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Guideline on Bioanalytical Method（Ligand Binding Assay）

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Guideline on Bioanalytical Method（Ligand Binding Assay） 事 務 連 絡 平成 26 年 5 月 30 日 各都道府県薬務主管課 御中 厚生労働省医薬食品局審査管理課 「医薬品開発における生体試料中薬物濃度分析法のバリデーションに関するガ イドライン（リガンド結合法）」等の英文版の送付について 標記について、別添１及び２のとおり取りまとめましたので、貴管下関係業 者に対して周知方お願いします。 別添１ Guideline on Bioanalytical Method（Ligand Binding Assay）Validation in Pharmaceutical Development 別添2 Questions and Answers (Q&A) for the Guideline on Bioanalytical Method （Ligand Binding Assay）Validation in Pharmaceutical Development 別添１ Guideline on Bioanalytical Method (Ligand Binding Assay) Validation in Pharmaceutical Development Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. Scope 3. Reference Standard 4. Analytical Method Validation 4.1. Full validation 4.1.1. Specificity 4.1.2. Selectivity 4.1.3. Calibration curve 4.1.4. Accuracy and precision 4.1.5. Dilutional linearity 4.1.6. Stability 4.2. Partial validation 4.3. Cross validation 5. Analysis of Study Samples 5.1. Calibration curve 5.2. QC samples 5.3. Incurred samples reanalysis (ISR) 6. Points to note 6.1. Calibration range 6.2. Reanalysis 6.3. Carry-over 6.4. Cross-talk 6.5. Critical reagents 6.6. Interfering substances 7. Documentation and Archives List of relevant guidelines Glossary 2 1. Introduction In the development of medicinal products, bioanalytical methods are used in clinical and non-clinical pharmacokinetic studies (including toxicokinetic studies) to evaluate the efficacy and safety of drugs and their metabolites. Drug concentrations determined in biological samples are used for the assessment of characteristics such as in vivo pharmacokinetics (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion), bioavailability, bioequivalence, and drug-drug interaction. It is important that these bioanalytical methods are well characterized throughout the analytical procedures to establish their validity and reliability. This guideline serves as a general recommendation for the validation of ligand binding assays (LBAs) as bioanalytical methods to ensure adequate reliability. It also provides a framework for analysis of study samples by using validated methods to generate study results supporting applications for drug marketing authorization. Flexible adjustment and modification can be applied in the case of specialized analytical method or depending on the intended use of the result of analysis. Adjustments and modifications may include appropriate predefinition of acceptance criteria based on scientific rationale. 2. Scope This guideline is applicable to the validation of LBAs as analytical methods for the measurement of drugs in biological samples obtained in toxicokinetic studies and clinical trials, as well as to the analysis of study samples using such methods. The information in this guideline generally applies to the quantification of peptides and proteins as well as low-molecular-weight drugs that are analyzed by LBAs. A typical example of an LBA is an immunological assay based on antigen-antibody reaction, such as enzyme immunoassay (EIA). This guideline is not mandatory for analytical methods used in non-clinical studies that are beyond the scope of “Ministerial Ordinance Concerning the Standards for the Conduct of Non-clinical Studies on the Safety of Drugs (Ministry of Health and Welfare ordinance No. 21, dated March 26, 1997),” but could be used as a reference for conducting the required validation of such methods. 3 3. Reference Standard A reference standard serves as the scale in quantifying an analyte, and is mainly used to prepare calibration standards and quality control (QC) samples, which are relevant blank matrix spiked with a known concentration of the analyte of interest. The quality of the reference standard is critical, as the quality affect measurement data. A certificate of analysis or an alternative statement that provides information on lot number, content (amount, purity, or potency) and storage conditions should accompany the standard. Also, the expiration date or its equivalent is preferably clarified. As for a reference standard, it is important that the material is procured from an authenticated source and is of well-controlled quality. 4. Analytical Method Validation An analytical method validation should be performed at every relevant facility when establishing a bioanalytical method for quantification of a drug or its metabolite(s). 