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The Development of the Newspaper Comic Strip in America, 1830-1920 Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Dissertations Theses and Dissertations 1989 A Rejection of Order: The Development of the Newspaper Comic Strip in America, 1830-1920 Elsa A. Nystrom Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss Part of the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Nystrom, Elsa A., "A Rejection of Order: The Development of the Newspaper Comic Strip in America, 1830-1920" (1989). Dissertations. 3145. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_diss/3145 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1989 Elsa A. Nystrom A REJECTION OF ORDER, THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEWSPAPER COMIC STRIP IN AMERICA, 1830-1920 by Elsa A. Nystrom A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola University of Chicago in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy March 1989 (c) 1989 Elsa A. Nystrom ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have been involved in this lengthy project. I am especially grateful for the help of my committee, particularly the director,Dr. Lewis Erenberg whose constructive criticism spurred me on to greater effort. Dr. Louise Kerr and Dr. Gerald Gutek were also most helpful and supportive. My friends at Judson College, especially Cathy Zange, Lynn Halverstrom and Dennis Reed in the library, and Dick Clossman, my mentor and colleague also provided needed help and support. The librarians at Kennesaw State, particularly Beverly Brasch, were most helpful. My friends and colleagues in the History Department at Kennesaw State, particularly Ann Ellis, Selena Creaseman and Carol Edgeworth, gave much needed encouragement in the final stages. I also appreciate the help provided by the staff at King Features, Tribune Media Services and the Christian Science Monitor as well as the State Historical Society of Wisconsin and the Cartoon Museum in Port Chester, New York. Finally, I would not have been able to complete this work without the cooperation and constant nagging of my husband Chuck and my children, with special thanks to Justin who led me through the computer maze. i i VITA The author, Elsa Ann Hohenstein Nystrom, is the daughter of Ernest Hohenstein and Regina (Halechko) Hohenstein. She was born June 25, 1936 in Chicago, Illinois. Her elementary education was obtained at St. William School, Chicago, Illinois. Her secondary education was completed in 1954 at Notre Dame High School, Chicago, Illinois. In the same year, she married Charles H. Nystrom in Chicago, Illinois. In June, 1961, she received the associate in Arts degree with High Honors from Chicago City Junior College, Wilbur Wright Branch. In June, 1977 she received the Bachelor of Arts Degree with Highest Distinction from Judson College, Elgin, Illinois, also receiving a scholarship award. In September, 1977, Mrs. Nystrom was granted an assistantship in history at Loyola University of Chicago, enabling her to complete the Master of Arts Degree in January, 1980. While attending Loyola, she was elected to the Chi·Mu Chaper of Phi Alpha Theta, in 1978. Her assistantship was extended to allow her to complete her studies for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in 1981, and she creceived a Schmitt Doctoral Fellowship for 1981- 82. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............................................... ii VITA iii Chapter I. Introduction .................................................... 1 II. America Demands to be Amused .............. 10 ill. Preparing a Medium For the Masses .......... 51 IV. The First Generation Family And Their Friends ........................................ 107 v. The Comics, An Endangered Species ........ 159 VI. The Syndicates Take Charge ........................ 192 VII. Comic Strips Triumphant. ........................... 228 VIII. Epilogue ........................................................... 286 SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY.......................................... 297 iv CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In 1986, more than 22,000 people of all ages, responded to the Chicago Tribune's comic survey.1 Printed on the front page of the Sunday Comic section, the survey attempted to measure the popularity of the Tribune's comics. Readers were asked to place all the comics in three categories; read regularly, occasionally or never. They were also asked to name their three longtime favorites, three favorite new comics, and three they hated the most. Survey respondents were grouped by sex and divided into three age brackets, 18-34,35-55 and over 55. At the present time, the Tribune prints a total of thirty-eight daily and Sunday comics, including the survey's most popular, Charles Schultz' Peanuts, and the most hated, Doonesbury, which has been a source of controversy since