Level Measurement
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Microwave Sensing of Water Quality
SPECIAL SECTION ON ADVANCED SENSOR TECHNOLOGIES ON WATER MONITORING AND MODELING Received April 22, 2019, accepted May 19, 2019, date of publication May 27, 2019, date of current version June 10, 2019. Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2918996 Microwave Sensing of Water Quality KUNYI ZHANG1, (Student Member, IEEE), REZA K. AMINEH 1, (Senior Member, IEEE), ZIQIAN DONG 1, (Senior Member, IEEE), AND DAVID NADLER2 1Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, New York Institute of Technology, New York, NY 10023, USA 2Department of Environmental Technology and Sustainability, New York Institute of Technology, Old Westbury, NY 11568, USA Corresponding author: Reza K. Amineh ([email protected]) This work was partially supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation under Grant 1841558. ABSTRACT Fine-grained water quality data can facilitate the optimized management of water resources, which have become increasingly scarce due to population growth, increased demand for safe sources of water, and environmental pollutions. There is a pressing need for cost-effective, reliable, re-usable, and autonomous water sensing technologies that can provide accurate real-time water quality measurements. In this paper, we present a microwave sensor array with sensing elements operating at different frequencies in the wide frequency band of 1 GHz to 10 GHz. The use of array allows for collecting more information compared with a single sensor system. The sensor array can be fabricated in a cost-effective way through standard printed circuit board (PCB) technology. Here, it is tested with water solutions of various contam- inants and parameter values. The dielectric properties of the water sample with different contaminants and parameter values are measured and provided as well. -
244LD Levelstar Intelligent Buoyancy Transmitter for Level
Master Instruction 11.2016 MI EML0710 G-(en) 244LD LevelStar Intelligent Buoyancy Transmitter for Vers. 6.2.x Level, Interface and Density with Torque Tube and displacer – HART and Foundation Fieldbus – The intelligent transmitter 244LD LevelStar is designed to perform continuous measurements for liquid level, interface or density of liquids in the process of all industrial applications. The measurement is based on the proven Archimedes buoyancy principle and thus extremely robust and durable. Measuring values can be transferred analog and digital. Digital communication facilitates complete operation and configuration via PC or control system. Despite extreme temperatures, high process pressure and corrosive liquids, the 244LD measures with consistent reliability and high precision. It is approved for installations in contact with explosive atmospheres. The 244LD combines the abundant experience of FOXBORO with most advanced digital technology. FEATURES • HART Communication, 4 to 20 mA, or • Backdocumentation of measuring point Foundation Fieldbus • Continuous self-diagnostics, Status and diagnostic • Configuration via FDT-DTM messages • Multilingual full text graphic LCD • Configurable safety value • IR communication as a standard • Local display in %, mA or physical units • Easy adaptation to the measuring point • Process temperature from –196 °C to +500 °C without calibration at the workshop • Materials for use with aggressive media • Linear or customized characteristic • Micro sintermetal sensor technology • 32 point linearisation -
IQ Sensornet Nitravis 701 & 705 IQ Sensors User Manual
OPERATIONS MANUAL ba76078e03 05/2017 NitraVis 701 IQ NitraVis 705 IQ OPTICAL SENSOR FOR NITRATE NitraVis 70x IQ Contact YSI 1725 Brannum Lane Yellow Springs, OH 45387 USA Tel: +1 937-767-7241 800-765-4974 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.ysi.com Copyright © 2017 Xylem Inc. 2 ba76078e03 05/2017 NitraVis 70x IQ Contents Contents 1 Overview . 5 1.1 How to use this component operating manual . 5 1.2 Field of application . 6 1.3 Measuring principle of the sensor NitraVis 70x IQ . 6 1.4 Structure of the sensor NitraVis 70x IQ . 7 2 Safety . 8 2.1 Safety information . 8 2.1.1 Safety information in the operating manual . 8 2.1.2 Safety signs on the product . 