4.1. Full validation A full validation should be performed when establishing a new bioanalytical method for quantification of an analyte/analytes. A full validation is also required when implementing an analytical method that is disclosed in literature or commercialized as a kit product. The objective of a full validation is to demonstrate the assay performance of the method, e.g., specificity, selectivity, calibration curve, accuracy, precision, dilutional linearity, and stability. Generally, a full validation should be performed for each species or matrix (mainly plasma or serum) to be analyzed. The matrix used in analytical validation should be as close as possible to the target study samples, including anticoagulants and additives. When an analytical method is to be established for a matrix of limited availability (rare matrix, e.g., tissue, cerebrospinal fluid, bile) and a sufficient amount of matrix cannot be obtained from sufficient number of sources (subjects or animals), a surrogate matrix may be used to prepare calibration standards and QC samples. However, the use of a surrogate matrix should be justified as much as possible in the course of establishing the analytical method. In an LBA full validation, the minimum required dilution (MRD) should be defined a priori (i.e., in the course of method development) to dilute samples with buffer solution. 4 When using a plate-based LBA, analysis should generally be performed in at least 2 wells per sample; a sample concentration should then be determined either by calculating a mean of responses from the wells or by averaging the concentrations calculated from each response. 4.1.1. Specificity Specificity is the ability of an analytical method to detect and differentiate the analyte from other substances, including its related substances (i.e., substances that are structurally similar to the analyte). For an LBA, it is important that the binding reagent specifically binds to the target analyte but does not cross-react with coexisting related substances. If presence of related substances is anticipated in biological samples of interest, the extent of the impact of such substances should be evaluated. Specificity may be evaluated in the course of method development. In some cases, an additional specificity testing may have to be conducted after a method validation is completed. Specificity is evaluated using blank samples (matrix samples without analyte addition) and blank samples spiked with the related substance at concentration(s) anticipated in study samples; in addition, QC samples with the analyte concentrations near the lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) and near the upper limit of the quantification (ULOQ) of calibration curve should be evaluated after spiking with the related substance at anticipated concentration(s). Assay results for the “neat” blank sample and blank samples spiked with the related substance should be below the LLOQ; and accuracy in the measurements of the QC samples spiked with the related substance should demonstrate an accuracy of within ±20% of the theoretical concentration (or within ±25% of the theoretical concentration at the LLOQ and ULOQ). 4.1.2. Selectivity Selectivity is the ability of an analytical method to detect and differentiate the analyte in the presence of other components in the samples. Selectivity is evaluated using blank samples obtained from at least 10 individual sources and near-LLOQ QC samples (i.e., QC samples at or near the LLOQ) prepared using the individual blank samples. In the case of a matrix with limited availability, it may be acceptable to use matrix samples obtained from less than 10 sources. 5 Assay results for at least 80% of the blank samples should be below the LLOQ; at least 80% of the near-LLOQ QC samples should demonstrate an accuracy of within ±20% of the theoretical concentration (or within ±25% at the LLOQ). 4.1.3. Calibration curve The calibration curve demonstrates the relationship between a theoretical analyte concentration and its resulting response variable. A calibration curve should be prepared by using the same matrix as the intended study samples, whenever possible, by spiking the blank matrix with known concentrations of the analyte. A calibration curve should be generated with at least 6 concentration levels of calibration standards, including LLOQ and ULOQ samples, and a blank sample. Anchor point samples at concentrations below the LLOQ and above ULOQ of the calibration curve may also be used to improve curve fitting. A 4- or 5-parameter logistic model is generally used for the regression equation of a calibration curve. The validation report should include the regression equation and weighting conditions used. The accuracy of back-calculated concentration of each calibration standard should be within ±25% deviation of the theoretical concentration at the LLOQ and ULOQ, and within ±20% deviation at all other levels. At least 75% of the calibration standards excluding anchor points, and a minimum of 6 levels of calibration standards, including the LLOQ and ULOQ, should meet the above criteria. 4.1.4. Accuracy and precision Accuracy of an analytical method describes the degree of closeness between the analyte concentration determined by the method and its theoretical concentration. Precision
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