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Humanism Book POSTMODERN HUMANISM A ROUGH GUIDE TO BELIEF IN THE 21st CENTURY JACK GRASSBY P O S T M O D E R N HUMANISM A ROUGH GUIDE TO BELIEF IN THE 21S T C E N T U R Y First published in Great Britain in July 2005 by Jack Grassby. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means be it recorded or photocopied without prior permission from the author. Jack Grassby is identified as author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. ©Jack Grassby 2005 ISBN: 1 901237 33 Also by Jack Grassby: The Unfinished Revolution A Socialist’s Guide to the 21s t C e n t u r y Revolution in the 21s t C e n t u r y Designed & typeset by Lee Foster @ Lusion Printed and Published by TUPS Books, Unit 38, Hutton Close, Crowther Industrial Estate, Washington, NE38 0AH T: 0191 4190446 This book is dedicated to all those who have ever asked ‘Can we believe anything?’ Contents Map of Principal Ideas . .i Glossary of Principal Te r m s . .ii I n t r o d u c t i o n . .v i i Part I Humanism - What Is It? . .1 The Origin of the Species . .9 R a t i o n a l i t y . .1 2 A g e n c y . .1 4 The End of Utopia . .2 1 S c i e n c e . .2 7 P o s i t i v i s m . .2 8 Idealism versus Realism . .4 1 Social Reality . .4 8 P h e n o m e n o l o g y . .4 8 E x i s t e n t i a l i s m . .4 9 A u t o n o m y . .5 2 Part II Po s t m o d e r n i s m . .5 6 D e c o n s t r u c t i o n . .5 8 Reason and Logic . .6 3 B e l i e f . .6 5 Belief and Social Theory . .7 1 Structuralism versus Social Action . .7 1 Conflict and Cooperation . .7 5 Belief Systems . .8 0 A Humanist Belief System . .9 7 Part III Humanist Beliefs, Principles and Va l u e s . .1 0 7 Humanist Ethics . .1 1 3 Grand Narratives - The Vision Thing . .1 1 9 Humanist Policies and Po l i t i c s . .1 3 3 Humanist Political Policies . .1 3 5 Humanist Organisational Structures . .1 4 2 C o n c l u s i o n s . .1 4 7 A p p e n d i x . .1 5 2 B i b l i o g r a p h y . .1 5 2 Other References . .1 5 4 A c k n o w l e d g e m e n t s . .1 7 4 Map of Principal Ideas Plato; Socrates; Aristotle CARTESIANISM (Descartes) IDEALISM REALISM (Berkeley; Hegel; Kant) (Devitt; Dummett) RELIGION MODERNISM Religious Structuralism Ideology (Aquinas) Utopianism (More) Political Ideology Structural Marxism (Althusser) PHENOMENOLOGY POSITIVISM (Husserl) (Ayre; Quine) Existentialism Deconstructionism Evolution Logic (Sartre) (Derrida; Foucault) (Darwin; Mendel) (Russell) Humanist Ethnomethodolgy Sociobiology Relativity Marxism (Garfinkel) (Wilson; Blackmore) (Einstein) (Gramsci) Quantum Mech. (Bohr; Feyman) POSTMODERNISM/RELATIVISM Belief Systems: Rationality Autonomy Subjectivity A Humanist Belief System Humanist Values Humanist Ethics Grand Narratives Humanist Politics Postmodern Humanism i Glossary of Principal Te r m s A p r i o r i - a necessary premise; a required given. Analytical philosophy - the systematic analysis of ideas using logic. A n t h ro p o c e n t r i s m - a human-centred view. The human species is the source and the focus of all concepts, beliefs and values. Autonomous agents - free, responsible, intentional individuals. D e c o n s t r u c t i o n i s m - the application of a relativist perspective to meaning, particularly where applied to written texts. D e i s m - a belief that God created the universe and left us alone to get on with i t . E p i p h e n o m e n o n - a superstructure derived from, and expressing the character of, its base. E p i s t e m o l o g y - theories of the method or grounds of knowledge. E t h n o m e t h o d o l o g y - according to this theory an objective social order is i l l u s o r y. Subjective ideas of social order are constructed by individuals as they struggle to organise impressions and experiences into a coherent p a t t e r n . E v o l u t i o n - the theory that all species emerged from a single primeval source by a process of natural selection. ii Postmodern Humanism E x i s t e n t i a l i s m - according to this theory human nature is not fixed. T h e essence of humanity lies in our free choice of actions. The human species will become what we choose to do. F a l l i b i l i s m - the belief that our scientific knowledge is pragmatic, provisional and vulnerable. Experimentation and observation can never prove a theory to be universally true. Scientific theories must be open to be proved false. Fuzzy logic - the process which identifies the probability of a conclusion arising from a premise or an effect following a cause. Degrees of certainty. Grand narrative/meta-narrative - an overarching description, explanation or purpose. H u m a n i t a r i a n - charitable; concerned with human welfare. Idealism - by this theory all our ‘reality’ is a human construct and, for us, there can be no other. Our sense of ‘reality’ and ‘truth’ is dependent upon the mind as a function of our brain. Our reality is mind-dependent. I d e o l o g y - an all-embracing theory generally emerging from a realist p e r s p e c t i v e . L o g i c - the process which links inevitably a certain conclusion with a given p r e m i s e . M a t e r i a l i s m / m o n i s m - a belief that the material, the physical, which is accessible to the senses, is all there is. M e m e s - units of cultural evolution. M o d e r n i s m - the belief that an objective reality, or Truth, can be identified in formulaic science, religion, or social theory. Utopian. M y s t i c i s m - a belief in a deep experience of consciousness, of existence, of being one with the universe. An expression of the ‘vision thing’. Postmodern Humanism iii N i h i l i s m - a denial of all aspects of rational thought - particularly values and ethics. O b j e c t i v e - independent of human perception i.e. Pertaining to universal Tr u t h s . O n t o l o g y - the philosophy of the meaning and nature of ‘existence’or ‘being’. P h e n o m e n o l o g y - a view of of the essence of consciousness. Things are simply as the individual perceives them to be, with emphasis on action or b e h a v i o u r. P o s i t i v i s m - in philosophy it is generally recognised as anti-realism. In science, logical positivism is an acceptance of the application of logic to our sense observations to produce a model of the observed - rather than a knowledge of ‘truth’or ‘reality’. P o s t m o d e r n i s m / re l a t i v i s m - the theory that all human concepts including values and belief systems are human constructs. There is no absolute objective Tr u t h . P r a g m a t i c - without a predetermined view. Quantum physics - the science of the sub-atomic where laws of relativity (and natural reason) break down. The certainties of mechanistic laws are replaced by laws of probability. R a t i o n a l i t y - the use of reason: formal logic (including ‘fuzzy logic’) and i n t u i t i o n . R e a l i s m - a belief that there is a ‘real’reality out there, which is accessible to us. Our concepts are a true expression of that reality. ‘Reality’ and ‘Tr u t h ’ are independent of mind, independent of the function of our brains. R e l a t i v i s m - derived from ideas of idealism. The view that concepts of meaning, purpose, truth and value are human constructs. There is no transcendent universal Truth, no meaningful ‘real’ r e a l i t y. All our concepts are, therefore, relative. iv Postmodern Humanism R e l a t i v i t y - the scientific theory that there is no natural ‘centre’ for the universe, which can be said to be ‘at rest’. There is no ‘natural’ r e f e r e n c e framework for our observations.
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