8 2.1.3 Further documents providing safety information . 8 2.2 Safe operation . 9 2.2.1 Authorized use . 9 2.2.2 Requirements for safe operation . 9 2.2.3 Unauthorized use . 9 3 Commissioning . 10 3.1 IQ SENSORNET system requirements . 10 3.2 Scope of delivery of the NitraVis 70x IQ . 10 3.3 Installation . 11 3.3.1 Mounting the sensor . 11 3.3.2 Mounting the shock protectors . 13 3.3.3 Connecting the sensor to the IQ SENSORNET . 14 3.4 Initial commissioning . 16 3.4.1 General information . 16 3.4.2 Settings . 17 4 Measurement / Operation . 21 4.1 Determination of measured values . 21 4.2 Measurement operation . 22 4.3 Calibration . 22 4.3.1 Overview . 22 4.3.2 User calibration . 25 4.3.3 Sensor check/Zero adjustment . -
Industrial Measuring Devices a Passion for Precision
Industrial Measuring Devices A Passion for Precision a passion for precision · passion pour la précision · pasión por la precisión · passione per la precisione · a passion for precision · passion pour la précision · pasión por la precisión · www.lufft.com Measure and record data easily and precisely. Quality made in Germany without compromises. PalmPrecision in the of your Hand The highly demanding and complex measuring tasks of today can only be mastered with high-precision devices. The special requirements placed on hand-held measuring devices are the result of the spectrum of physical measurements that are to be measured, as well as the decisions that are based on this measured data. Architects, specialists and surveyors, engineers, climate experts and many other professionals bear the responsibility for people, technology, goods and processes. Whether you are investigating or recording the temperature of a surface without contact, the dew point temperature of air on walls, the moisture content of oil, air pressure or air fl ow, Lufft hand-held devices are easy to operate and – above all – precise! The XA1000 hand-held-measuring device is an all-round device that ful ls the highest demands. Various high-precision climatic measuring technology sensors can be alternatively connected. The measurement results are displayed in high resolution colour displays both in graphic and numeric formats. The integrated data re- corder allows the measurement results to be transferred to a computer; for this purpose the Lufft software Smart- Graph3 is ready and waiting. The XP Series consists of hand-held measuring de- The Software vices for specialists. The highest temperature precision SmartGraph3 manages and les measured data from combined with the most modern handling of measured both hand-held measuring devices and dataloggers. -
Level Sensors
1-800-633-0405 For the latest prices, please check AutomationDirect.com EchoPod/EchoTouch® Reflective Technology™ Ultrasonic Liquid Level Sensors Overview The innovative EchoPod/EchoTouch Reflective Techonolgy ultrasonic liquid level sensors replace other ultrasonic level sensors in condensation applications, as well as float, conductance and pressure sensors that fail due to contact with dirty, sticky and scaling media in small, medium and large capacity tanks. Applied in chemical, water and wastewater applications, these general purpose or intrinsically safe non-contact sensors are available with single and multi-function capabilities, including continuous level measurement, switching and control. The standard 4-20 mA output is easily monitored by a PLC or other controller. Models with four relays can be configured for level alarms and/or stand- alone level control such as automatic fill or empty functions using the embedded level controller. PC configuration of all models is simple with WebCal™ software, while the UG06, UG12 and US06 models also offer limited configuration via their pushbuttons and integral display. What is Reflective Technology™? Condensation is the most commonly encountered variable in liquid level applications. Condensation attenuates the acoustic signal of ultrasonic sensors that have a flat horizontal transducer face, weakening their signal strength and signal-to-noise ratio by up to 50%, and substantially reducing their measurement reliability. At the core of Reflective Technology™ is a simple fact: unlike flat horizontal surfaces, significant water droplets cannot adhere to smooth vertical surfaces. By orienting the internal ultrasonic transducer vertically, condensation runs off the transducer face and does not affect sensor performance. The unimpeded transmit and receive signals are redirected to and from the liquid off a 45º reflector, delivering reliable level measurement. -
