RANGER The Journal of the Association of National Park Rangers

Vol. 1, No. 3 Summer, 1985

Interpreting War and Peace in the Parks RANGER: THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS

ranger in Desert Solitaire. A ranger should Editor's Notes Letters "know how to saddle a horse, read a top­ ographical map, follow a trail over Over the past year, not a few people Editor: sliprock, memorize landmarks, build a have suggested that this publication has I'd like to take issue with Jack de fire in rain, treat snakebite, rappel down a become a bit heavy and stuffy through its Golia's point of view that Park Service cliff, glissade down a glacier, read a com­ continuing focus on the serious concerns rangers become a "corps of specialists". pass, find water under sand, load a burro, of today's Park Service. "Whatever hap­ It seems to me de Golia's main premise is splint a broken bone, bury a body, patch a pened to humor and levity?" they asked. that rangers should get paid more. I agree, rubber boat, portage a waterfall, survive a A quick review of the feature stories of but becoming specialists is the wrong blizzard, avoid lightning, cook a porcu­ several recent issues (including this one) approach. pine, comfort a girl during a thunder­ confirmed the accuracy of their observa­ Why jump on the bandwagon of storm, predict the weather, dodge a fall­ tions. All the topics discussed in these ar­ specialists and "play OPM's game"? The ing rock, climb out of a box canyon, [and] ticles warranted serious treatment, but, in National Park Service has a tradition of pour piss out of a boot." Can an Audio­ truth, there was little lightness to balance being one of the most respected agencies visual Specialist do such tasks? things out. of the federal government in the eyes of Note: After letting a cohort read this While sitting around trying to think of a the public, and I feel the generalist letter, he suggested to me that a generalist way or ways to resolve this problem, the philosophy has a lot to do with this judge­ is a specialist! He also brought up another phone rang — serendipitously, as it turn­ ment. What's going to be the reaction interesting point: there are many genera­ ed out, for it was Keith Hoofnagle on the when a park visitor seeking backcountry list rangers with good law enforcement line. Those of you who've been around information contacts a ranger, with the abilities, but not all law enforcement for a while remember Keith's cartoons on name tag title of "Law Enforcement specialists (i.e., other agencies) would the back page of the late In Touch as one Agent" under her name, and is told to make good rangers. seek an answer from the Visitor Informa­ of the chief attractions of that publica­ Carl A. Nielson tion Specialist? Or would the assistance tion. Would Ranger be interested in pub­ Coulee Dam lishing similar panels in the future issue? come from a (GS-11?) Backcountry Infor­ mation Specialist? The answer to that question can be Editor: found on page 14. After fishing around a Some degree of specialization is re­ I read the report of board meetings in bit for a good subject, Keith hit on the quired in large parks such as Yellowstone, the winter issue of Ranger with great in­ idea of using the season as the theme for or in areas with special problems, but terest. Though lengthy, it was so well his drawings, and agreed to do a page for what of the many park areas that have written, so concise, so understandable each quarterly issue of the journal. only a few employees on their staffs? They that I read it all the way through and was We hope you like his work. If you have lack the resources for specialization. glad I did. ideas for subjects for future issues, Keith Being a "jack-of-all-trades" is necessary However, to my disappointment, there would be interest in hearing from you. He in many park areas. A generalist is often was no record of authorship. Please give can be reached at 513 E. 25th Avenue #3, more marketable, more practical, more my thanks to the recorder for one of the Anchorage, AK 99503, (907) 274-0061. mobile, a better communicator, and less best written 'minutes' I have ever seen. Any other suggestions for lightening likely to have a specialized ego. And how about publishing the writer's these sometimes dark and dense pages? I like Edward Abbey's definition of a name? Now I'm really curious! Ramona Hussey ANPR Board of Directors Honolulu, Hawaii Most unsigned articles are written by Officers: the editor, as was the case with the board President Maureen Finnerty Everglades report. Thanks for the kind words. Vice President, East Laurie Coughlan Gettysburg Vice President, West Jim Tuck Rocky Mountain RO Editor: Secretary/Treasurer Fred Szarka Minute Man I recently discovered something that I Past President Dick Martin Wrangell - St. Elias think is not widely known and that might be of considerable interest to anyone who Regional Representatives: is actively applying on vacancy announce­ North Atlantic Bill Gibson Saratoga ments. Mid-Atlantic Mary Kimmitt Independence After the vacancy is filled (and you National Capital Rick Erisman C & O Canal didn't get it), you can make a Freedom of Southeast Ken Hulick Southeast RO Information Act request to get a copy of Midwest Tom Cherry Cuyahoga the register of eligibles that the park used Rocky Mountain Paul Broyles Wind Cave to fill the vacancy. Southwest Cliff Chetwin Carlsbad I recently did this through the Rocky West Steve Holder Golden Gate Mountain Regional Office to get a list for Pacific Northwest Gerry Tays North Cascades a vacancy from Canyonlands. Apparently Alaska Bryan Swift Denali it was the first time such a request had been made. They had to buck it up to Support: WASO for permission, but I did get Manager Debbie Trout Great Smokies the cert after someone finally made a Marketing John Chew Shenandoah decision. Editor, Ranger Bill Halainen Minute Man This has obvious advantages if you want to see who your competition is, and if you haven't given up on the idea of a Continued on page 22 2 RANGER: THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS

