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A Study of Imo Carnival and Its Contributions to Tourism Development

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i A STUDY OF IMO CARNIVAL AND ITS CONTRIBUTIONS TO TOURISM DEVELOPMENT BY ONYEKWERE CHRIS CHUKWUMA PG/MA/13/66993 DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND TOURISM UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA JUNE 2016 i TITLE PAGE A STUDY OF IMO CARNIVAL AND ITS CONTRIBUTIONS TO TOURISM DEVELOPMENT A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND TOURISM UNIVERSITY OF NIGERIA, NSUKKA FOR THE AWARD OF MASTERS DEGREE (MA) IN ARCHAEOLOGY AND TOURISM BY ONYEKWERE CHRIS CHUKWUMA PG/MA/13/66993 SUPERVISOR: PROFESSOR P.U.OKPOKO JUNE 2016 ii CERTIFICATION ONYEKWERE CHRIS CHUKWUMA OF THE DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND TOURISM WITH REGISTRATION NUMBER PG/MA/13/66993 HAS SATISFACTORILY FULFILLED THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ART (MA) IN ARCHAEOLOGY AND TOURISM. THE WORK EMBODIED IN THIS DISSERTATION IS ORIGINAL AND HAS NOT BEEN SUBMITTED IN PART OR FULL FOR ANY DIPLOMA OR DEGREE OF THIS OR ANY OTHER UNIVERSITY. ________________________________ ____________________ PROFESSOR PAT.UCHE .OKPOKO DR. ITANYI, E.I SUPERVISOR HEAD OF DEPARTMENT __________________________ EXTERNAL SUPERVISOR iii DEDICATION TO MY PARENTS, ELDER PATRICK AND DAME JOY ONYEKWERE AND MY FRIEND WORDS WON’T BE ENOUGH. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express an appreciation for the help that came from various strands to shape this work. First is my supervisor who doubles as the dean of the faculty of arts in the person of Professor Pat Uche Okpoko, a scholar of sterling repute. I am particular grateful to my Glorious God to Him be all the glory. My sincere and unreservered thanks go to Professor Okafor.E.E., Professor Okpoko,A.I., Prof.Dieke,P.U.C., Dr Nwankwo,E .A, Assoc. Prof. Eze-Uzomaka,P.I.,Dr.Okonkwo,E.E., Dr.(Mrs.) Oby Madubunyi, Mr.Agu,C.S., Mr.Ngonadi,John, MrsNgonadi,C.V, without forgetting other academic member of staff in the department of Archaeology and Tourism, University of Nigeria, Nsukka in the personsofEzeugwu,Uchenna,Ukaegwu,Maureen,Mr.Ugwuanyi,Kelechi,J,Mr.Eyisi,Afemefuna.P, Mr.Odum,C.J,Dr.Ikegwu,J.U.,Mrs.J.N.Ejikeme, Mr.Uzoegbu,J. etc and others non academic staff of the department for the atmosphere they created I thank you all. My sincere thanks go to Mrs Nduka Emelda of Imo State Tourism Board, Mrs Ngozi Oham – Head: Tourism Department, Ministry of Transport and Tourism, Imo State Nigeria, Mr Goodluck Agbarusim-Chairman Warehouse Unit Owerri, Imo Pilot Transport Authority (IMPTA) “Keke Napep must obey”, Mrs Nnodim.A.-Guest Relation Officer (GRO) Rockview Hotel Owerri, Chief Ikedioha Ojinaka of Oganis Lounge Owerrri, Mrs Ogechi Agoha –Supervisor Sunic Foods Owerri, Mrs Cordelia Ohawume and Ezugwu Esther for their efforts in making this work an outstanding success. Many thanks also go to the Liberians at the Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Archaeology and Tourism University of Nigeria Nsukka, My Parents, Elder Patrick and Dame Joy Onyekwere, and my brothers Emeka, Tochi,Chinemeze,and Obinna Onyekwere for their moral support. I am grateful to my close circle of friends indeed Njoku Fidelis, Igbani Rebecca Gift, Mr Igbi,N.,Onyinyechi v Faith and my Pastors: P.N Awuzie, David Oyedepo, Lazarus Mouka and David Ibiyeomie. You make it easy to fulfill God’s will. I also wish to thank authors of the materials I consulted in getting this work done without forgetting my only sister and her family in the person of Mr and Mrs Ann Chinedu Ejezie “Ancol” the name I gave to her and my in-law, Prof. Fidelis Ejezie, Dean Faculty of Medicine University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus. ONYEKWERE CHRIS CHUKWUMA JUNE, 2016. vi PREFACE This research work examined the contributions of Imo Carnival to tourism development. It also discusses the current state of Imo carnival and how it cultural mosaic can be harnessed in the best interest of its relevant stakeholders. This work splits logically into five chapters. Chapter one presents an introduction, emphasizing the purpose of the study and how data were collected as well as striking on the definition of concepts. Then chapter two begins with literature review, where theoretical literature, empirical literature and theoretical orientation were delimited into further sub-heads with the empirical literature guided by the research objectives. Chapter three discusses the background information of the study area. Chapter four deals with data presentation and analysis, where findings, its analysis and data interpretation were delimited bearing in mind the research objectives. Finally, Chapter five serves as the summary, recommendation and conclusion. It is my considered opinion that this work will extend the literature on carnivals. As a work based on the first ever Imo carnival, it will also serve as a reference point for further research on Imo carnival, cultural festival and tourism. This work will be of immense value to the study of carnivals, and its contributions to tourism development. vii LIST OF APPENDICES Appendix 1: Letter of Identification from the Department of Archaeology and Tourism. Appendix 2: Research Interview On: A study of Imo carnival and its contributions to tourism development Appendix 3: Themes for discussion: Appendix 4: Interview Guide Appendix 5: Glossary Appendix 6: An example from UNWTO Progress Statistics Report on Sustainable Tourism viii LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1: Showing Variants of Cultural Tourist------------------------------------------ 18 FIGURE 2: Showing Map of Imo State showing Owerri Municipal----- ----------------- 41 FIGURE 3: The organizational structure of Imo State Tourism Board --------------------- 56 FIGURE 3: Showing Imo Carnival Routes 2014 -------------------------------------------- -63 FIGURE 5: Showing the economic impact of Imo carnival on tourism service provider ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 74 FIGURE 6: Showing the statistics of participants/Tourist as observed during Imo carnival 2014. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------88 FIGURE 7 : UNWTO'S Tourism 2020 Vision Forecast-------------------------------------- 120 ix LIST OF TABLES Table 1: List of masquerades that featured in Imo carnival 2014 and their local government of origin------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------61 Table 2: List of featured parade during the Imo Carnival 2014--------------------------------64 Table 3: List of the different types of bands that featured during Imo Carnival 2014-----65 Table 4: Showing list of troupes/contingents that featured during Imo Carnival 2014-----67 Table 5: List of Local Government Areas that featured in Imo Carnival 2014/2015------68 Table 6: Showing Sequences of Inconsistency in Imo Carnival celebrations ---------------82 Table 7 : Showing UNWTO Progress Statistics Report on Sustainable Tourism 2020 Vision------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------120 x LIST OF PLATES Plate 1: Showing the Governor (third right) and Imo carnival 2014 organizing committee chairman Paddy Obinna (second right) and Nkiru Sylvanus secretary organizing committee (Fourth right) during the flag-off.------------------------------------------------------------ 59 Plate 2: Showing faculty of Medicine IMSU float and the researcher with one of the participants during Imo carnival 2014.-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 60 Plate 2a: Akakpo---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61 Plate 2b: Mgbadike--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 61 Plate 2c: Ogionu------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 62 Plate 2a,b,c: Showing masquerade displays during Imo Carnival 2014------------------- 63 Plate 3: Youth Parade------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 64 Plate 4: Children Parade---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64 Plate 4a: Children Parade ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64 Plate 5: Upcoming Artistes------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64 Plate 6: Umuada and Umuokpara(Maidens) --------------------------------------------------- 65 Plate 7: Contemporary Music------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 Plate 8: The free education band. ------------------------------------------------------------------ 65 Plate 9: Friendship band.--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 65 Plate 10: Youth must work bands. --------------------------------------------------------------- 66 Plate 11: Governors’ band.------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66 Plate 12: Nneoma band ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66 Plate 13: Corporate band---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 66 Plate 14 : Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development -----------------------------67 xi Plate 15: Ministry of Public Safety and Utility.----------------------------------------------- 67 Plate 16: Imo State Universal Basic Education Board.--------------------------------------- 67 Plate 17: Ministry of Tertiary Education, Science and Technology.-------------------------- 67 Plate 18: Showing Mbaitolu Local Government Train during Imo carnival 2014 with the researcher at
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  • Microbial Quality of Well Water in Upland and Riverine Communities of Rivers State, Nigeria

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    Microbiology Research Journal International 27(1): 1-15, 2019; Article no.MRJI.47920 ISSN: 2456-7043 (Past name: British Microbiology Research Journal, Past ISSN: 2231-0886, NLM ID: 101608140) Microbial Quality of Well Water in Upland and Riverine Communities of Rivers State, Nigeria C. C. Nwankwo1* and M. Julie, Ovunda1 1School of Science Laboratory Technology, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Authors’ contributions This work was carried out in collaboration between both authors. Author CCN designed the study, managed the analysis of the study and managed the literature work with author MJO wrote the protocol and supervised the study. Author MJO performed the statistical analysis also managed the literature work and analysis of study, wrote the first draft of the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript. Article Information DOI: 10.9734/MRJI/2019/v27i130089 Editor(s): (1) Dr. Sabina Fijan, University of Maribor, Slovenia. Reviewers: (1) Narcis Barsan, “Vasile Alecsandri” University of Bacau, Romania. (2) Arun Kumar Shrestha Damak, Tribhuvan University, Nepal. Complete Peer review History: http://www.sdiarticle3.com/review-history/47920 Received 25 December 2018 Original Research Article Accepted 13 March 2019 Published 26 March 2019 ABSTRACT In this study, health risk assessment of well water from twelve communities grouped into upland and riverine in Rivers State was carried out in several categories such as uses of water, skin infections and health assessment via questionnaire distribution. Malaria was recorded to be the most common disease related to water. Furthermore, water samples were collected and analysed for physiochemical, biochemical and pathological characteristics. The average pH was 7.52, an indication of neutrality.