide and N-terminal variants.

Human Rat (mouse) Variants Cat. no. Antibody pairing Aβ(1-40) Aβ(1-42) Aβ(1-40) Aβ(1-42) Aβ(x-40) Aβ(x-42) 292-62301 BAN50/BA27(Fab’) • - - - - -

298-64601 BAN50/BA27(Fab’)2 • - - - - - 298-62401 BAN50/BC05(Fab’) - • - - - - 296-64401 BAN50/BC05(Fab’) - • - - - - 294-62501 BNT77/BA27(Fab’) • - • - • -

294-64701 BNT77/BA27(Fab’)2 • - • - • - 290-62601 BNT77/BC05(Fab’) - • - • - • 292-64501 BNT77/BC05(Fab’) - • - • - •

β Amyloid Protein Cat. No. Description Format Pack Size

www.alphalabs.co.uk 292-62301 Human βAmyloid 1-40 ELISA 96 Well Plate 1-100pmol/L 298-64601 Human βAmyloid 1-40 ELISA II 96 Well Plate 1-100pmol/L 298-62401 Human βAmyloid 1-42 ELISA 96 Well Plate 1-100pmol/L 296-64401 Human βAmyloid 1-42 ELISA H/S 96 Well Plate 0.1-100pmol/L 294-62501 Human/Rat βAmyloid 40 ELISA 96 Well Plate 1-100pmol/L 294-64701 Human/Rat βAmyloid 40 ELISA II 96 Well Plate 1-100pmol/L 290-62601 Human/Rat βAmyloid 42 ELISA 96 Well Plate 1-100pmol/L 292-64501 Human/Rat βAmyloid 40 ELISA H/S 96 Well Plate 0.1-100pmol/L Not for diagnostic use

... Biochemistry ... Metabolism ... Marker Molecules ... Biochemistry ... Metabolism ... Marker Molecules ... Biochemistry ... Metabolism ... Marker Molecule

6 Bibliography

Bibliography:

LabAssay Kits Cacao liquor procyanidin extract improves glucose tolerance by enhancing GLUT4 translocation and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. Yamashita,Y., Okabe, M., Natsume, M., & Ashida, H. J Nutr Sci (2012):1:e2 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jns.2012.2

Continuation of Exercise Is Necessary to Inhibit High Fat Diet-Induced β-Amyloid Deposition and Memory Deficit in Amyloid Precursor Protein Transgenic Mice Maesako, M., Uemura, K., Iwaqta, A., Kubota, M., Watanabe, K., Uemura, M., Noda, Y., Asada-Utsugi, M., Kihara, T., Takahashi, R., www.alphalabs.co.uk Shimohama, S., & Kinoshita, A. PLoS One (2013) 8(9): e72796 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072796

Induction of Liver Steatosis and Lipid Droplet Formation in ATF6β-Knockout Mice Burdened with pharmacological Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. Yamamoto, K., Takahara, K., Oyadomari, S., Okada, T., Sato, T., Harada, A., & Mori, K. Mol. Biol. Cell (2010): 21(17):2975-2986. Quinine controls body weight gain without affecting food intake in male C57BL6 mice. Cettour-Rose,P., Bezençon,C., Darimont,C., le Coutre,J., & Damak, S. BMC Physiol. (2013) 13: 5. doi: 10.1186/1472-6793-13-5 Synergistic Suppression of Early Phase of Adipogenesis by Microsomal PGE Synthase-1 (PTGES1)-Produced PGE2 and Aldo-Keto Reductase 1B3- Produced PGF2α. Fujimori,K., Yano, M., Ueno, T., & Giorgino,F. PLoS One. (2012):7(9): e44698. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044698 Phthalate metabolites are associated with insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 cells in vitro. Klöting , N., Chakaroun , R., Illes, M., Fasshauer, M., Kovacs, P., Stumvoll, M., & Blüher, M. Diabetologie und Stoffwechsel (2009) 4 - P_277 DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1222081 Suppression of Cytochrome P450 Reductase (POR) Expression in Hepatoma Cells Replicates the Hepatic Lipidosis Observed in Hepatic POR-Null Mice. Porter,T.D., Banerjee,S., Stolarczyk. E.I., & Zou, L. Published online before print March 2, 2011, doi: 10.1124/dmd.111.038562 Drug Metab Dispol (2011):39(6): 966-973 Influence of stearyl and trifluoromethylquinoline modifications of the cell penetrating peptide TP10 on its interaction with a lipid membrane. Anko, M., Majhenc, J., Kogej, K., Sillard, R., Langel, Ü., Anderluh, G., & Zorko, M. Biochim Biophys Acta (2012):1818(3):9158-924 BMP-2 gene-fibronectin-apatite composite layer enhances bone formation. Zhang, W., Tsurushima, H., Oyane, A., Yazaki, Y., Sogo, Y., Ito, A., & Matsumura, A. J Biomed Sci (2011):18:62 doi:10.1186/1423-0127-18-62 Effects of Heat Stress and Starvation on Clonal Odontoblast-like Cells. Morotomi, T., Kitamura, C., Toyono, T., Okinaga, T., Washio, A., Saito, N., Nishihara, T., Terashita, M., & Anan, H. J Endod (2011): 37(7):955-961

