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Energy Requirements and Body Composition of Professional Team-Sport Athletes

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Energy Requirements and Body Composition of Professional Team-Sport Athletes 1 Energy Requirements and Body Composition of Professional Team-Sport Athletes By Emily Walker Bachelor Arts in Human Movement Masters Nutrition and Dietetics This thesis is submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the award of DOCTORATE OF PHILOSOPHY Supervisor: Professor Andrew McAinch Co-supervisor: Associate Professor Robert Aughey College of Health and Biomedicine Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia 2016 2 Student Declaration I, Emily J Walker, declare that the PhD thesis entitled Energy Requirements and Body Composition of Professional Team Sport Athletes is no more than 100,000 words in length including quotes and exclusive of tables, figures, appendices, bibliography, references and footnotes. This thesis contains no material that has been submitted previously, in whole or in part, for the award of any other academic degree or diploma. Except where otherwise indicated, this thesis is my own work. Signed: Date: 1/7/16 3 Acknowledgements It’s hard to know where to start in thanking everyone who helped me along this challenging, rewarding and sometimes soul destroying journey, so I’ll start at the beginning. I would like to thank the Western Bulldogs Football Club and Victoria University for offering such an exciting opportunity to work in elite sport while also conducting exciting research and furthering my career. To my supervisors Professor Andrew McAinch and Associate Professor Rob Aughey, thank you so much for choosing me for this experience. There may have been many times when I hated life, but this journey was the most challenging and rewarding part of my life so far. Thank you for your support and patience along the way, I couldn’t have done this without you both and I have learnt so much from you. Bill Davoren, thank you for bringing me into the Western Bulldogs and then including me on your journey to the Collingwood Football club. You have always been so supportive and trusting of my work and I can’t imagine working for anyone else. Thank you for introducing me to my husband, Luke Meehan who without him, I couldn’t have made it through the past 5 years in one piece. Luke, thank you for putting up with all my tears and tantrums. I hope you still love me post PhD because I will be a different person….happy, positive and energetic. I love you and look forward to our life post PhD. Oh, and thank you for introducing me to coffee because without it, I definitely wouldn’t have got through this time. Mum, Dad and Belinda, what can I say, I couldn’t have done this without you. Thank you for providing me every opportunity in life and supporting me in everything I do. Although we live so far away, it felt like you were right by my side every step of the way. Your continual support and encouragement got me through. I love you all so much. John and Gaye, thank you for being my second mum and dad. Everything I said above applies to you both. You are very special people and I love your amazing and positive approach to life. Nana Staples, I’m finally finished. I’m so sorry I couldn’t get it done before you passed because I wanted to share this time with you. I know you will be proud no matter where you are. I miss you so much. 4 To my close friends, Erin, Tiana and Emma, thank you for your unwavering support. So many phone calls, coffees, walks and dinners that kept me sain throughout this time. I’m lucky to call you friends. Alice, Kristal, Amber and Matt, not many people understand what the life of a PhD student is like but I was very lucky to experience this journey with you, I have so much admiration for you all. Thank you for all the laughs and your support. Lesley Anne, Steve, Beck, Kevin, Jenni, Sam and Eilish, thank you for being my Melbourne family. One of the hardest parts of this experience was being away from home and you made my life here so much better. And to everyone else who always asked how my Phd was going, I can finally say it’s done. Thank you for taking interest even though you had no idea what I was talking about. Finally, thank you to all those who made my studies possible and helped in data collection and analysis including Alice Sweeting, James Veale, Lauren Cornall and Patrick Mclaughlin. 