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Occurrence of Syndesmosis Ankle Sprains in Collegiate Athletes

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Occurrence of Syndesmosis Ankle Sprains in Collegiate Athletes OCCURRENCE OF SYNDESMOSIS ANKLE SPRAINS IN COLLEGIATE ATHLETES WHEN UTILIZING PROPHYLACTIC LOWER BODY BRACES A Thesis Presented to the faculty of the Department of Kinesiology California State University, Sacramento Submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in Kinesiology (Movement Studies) by Erin Nicole Snyder SUMMER 2015 © 2015 Erin Nicole Snyder ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii OCCURRENCE OF SYNDESMOSIS ANKLE SPRAINS IN COLLIGATE ATHLETES WHEN UTILIZING PROPHYLACTIC LOWER BODY BRACES A Thesis by Erin Nicole Snyder Approved by: __________________________________, Committee Chair Michael Wright, Ph.D. __________________________________, Second Reader Heather Swanson, M.S. ____________________________ Date iii Student: Erin Nicole Snyder I certify that this student has met the requirements for format contained in the University format manual, and that this thesis is suitable for shelving in the Library and credit is to be awarded for the thesis. __________________________, Department Chair ___________________ Steven Gray, Ph.D Date Department of Kinesiology iv Abstract of OCCURENCE OF SYNDESMOSIS ANKLE SPRAINS IN COLLEGIATE ATHLETES WHEN UTILIZING PROPHYLACTIC LOWER BODY BRACES by Erin Nicole Snyder Introduction Statement of Problem The purpose of this project is to evaluate the occurrence of Syndesmosis Ankle Sprains in collegiate athletes when utilizing prophylactic ankle and/or knee support. Sources of Data Data was collected from a non-validated survey, which was created by the researcher for the purposes of this study. The participants were selected randomly from the National Athletic Training Associations online member database of Certified Athletic Trainers employed at the collegiate setting. Once selected, the National Athletic Training Research Survey Service emailed the participants with a link to the Survey. The survey was made available through Survey Monkey, an online survey service. v Conclusions Reached The data collected revealed that out of the 161 total reported Syndesmosis Ankle Sprains, 47.2% of the injuries occurred while ankle support was being utilized. Where as, only 14.9% of the athletes were wearing a form of knee support at the time of injury, and 12.4% of injuries occurred with both ankle and knee support being utilized. Additionally, there was also an increased number of Syndesmosis Ankle Sprains reported in football when compared to other sports. _______________________, Committee Chair Michael Wright, Ph.D. _______________________ Date vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my committee, Michael Wright and Heather Swanson for their continued support and assistance with this project. I cannot thank them enough for their guidance throughout the Master’s program, especially during the thesis process. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgements .................................................................................................... vii List of Tables .............................................................................................................. xi List of Figures ............................................................................................................ xii Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................1 Statement of Purpose ........................................................................................ 2 Statement of Problem ........................................................................................ 3 Limitations ........................................................................................................ 3 Delimitations ..................................................................................................... 4 Assumptions ...................................................................................................... 4 Definitions of Terms ..........................................................................................4 Hypotheses ........................................................................................................ 6 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ................................................................................. 7 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 7 Anatomy of the Ankle ....................................................................................... 8 Anatomy of the Knee .......................................................................................10 Kinetic Chain of the Lower Body ....................................................................12 Injuries to the Ankle.........................................................................................12 Inversion/Eversion Ankle Sprains .......................................................12 viii Fractures to the Tibia and Fibula .......................................................13 Syndesmosis Ankle Sprains .................................................................13 Syndesmosis Ankle Sprain Grading Scale ..............................15 Causes .....................................................................................15 Return to Participation ..........................................................16 Rehabilitation ........................................................................17 Surgical Intervention .............................................................17 Ankle Support .................................................................................................18 Usage/Indications of Ankle Support ...................................................19 Types of Ankle Support .......................................................................19 Effects on other Joints ..........................................................................20 Knee Support ..................................................................................................21 Usage/Indications of Knee Support .....................................................21 Types of Knee Support ........................................................................22 Effects on other Joints ..........................................................................22 Summary ......................................................................................................... 23 3. METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................24 Participants ...................................................................................................... 24 Measures (Variables) ...................................................................................... 25 Equipment/Instruments ................................................................................... 26 Procedures ....................................................................................................... 26 Design ........................................................................................................... 28 ix Data Analysis…………………………....... ................................................... 28 Summary……………………………………… ..............................................28 4. RESULTS ............................................................................................................. 29 Overall Findings .................................................................................................. 29 Occurrence of Syndesmosis Ankle Sprains .........................................................30 Occurrence of Syndesmosis Ankle Sprains with Ankle Support .........................30 Occurrence of Syndesmosis Ankle Sprains with Knee Support ...........................31 Occurrence of Syndesmosis Ankle Sprains with both Knee and Ankle Support .31 Injuries Requiring Surgical Interventions .............................................................32 Breakdown of Syndesmosis Ankle Sprains by Collegiate Sport ..........................32 Average Return to Play after Syndesmosis Ankle Sprain ....................................36 Analyzing the Hypotheses ....................................................................................37 5. DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................40 Survey Results ......................................................................................................40 Complications .......................................................................................................42 Future Directions ................................................................................................. 43 Conclusions ......................................................................................................... 44 Appendix A. Informed Consent Form ..................................................................... 45 Appendix B. Survey Questions ................................................................................. 46 References ....................................................................................................................50 x LIST OF TABLES Tables Page 1. Breakdown of Syndesmosis Ankle Sprains by Collegiate Sport ............................33 2. Breakdown of Survey Responses by Sport .............................................................35 xi LIST OF FIGURES Figures Page 1. Bony Anatomy of the Ankle .....................................................................................8
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