Lipid Profile Assays Cellular cholesterol regulates expression of the macrophage type B scavenger receptor, CD36. Han,J., Hajjar, D.P., Tauras, J.M., & Nicholson, A.C. J Lipid Res (1999):40(5):830-838. Specificity of the commonly used enzymatic assay for plasma cholesterol determination . Moghadasian,M.H., Frohlich, J.J. & Scudamore, C.H. J Clin Pathol. (2002):55(11): 859–861 DHA-rich fish oil reverses the detrimental effects of saturated fatty acids on postprandial vascular reactivity. Newens, K.J., Thompson, A.K., Jackson., K.G., Wright, J., & Williams, C.M. Am J Clin Nutr. (2011): 94(3):742-748 Influence of apoA-V gene variants on postprandial triglyceride metabolism: impact of gender. Olano-Martin, E., Abraham, E.C., Gill-Garrison, R., Valdes, A.M., Grimaldi, K., Tang, F., Jackson, K.G., William, C.M. & Minihane, A.M. J Lipid Res (2008):49(5):945-953. Effect of exposure to non-esterified fatty acid on progressive deterioration of insulin secretion in patients with Type 2 diabetes: a long-term follow-up study. Morita, S., Shimajiri, Y., Sakagashira, S., Furuta, M., & Sanke, T. Diabet Med (2012):29(8):980-985. The role of FOXO and PPAR transcription factors in diet-mediated inhibition of PDC activation and carbohydrated oxidation during exercise in humans and the role of pharmacological activation of PDC in overriding these changes. Constantin-Teodosiu, D., Constantin, D., Stephens, F., Laithwaite, D., & Greenhaff, P.L. Diabetes (2012):61(5):1017-1024. Elevated plasma free fatty acids increase cardiovascular risk by inducing plasma biomarkers of endothelial activation, myeloperoxidase and PAI-1 in healthy subjects. Mathew, M., Tay, E., & Cusi, K. Cardiovasc Diabetol (2010):9:9

... Biochemistry ... Metabolism ... Marker Molecules ... Biochemistry ... Metabolism ... Marker Molecules ... Biochemistry ... Metabolism ... Marker Molecule

