Dynamic and Static Balance Differences Based on Gender and Sport Participation a Thesis Submitted to the Graduate School of Soci
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DYNAMIC AND STATIC BALANCE DIFFERENCES BASED ON GENDER AND SPORT PARTICIPATION A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL SCIENCES OF MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY BY BAHMAN GOLSHAEI IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN DEPARTMENT PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS JULY 2013 Approval of the Graduate School of Social Sciences __________________________ Prof. Dr. Meliha ALTUNIŞIK Director I certify that this thesis satisfies all the requirements as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. __________________________ Prof. Dr. Settar KOÇAK Head of Department This is to certify that we have read this thesis and that in our opinion it is fully adequate, in scope and quality, as a thesis for the degree of Master of Science. __________________________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Sadettin KİRAZCI Supervisor Examining Committee Members Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Levent İNCE (METU, PES) __________________________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Sadettin KİRAZCI (METU, PES) __________________________ Assist. Prof. Dr. Nazan KOŞAR (HÜ, SBTYO) __________________________ 1 PLAGIARISM I hereby declare that all information in this document has been obtained and presented in accordance with academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that, as required by these rules and conduct, I have fully cited and referenced all material and results that are not original to this work. Name, Last name: Bahman Golshaei Signature : iii 2 ABSTRACT DYNAMIC AND STATIC BALANCE DIFFERENCES BASED ON GENDER AND SPORT PARTICIPATION Golshaei, Bahman MS, Department of Physical Education and Sports Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. Sadettin KİRAZCI July 2013, 57 pages Soccer possibly has the majority fans and may be the most fashionable sport in the global sporting field and at least 240 million people frequently participate in soccer (FIFA, 2000). While adolescence players are mostly not professional and have no fiscal worth for their school or probably for their clubs, but their sustained physical condition and security has a critical value. The matter of balance is considered as one of the critical issues in sports especially in soccer. On the other hand human beings are bipeds so walking, running, and standing over the ground causes a critical challenge to their balance system. The purpose of this study is to compare the static and dynamic balance performance of males and females, and of athletes and sedentary collegiate adolescents. Participants were 37 sedentary university students (M = 27.67, SD = 3.24 y) and 36 soccer players (M = 21.60, SD = 2.28 y). The tests for evaluating static and dynamic balance were One- leg Standing Balance & Star Excursion Balance Tests respectively. Results of MANOVA indicated a significant main effect for sport participation (Wilks' Lambda = iv .620, F (4, 66) = 10.123, p < .01, partial η2 = .38). However, results showed no significant main effect for gender (Wilks' Lambda = .958, F (4, 66) = .721, P = .580; p > .05, partial η2 = .042). Similarly, no significant interaction effect was observed for gender and sport participation as independent variables with four levels of balance performance as the dependent variables (Wilks' Lambda = .941, F (4, 66) = 1.028, P=.400; p > .05, partial η2 = .05). Keywords: Static Balance, Dynamic Balance, Sedentary, Soccer Players, Dominant Leg v 3 ÖZ CİNSİYET VE SPOR KATILIM DAYALI DİNAMİK VE STATİK DENGE FARKLARI Golshaei, Bahman Yüksek Lisans, Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bölümü Tez Yöneticisi: Yrd. Doç. Dr. Sadettin KİRAZCI Temmuz 2013, 57 sayfa Futbol muhtemelen en çok taraftarı olan ve küresel spor alanında en çok moda olan spordur ve ayrıca en az 240 milyon sporcu sık sık bu oyunu oynamaktadırlar (FIFA, 2000). Hâlbuki bu oyuncuların birçoğu genç ve profesyonel olmayan sporculardır. Bu bireylerin okulları ve kulüpleri içinde mali değerleri de yoktur ve fiziksel durumları ve güvenlikleri içinde gerekli tedbirler alınmamaktadır. Denge yeteneği ve performansı sporda özellikle futbol konusunda kritik konulardan birisi olarak kabul edilmektedir. Öte yandan biz insanların iki ayaklı olduğumuz gerçeği göz ardı edilmemelidir. Yürüme, koşma, zemin üzerinde durma bizim denge sistemimiz için kritik bir meydan okumaya neden olur. Bu gerekçelerden kaynaklı olarak, bu çalışma sporcu (futbol) olan ve olmayan bireylerin (üniversite öğrencisi) dinamik ve statik dengelerinin değerlendirmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. 