TEMPERATURE and LIQUID-LEVEL SENSOR for LIQUID-HYDROGEN PRESSURIZATION and EXPULSION STUDIES by Robert J
NASA TECHNICAL NOTE ---NASA TN D-4339 c./ o* m m d I m L TEMPERATURE AND LIQUID-LEVEL SENSOR FOR LIQUID-HYDROGEN PRESSURIZATION AND EXPULSION STUDIES by Robert J. Stochl und Richard L. DeWitt Lewis Reseurch Center CZeveZund, Ohio NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION WASHINGTON, D. C. FEBRUARY 1968 TECH LIBRARY KAFB, NM __ . 0333238 TEMPERATURE AND LIQUID-LEVEL SENSOR FOR LIQUID- HYDROGEN PRESSURIZATION AND EXPULSION STUDIES By Robert J. Stochl and Richard L. DeWitt Lewis Research Center Cleveland, Ohio NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION ~~ For sale by the Clearinghouse for Federal Scientific and Technical Information Springfield, Virginia 22151 - CFSTI price $3.00 TEMPERATURE AND LIQU I D-LEVEL SENSOR FOR LlQU ID-HY D ROGEN PRESSURIZATION AND EXPULSION STUDIES by Robert J. Stochl and Richard L. DeWitt Lewis Research Center SUMMARY In experimental studies of the pressurization and expulsion of liquid hydrogen, temperature-measuring systems are needed to understand the effectiveness of a parti- cular pressurization system. Existing state-of -the-art temperature-measuring systems are considered inadequate to meet the rather stringent design requirements necessary for accuracy and precision in the measurement of ullage gas temperatures. A temperature-measurement technique that uses thermopiles (i. e. , thermocouples in series) as sensors was therefore developed. The results of this development indicate (1) that an instrument rake using measurement stations constructed of thermopiles can measure temperatures to within *l.65' K (for gas temperatures between 20' and 300' K) and (2) that, in addition to their use as temperature sensors, thermopile units can be used as point liquid-level sensors for subcooled liquid during liquid outflow. -
Liquid Metal Diagnostics
Fusion Science and Technology ISSN: 1536-1055 (Print) 1943-7641 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ufst20 Liquid Metal Diagnostics M. G. Hvasta, G. Bruhaug, A. E. Fisher, D. Dudt & E. Kolemen To cite this article: M. G. Hvasta, G. Bruhaug, A. E. Fisher, D. Dudt & E. Kolemen (2019): Liquid Metal Diagnostics, Fusion Science and Technology, DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2019.1661719 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2019.1661719 Published online: 18 Nov 2019. Submit your article to this journal View related articles View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ufst20 FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY © 2019 American Nuclear Society DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2019.1661719 Liquid Metal Diagnostics M. G. Hvasta, a G. Bruhaug, b A. E. Fisher, c D. Dudt, c and E. Kolemen c* aAlkali Consulting LLC, Lawrenceville, New Jersey bUniversity of Rochester, Rochester, New York cPrinceton University, Princeton, New Jersey Received June 16, 2018 Accepted for Publication August 16, 2019 Abstract — Liquid metal (LM) plasma-facing components (PFCs) (LM-PFCs) within next-generation fusion reactors are expected to enhance plasma confinement, facilitate tritium breeding, improve reactor thermal efficiency, and withstand large heat and particle fluxes better than solid components made from tungsten, molybdenum, or graphite. Some LM divertor concepts intended for long-pulse operation at >20 MW/m2 incorporate thin (~1 cm), fast-moving (~5 to 10 m/s), free-surface flows. Such systems will require a range of diagnostics to monitor and control the velocity, flow depth, temperature, and impurity concentration of the LM. -
LEVEL MEASUREMENT TECHNOLOGIES How To