its debut in 1970. The survey's findings were based on the tabulation of 2,000 randomly selected ballots and its results are an indication of the public's longterm involvement with the comics. Peanuts, which originated in 1950, has had amazing staying power. It was the reader's first choice in 1983, and is still number one. It was followed by For Better or Worse (3rd in 1983), Hagar the Horrible (5th in 1983), Beetle Bailey (2nd in 1983), and Blondie (7th in 1983) and still very popular in its 57th year. As might be expected, the readers' preferences varied somewhat according to age and sex, but the most 1 This was more than three times the response to its last survey, held in 1983. · 1 2 interesting aspect of the survey for an historian, is the reader attachment to long-running strips such as Gasoline Alley (1918), Little Orphan Annie 2 (1924), Blondie (1930) and Barney Google (1919). Surveys like the Tribune's are serious business. They are carefully studied by trained market analysts because the newspaper management knows that more than 100 million Americans read the Sunday comics every week in one of the 1,700 papers published in the United States. Only the New_York Times, the Wall Street Journal and USA Today have rejected the use of comic strips and the comics are the most widely read printed material published in America today. Modern newspaper editors are extremely sensitive to the importance of the comics as a circulation builder and are very aware of their readers' loyalty to their comic favorites. A number of survey respondents also included thoughtfully critical, analytical and nostalgic letters with their ballots. Harry Rohde and Mark Rosenfelder (18-34 age group) wrote the following about a new favorite ... Calvin and Hobbes is the best thing since Peanuts, wildly imaginative, wonderfully sarcastic and drawn with a craft worthy of the comic strip art form. It's a difficult decision whether to save Calvin for last, like dessert, or to pounce on it at once... Concerning their dislikes they wrote... Barney Google, Moon Mullins, The Phantom, Dick Tracy and Gasoline Alley seem to be retained mainly for nostalgia's sake .. Broomhilda has been drowning in mediocrity for 2 Chicago Tribune,Sunday 4 January 1987, Tempo, p.3. 3 years ... Sherman on the Mount is an insult to Christians. Its so 3 cloyingly sweet, it makes us thirsty. Another reader, Bernice Jackle of Chicago, provides a thoughtful commentary on the continuity of comics. I am a great-grandmother and have read the comics for more years than I care to remember--first as a child in a frugal house that purchased only a Sunday paper, always the Trib, of course, and then as a young wife and mother of four. There are many happy memories recalling Sunday afternoons--all five of us, Mom, Nancy, Judy, Bill, Dan and Chris the dog lying on our tummies reading those "neat" colored cartoon strips--part of our family tradition. Now that our children are grown, married and far away I read and enjoy them alone. It's the first feature I turn to after my husband has finished the Jumble and Crossword. I would hope the tradition continues with our children, for so much can be gained--lessons learned, laughter and mirth and the challenge of good humor and devious puns. Of course times change and we do too, but I would hope that the little beings with the balloons of fun and joy will continue.4 Many powerful and famous Americans have admitted their continued interest in the comics. The list includes a number of presidents from Woodrow Wilson to Ronald Reagan, as well as industrialists like Henry Ford. However the real key to the durability and significance of the comics is the long-term loyalty of millions of daily readers. American involvement with the comics goes back almost a century to the heyday of the Yellow Kid and the Katzenjammers. During this period, Americans have not only read the comics, they have spent millions of 4 dollars on comic-related merchandise from toys to t-shirts. In addition, they have enjoyed songs, musicals and motion pictures based on comic strip characters. At least two comic strip characters, Pogo and Snoopy, have been mentioned as possible presidential candidates. Historians can use this valuable and enduring popular art form to further their understanding of American society and culture. The purpose of this study is to determine, through a look at its nineteenth century roots, the reasons for America's enduring fascination with the newspaper comic strips. At the same time, I want to define the conflict between the genteel middle-class and working class cultures that shaped the development of American mass entertainment in the progressive era. Americans have long appreciated a certain amount of graphic and visual humor, but the newspaper comic strip is unique in that it became almost an instant commercial success from its first appearance in major urban centers.
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