5 Abbreviations ADL Activities of daily living AF Australian Football ANOVA Analysis of variance ATP Adenosine triphosphate au Arbitrary units BF Body fat BM Body mass BMC Bone mineral composition BMD Bone mineral density BMR Basal metabolic rate CHO Carbohydrate CI Confidence interval CL Confidence limits cm centimetre CO2 Carbon dioxide DXA Duel-energy x-ray absorptiometry DLW Doubly labelled water EE Energy Expenditure EI Energy intake EPOC Exercise post oxygen consumption FM Fat mass FFM Fat free mass FSR Fractional synthetic rate g grams GPS Global positioning system Hz Hertz hr hour hrs hours kJ kilojoules kg kilograms 6 km kilometre LM Lean mass m metre min minute mins minutes mm millimetre mmol millmole MPS Muscle protein synthesis NEAT Non-exercise activity thermogenesis O2 Oxygen PAL Physical activity level PCr Phosphocreatine REDs Relative energy deficiency RMR Resting metabolic rate RQ Respiratory quotient SD Standard deviation SEM Standard error of the mean TDEE Total Daily Energy Expenditure TE Typical error TEF Thermic effect of food . VO2max Maximal oxygen consumption w.w wet weight 3D 3-dimensional kJkg-1 BMd-1 kilojoules per kilogram of body mass per day gkg-1 BMd-1 grams per kilogram of body mass per day 7 Publications and presentations relevant to this thesis Publications Walker EJ, McAinch AJ, Sweeting A, Aughey RJ. Inertial sensors to estimate the energy expenditure of team-sport athletes. Journal Science and Medicine in Sport 2016; 19(2): 177-81. Presentations Walker, E.J., Veale, J., Mclaughlin, P., Aughey, R.J., McAinch, A.J. Body composition and physique change in Australian Football development athletes aged 16-18 years. Poster presentation at the Exercise Sport Science Association Research to Practice Conference, Melbourne, Australia, 2016. Invited presentations arising from this thesis Walker, E.W., Aughey, R.J., McAinch, A.J. Tracking body composition and talent ID in team sports. Invited presentation at the Sports Dietitians Association Conference, Melbourne, Australia, 19th October 2013. Walker, E.W., Aughey, R.J., McAinch, A.J. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry: Practicalities and considerations. Invited presentation at the Australian Football League Grand Final Symposium, Melbourne, Australia, 2nd October 2015. Walker, E.W., Aughey, R.J., McAinch, A.J. Energy expenditure and dietary intake of football athletes. Invited presentation at the Exercise Sport Science Association Research to Practice Conference, Melbourne, Australia, 15th April 2016. 8 Student Declaration ......................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgements .......................................................................................... 3 Abbreviations ................................................................................................... 5 Publications and presentations relevant to this thesis ................................ 7 Tables and Figures ......................................................................................... 12 Tables .............................................................................................................. 12 Figures ............................................................................................................ 13 Abstract ........................................................................................................... 14 Chapter 1. Review of the literature ............................................................... 15 1.1 Energy Metabolism and expenditure .......................................................... 15 1.1.1 Energy, metabolism and units of measurement ................................... 15 1.1.2 Why measure energy expenditure and intake? .................................... 16 1.1.3 Measurement of energy expenditure ................................................... 16 1.1.4 History of the measurement of energy metabolism .............................. 17 1.1.5 Energy expenditure and energy intake research conducted early in the 20th century ................................................................................................... 18 1.1.6 Energy expenditure and energy intake research conducted later in the 20th century ................................................................................................... 19 1.1.7 Components of energy expenditure ..................................................... 20 1.1.8 Energy expenditure of athletes ............................................................ 21 1.2 Nutrition for athletes ................................................................................... 28 1.2.1 Energy requirements and intakes ........................................................ 28 1.2.2 Macronutrient requirements and intakes of athletes ............................ 32 1.2.3 Nutrition and body composition ............................................................ 42 1.3 Body composition and physique of athletes ......................................... 45 1.3.1 The role of body composition in talent identification and selection ...... 45 1.3.2 Body composition in growth and development ..................................... 46 1.3.3 Monitoring body composition throughout training and competition ...... 49 1.3.4 Body composition
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