7 Bibliography

Diabetes & Metabolism Reversal of Hyperglycemia by Insulin-Secreting Rat Bone Marrow- and Blastocyst-Derived Hypoblast Stem Cell-Like Cells. Kumar, A., Lo Nigro, A., Gysemans, C., Cai, Q., Esguerra, C., Nelson-Holte, M., Heremans,Y., Jiménez-González, M., Porciuncula, A., Mathieu, C., Binas, B., Heimberg, H., & Prosper, F. PLoS One (2013): 8(5):e63491 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063491 Structural and functional changes in human insulin induced by methylglyoxal. Jia,X., Olson, D.J., Ross, A.R, & Wu,L. FASEB J (2006): 20(9):1555- 1557 Research Long-term hyperglucagonaemia induces early metabolic and renal phenotypes of Type 2 diabetes in mice. LI,X.C., Liao, T.D., & Zhuo. J.L. Clin Sci (Lond). (2008):114(9): 591–601. Hepatic electrical stimulation reduces blood glucose in diabetic rats. Chen, J., Pasricha, P.J., Yin, J., Lin, L & Chen, J.D. Neurogastroenterol Motil (2010): 22(10):1109-e286. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2010.01556.x. Anti-Obesity Effects of Onion Extract in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats. Yoshinari, O., Shiojima, Y., & Igarashi, K. Nutrients. (2012):4(10): 1518–1526. A Mixture of the Salacia reticulata (Kotala himbutu) Aqueous Extract and Cyclodextrin Reduces the Accumulation of Visceral Fat Mass in Mice and Rats with High-Fat Diet–Induced Obesity. Kishino, E., Ito,T., Fujita, T., & Kiuchi, Y. J. Nutr. (2006): 136(2): 433-439. NGAL ELISAs Angiotensin-(1–7) attenuates diabetic nephropathy in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Giani, J.F., Burghi ,V., Veiras, L.C., Tomat, A., Muñoz, M.C., Cao,G., Turyn, D., Toblli, J.E., & Dominici, F.P. Am J PhysiolRenal Physiol (2012):302(12): F1606-F1615 Novel genomic biomarkers for acute gentamicin nephrotoxicity in dog. McDuffie, J.E., Gao, J.,Ma, J.M., La, D., Bittner, A., Sonee, M., Wagoner,M., & Snook, S. OJMIP (2013):3:125-133 Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) as a biomarker for acute canine kidney injury. Lee, Y.J., Hu. Y.Y., Lin, Y.S., Chang, C.T., Lin, F.Y., Wong, M.L., Kuo-Hsuan, H., Hsu, W.L. BMC Vet Res (2012):8:248 Improved GFR and renal plasma perfusion following remote ischaemic conditioning in a porcine kidney transplantation model. Soendergaard, P., Krogstrup, N.V., Secher, N.G., Ravlo, K., Keller, A.K., Toennesen,E., Bibby, B.M., Moldrup, U., Ostraat, E.O., Pedersen, M., Jorgensen, T.M., Leuvenink, H., Norregaard, R., Birn, H., Marcussen, N., & Jespersen, B. Transpl Int (2012):25(9):1002-1012 High fat feeding promotes obesity and renal inflammation and protects against post cardiopulmonary bypass acute kidney injury in swine. Sleeman, P., Patel, N.N, Lin, H., Walkden, G.J., Ray, P., Welsh, G.I., Satchell, S.C., & Murphy, G.J. Crit Care (2013):17(5):R262

β Amyloid ELISAs A Reliable Way to Detect Endogenous Murine β-Amyloid. Teich, A.F, Patel, M., & Arancio, O. PLoS One (2013): 8(2):e55647 Differential Effects between γ–Secretase Inhibitors and Modulators on Cognitive Function in Amyloid Precursor Protein-Transgenic and Nontransgenic Mice. Mitani, Y., Yarimizu, J., Saita, K., Uchino, H., Akashiba, H., Shitaka, Y., Ni, K., & Matsuoka, N. J Neurosci (2012):32(6):2037-2050. Temporal course of cerebrospinal fluid dynamics and amyloid accumulation in the aging rat brain from three to thirty months. Chiu, C., Miller, M.C., Caralopoulos, N. I., Worden, M. S., Brinker,T., Gordon, Z. N., Johanson, C. E., & Silverberg, G. D. Fluids Barriers CNS (2012): 9(1):1 Reduction in BACE1 decreases body weight, protects against diet-induced obesity and enhances insulin sensitivity in mice. Meakin, P.J., Harper, A.J., Hamilton, D.L, Gallagher, J., McNeilly, A.D., Burgess, L.A., Vaanholt, L. M., Bannon, K.A., Latchman, J., Hussain, I., Speakman, J.R., Howlett, D.R., & Ashford, M. L. J. Biochem J (2012):441(1):285-296.

Amyloid-β42 Alters Apolipoprotein E Solubility in Brains of Mice with Five Familial AD Mutations. Youmans, K. L., Leung, S., Zhang, J., Maus, E., Baysac, K., Bu, G., Vassar, R., Yu, C., LaDu, M.J. J Neurosci Methods (2011): 186(1):51-59.

Rentinoic acid receptor-α signalling antagonises both intracellular and extracellular amyloid-β production and prevents neuronal cell death caused by amyloid-β. Jarvis, C. I., Goncalves, M.B., Clarke, E., Dogruel, M., Kalindijan, S.B., Thomas, S.A., Maden, M., & Corcoran, J.P.T. (2010): 32(8):1246-1255. Amyloid-beta causes memory impairment by disturbing the JAK2/STAT3 axis in hippocampal neurons. Chiba, T., Yamanda, M., Sasabe, K., Terashita, K., Shimoda, M., Matsuoka, M., Aiso, S. Mol Psychiatry (2009): 14(2): 206-22

... Biochemistry ... Metabolism ... Marker Molecules ... Biochemistry ... Metabolism ... Marker Molecules ... Biochemistry ... Metabolism ... Marker Molecule

Alpha Laboratories Ltd Tel: +44 (0)23 8048 3000 40 Parham Drive Email: [email protected] Hampshire SO50 4NU Web: www.alphalabs.co.uk