Q1 2016 Your Top 10 LEVEL Customers of 2015 MEASUREMENT Will Not be Your TECHNOLOGIES In The Process Top 10 of 2016 Control Industry þ What You Should Do How to Two Birds with MEASURE One Stone FLOW RATE Level Indication with Level & Pump Control Sensors NEWPREDIG.COM Redesigned. Responsive. Resourceful. www.predig.com Not a subscriber? Subscribe to ON DISPLAY subscribe.predig.com Table of Contents The Eclectic Engineer: How to Measure Flow Rate with Level Sensors 5 Two Birds with One Stone: Reader’s Level Indication and Pump Control with Brief The PROVU® Series 6 Your Top 10 Customers of 2015 Will Our first issue of 2016 is entirely dedicated to level measurement. Learn about various Not be Your Top 10 of 2016. What You topics on the subject including how to measure Should Do About It. flow rate using level sensors, level indication 9 and pump control using one device, and an introduction to level measurement technologies to guide you in selecting level instrumentation. Make sure to visit our brand new website. The completely redesigned site, now mobile friendly, offers great new features including easy product configurator, lead times checker, and more. Visit www.predig.com. We'd like to hear from you, our readers! Level Measurement Technologies Tell us how we are doing or recommend topics In The Process Control Industry for future articles. Send your feedback to 10 [email protected]. - Precision Digital contact us U.S. & Canada Tech Support 1-800-343-1001 [email protected] International Sales 1-508-655-7300 [email protected] Corporate Office 233 South St • Hopkinton, MA 01748 USA 2 Redesigned. -
An Overview of Particulate Matter Measurement Instruments
Atmosphere 2015, 6, 1327-1345; doi:10.3390/atmos6091327 OPEN ACCESS atmosphere ISSN 2073-4433 www.mdpi.com/journal/atmosphere Review An Overview of Particulate Matter Measurement Instruments Simone Simões Amaral 1, João Andrade de Carvalho Jr. 1,*, Maria Angélica Martins Costa 2 and Cleverson Pinheiro 3 1 Department of Energy, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista, Guaratinguetá , SP 12516-410, Brazil; E-Mail: [email protected] 2 Department of Biochemistry and Chemical Technology, Institute of Chemistry, UNESP—Univ Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP 14800-060, Brazil; E-Mail: [email protected] 3 Department of Logistic, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of São Paulo, Jacareí, SP 12322-030, Brazil; E-Mail: [email protected] * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: [email protected]; Tel.: +55-12-3123-2838; Fax: +55-12-3123-2835. Academic Editor: Pasquale Avino Received: 27 June 2015 / Accepted: 1 September 2015 / Published: 9 September 2015 Abstract: This review article presents an overview of instruments available on the market for measurement of particulate matter. The main instruments and methods of measuring concentration (gravimetric, optical, and microbalance) and size distribution Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS), Electrical Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI), and others were described and compared. The aim of this work was to help researchers choose the most suitable equipment to measure particulate matter. When choosing a measuring instrument, a researcher must clearly define the purpose of the study and determine whether it meets the main specifications of the equipment. ELPI and SMPS are the suitable devices for measuring fine particles; the ELPI works in real time. -
Float Type Level Switches Contents Page Start Single Point Small Size Engineered Plastic
INTRODUCTION Float Type Level Switches Contents Page Start Single Point Small Size Engineered Plastic ........................................... A-2 GEMS Level Switches operate on a direct, Alloy ........................................................................ A-8 simple principle. In most models, a float encircling a stationary stem is equipped Large Size PERMANENT with powerful, permanent magnets. As MAGNET Engineered Plastic .........................................A-12 the float rises or lowers with liquid level, Alloy ......................................................................A-13 the magnetic field generated from within FLOAT the float actuates a hermetically sealed, Specialty Switches ...............................................A-20 magnetic reed switch mounted within the HERMETICALLY stem. The stem is made of non-magnetic SEALED MAGNETIC REED SWITCH Leak Detection .......................................................A-22 metals