37 spor yapmayan üniversite öğrencisi (M = 27.67, SD = 3.24 y) ve 36 futbolcu oynayan öğrenci (M = 21.60, SD = 2.28 y) çalışmaya katılmıştır. Bir bacak denge testi ve “Star Excursion Denge Testi” metotları katılımcıların statik ve dinamik dengelerini vi değerlendirmek için kullanılmıştır. MANOVA test sonuçları spor katılımı için dengenin önemli bir etkisinin olduğunu göstermiştir (Wilks 'Lambda = 0,620, F (4, 66) = 10.123, p <.01, kısmi η2 = .38). Ancak sonuçlar cinsiyet faktörünün (p> .05, kısmi η2 = .042 Wilks 'Lambda = .958, F (4, 66) = .721, p = 0,580) anlamlı bir etkisinin olmadığını göstermektedir. Benzer şekilde, istatistiksel olarak grup ve cinsiyet etkileşimi anlamlı bulunmamıştır (Wilks' Lambda=.941, F (4, 66) = 1.028, P=.400; p > .05, partial η2 = .05). Anahtar Kelimeler: Statik Denge, Dinamik Denge, Sedentar, Dominant Bacak, Futbolcular vii 4 DEDICATION To My Family viii 5 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to declare my deep gratitude to my advisor, Assist Prof. Dr Sadettin KİRAZCI for his persuasion, enthusiasm, preparing all requirements, and editing my theses. I would like to thank to my committee members, Assoc. Prof. Dr. M. Levent İNCE and Prof. Dr. Nazan KOŞAR for their guidance and not only for serving my committee and delivering invaluable feedbacks to the thesis, but always supporting me on the way. I would like to thank specifically to Dr. Mutlu Cuğ for his guidance, assistance, friendship, numerous ideas for developing this study. Also, I wish to thank my friends Daryoush Talati, Kıvanç Semiz, Shahed Parvizi, Farid Saeidi, and Dr. Jafar Pourfeiz for their assistance in this study and for helping me in statistical analysis and encouragements. I would like to thank my colleagues who had valuable contribution to the study. Finally, I would like to thank my parents, my sister and my brother. I would like to thank them for their support, and encouragement. ix 6 TABLE OF CONTENTS PLAGIARISM................................................................................................................. iii ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................... iv ÖZ ................................................................................................................................ vi DEDICATION .............................................................................................................. viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES ........................................................................................................... xii LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................xiii CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1 1.1 Background of the Study ...................................................................... 1 1.2 Rationale of the Study .......................................................................... 5 1.3 Research Questions .............................................................................. 7 1.4 Purpose of the Study ............................................................................ 7 1.5 Research Hypothesis ............................................................................ 7 1.6 Limitations ............................................................................................ 8 1.7 Assumptions ......................................................................................... 8 1.8 Definition of the Terms ........................................................................ 8 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE ......................................................................................... 10 2.1 Balance ............................................................................................... 10 2.2 Balance Assessment ........................................................................... 14 x 2.3 Factors Affecting Balance................................................................... 17 2.4 Balance and Sport .............................................................................. 20 2.5 Injury and Soccer................................................................................ 21 2.6 Balance Ability and Injury Prevention ................................................ 23 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ................................................................................... 26 3.1 Design ................................................................................................. 26 3.2 Participants ........................................................................................ 27 3.3 Assessment Devices and Protocols .................................................... 28 3.3.1 Dynamic Balance ......................................................................... 28 3.3.2 Static