or rugged, engineered plastics. When mounted vertically, this basic design provides a consistent accuracy of ±1/8 inch. Multi-station versions use a separate reed switch for each level point being monitored. Side-mounted units use different actuation methods because of their horizontal attitude. The basic principle, however, is the same: as a direct result of rising or falling liquid, a magnetic field is moved into the proximity of a reed switch, causing its actuation. N Reed Switch Reliability – SINGLE POINT LEVEL SWITCHES GLASS The durable construction of these reed switch designs ensures long, trouble- REED SWITCH ENVELOPE free service. Because the effects of shock, wear and vibration are minimized, these hermetically sealed switches provide precise S repeatability with no more than 1% deviation. The switch actuation points N S remain constant over the life of the unit. See “Reed Switch Protection” in MAGNET Appendix X for information on extending the life of GEMS Level Switches. -
Electronic Pressure Measurement
VERLAG MODERNE INDUSTRIE Electronic Pressure Measurement Basics, applications and instrument selection Electronic Pressure Measurement 889539 +Wika_Umschlag_5c_englisch.indd 1 11.02.2010 12:40:55 Uhr verlag moderne industrie Electronic Pressure Measurement Basics, applications and instrument selection Eugen Gaßmann, Anna Gries +Wika_Umbruch_eng.indd 1 11.02.2010 12:52:33 Uhr This book was produced with the technical collaboration of WIKA Alexander Wiegand SE & Co. KG. The authors would like to extend their particular thanks for the careful checking of the book’s contents to Dr Franz-Josef Lohmeier. Translation: RKT Übersetzungs- und Dokumentations-GmbH, Schramberg © 2010 All rights reserved with Süddeutscher Verlag onpact GmbH, 81677 Munich www.sv-onpact.de First published in Germany in the series Die Bibliothek der Technik Original title: Elektronische Druckmesstechnik © 2009 by Süddeutscher Verlag onpact GmbH Illustrations: No. 19 Phoenix Testlab GmbH, Blomberg; No. 22 M+W Zander, Stuttgart; all others WIKA Alexander Wiegand SE & Co. KG, Klingenberg Typesetting: abavo GmbH, 86807 Buchloe Printing and binding: Sellier Druck GmbH, 85354 Freising Printed in Germany 889539 +Wika_Umbruch_eng.indd 2 11.02.2010 12:52:34 Uhr Contents Introduction 4 Pressure and pressure measurement 6 International pressure units ..................................................................... 6 Absolute, gauge and differential pressure ............................................... 7 Principles of electronic pressure measurement ...................................... -
Radar Level Sensor
RADAR LEVEL SENSOR LVRD501 Series U Non-Contact Measurement U Continuous Level Measurement U Pulse Radar Measurement Range: 0.254 to 15 m (10" to 50') U Simple Pushbutton Calibration U Communications Standard The LVRD500 Series a logical extension to the ultrasonic sensor LVRD501-RS232 series, is designed for applications shown smaller requiring non-contact liquid level than actual size. measurement, in which ultrasonic level measurement is not acceptable. The LVRD500 Series radar technology can be adjusted for variables such as materials to be measured, vessel configuration, and system interface. These sensors are ideal when vapor, dust, or a foaming surface prevents ultrasonic-wave measurements. LVRD500 Series radar sensors can detect the level under a layer of light dust or airy foam, but if the dust particle size increases, or if the foam or dust gets thick, they will no longer detect the liquid level. Instead, the level of the dust or foam will be measured. Internal piping, deposits on the antenna, multiple reflections, or reflections from the wall can interfere with of the target from the antenna the proper operation of the and the dielectric constant of radar sensor. Other sources of the reflecting material. interference are rat-holing and LVRD500 sensors feature bridging of solids, as well as angled The antenna comes in polypropylene process material surfaces that can “echo marker” signal process- ing, making them among the most or an optional high resistance PTFE reflect the radar beam away from that can help protect against material the receiver. technologically advanced pulse radar systems on the market. This buildup.