members or those attending their first President's Message Rendezvous. I have asked Mary Kimmitt, We are all very familiar with the major Mid-Atlantic regional representative, to RANGEThe lournal of the Association o( National ParRk Rangers objectives of our Association — "to com­ assist in planning and organizing this Vol. 1, No. 3 Summer 1985 municate for, about and with rangers." event. Since ANPR's inception in 1977, we have A further effort needs to be made to Ranger is a publication of the Associa­ done an increasingly better job in com­ reach out to these individuals and en­ tion of National Park Rangers, an organi­ municating "for and about" rangers, and thusiastically welcome them into the zation created to communicate for, about, perhaps not as good a job communicating organization. This responsibility lies not and with park rangers; to promote and "with rangers." only with the board, but with each and enhance the park ranger profession and its You are probably thinking to yourself every member of the Association. spirit; to support management and the — "How can she make that absurd state­ The Rendezvous program being as­ perpetuation of the National Park Ser­ ment?" Hasn't the Association through sembled by Walt Dabney is diverse and vice; and to provide a forum for social its officers and regional representatives should appeal to every segment of our enrichment. and journal had just the opposite effect? broad-based membership. One session in In so meeting these purposes, the Asso­ Haven't lines of communication opened particular should be of real interest to old ciation provides education and other up and improved? and new members alike. Rick Smith will training to develop and/or improve the Perhaps, but let's take a moment to be chairing a workshop on "the members' knowledge and skills of park rangers and look at those with whom we're communi­ responsibilities in ANPR." A similar those interested in the profession; pro­ cating. session was held at the tri-regional mini- vides a forum for discussion of common Many of us, if we're truly honest, find rendezvous at Shawnee Inn, Pennsylvan­ concerns of park rangers; and provides in­ ia, in March, and was deemed successful formation to the public. ourselves talking to a circle of friends and associates. It may be large or small, but by all who attended. It should provide Letters, comments and manuscripts it's likely to be comprised of individuals an excellent forum in which individuals should be sent to Bill Halainen, Editor, who don't change much from month to can express their views and comments on Ranger, RFD #2, 41 North Great Road, month or year to year. ANPR. Lincoln, MA 01773, (617) 259-0397. In public forums and in numerous The Association has made great strides Editorial guidelines are available upon re­ in recent years to expand and broaden its quest. Submissions should be typed and private conversations, the Association has been accused of being cliquish, of relying membership and now has attracted double-spaced and submitted in duplicate numerous members from the interpretive, when possible. on those already well-established in ANPR, and of making it difficult for new seasonal and management ranks, as well A membership/subscription form is members to feel part of the group. Those as those in protection. These individuals available on the inside back cover. If you of you who attended Rendezvous VIII in need to truly feel that they are an impor­ have moved since the last issue, please Bar Harbor will remember just such a tant part of ANPR. We all need to make send your old mailing label and new ad­ discussion during one of our business our best effort to make them feel part of dress to ANPR, Box 222, Yellowstone meetings. The criticism, in my view, has the team. I intend to make my best effort National Park, WY 82190. Include your some merit. — how about you? four letter park code and region. This situation is due, in part, to the ex­ Proofreading by Debby Szarka, Maureen Finnerty tremely rapid growth of ANPR — from Everglades Boston. Typesetting and layout by Zilka 32 members in 1977 to nearly 1400 today Evans. Printed by Concord Press, — and, in part, to a lack of awareness and PO Box 3338, Saxonville Station, effort by established members to reach Framingham, MA 01701. out to those who have newly joined or A Message to Our Readers who are not associated with the original Who Are Not Members core group. Table of Contents Lest I be accused of casting the first Unlike the Courier, Ranger receives no Editor's Notes 2 stone, let me assure you that I, too, have support from the Service — it is totally Letters 2 been justifiably criticized. A real effort is funded by members of the Association of President's Message 3 needed to ensure that the camaraderie en­ National Park Rangers. Over 500 free Washington Report 4 joyed by many is available to all, particu­ copies of each edition are sent to all parks All in the Family 5 larly in light of the fact that we have made and regional offices at the expense of the Features: such efforts to broaden and diversify our membership. We're pleased that many Interpreting War & Peace 6 membership ranks. non-members take advantage of the work Resource Management Perspective .. 9 In an effort to address this concern, we of the Association and are proud of the Leaving the Service 10 will be undertaking several initiatives at communications service we provide to the Hoofnagle 14 this year's Rendezvous. Registration agency as a whole. We invite each of you Field Reports 15 forms (there is one in this journal) ask in­ to consider joining the Association to Association Notes 17 dividuals to identify themselves as new make our support for the goals of the Work Groups 18 members or those attending their first system even stronger. Regional Reps Report 19 Rendezvous. Name tags will be color- Effective with the next issue of Ranger Tri-Regional Mini-Rendezvous 20 coded to identify board members, new (fall 1985), we will be suspending distribu­ members, and all other attendees, and the tion of complementary copies to the parks colors will be well publicized both before and regional offices. Those of you inter­ and during registration. I have asked all ested in receiving that and subsequent edi­ Cover photo: Rangers at Richmond Battlefield board members to spend some time at the tions will find a membership application dressed as Civil War artillery crew. Photo by registration desk, greeting both old and on the inside back cover of this issue. Richard Frear. new faces. Board of Directors On Friday, November first, the board will be hosting a reception for new 3 RANGER: THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS

7501 Sonoma Highway Whiteville, NC 28472 Washington Report Santa Rosa, CA 95405 Al Phillips Bill Orr, Director (919) 642-7141 Washington Office (707) 539-5210 Islands Community College Uniforms Memphis State University Law Enforcement Certificate Program Several new uniform items are or will Park Ranger Law Enforcement PO Box 490 soon be available, and there are prospects Training Program Sitka, AK 99835 for further additions this fall. Memphis, TN 38152 Dr. Richard Griffin The new items include: William O. Dwyer, Director Program Coordinator • a waist-length parka ($77), with a Department of Psychology (907) 747-6653 fabric color selected to coordinate (901) 454-2149 with the Class A and B uniforms, Vermillion Community College badge and name tag reinforcements, Everette Community College Law Enforcement/Criminal Justice and a hood sold separately for greater Seasonal Law Enforcement 1900 E. Camp Street uniform flexibility ($18); Training Program Ely, MN 55731-1996 • a Goretex overshell ($105) of the same 801 Wetmore Avenue Kevin F. Burke, Program Coordinator color, with both badge and name tag Everette, WA 98201 (218) 365-3256 reinforcements, side zippers for ac­ John E. Connor, Coordinator cess to law enforcement equipment, (206) 529-7151 Upon successful completion, graduates and a separately sold hood ($22); of these institutions are eligible for Hocking Technical College employment as seasonal law enforcement • hiking shorts ($23); Seasonal Law Enforcement rangers. • a ladies' low-heel dress shoe made by Training Program Any questions regarding the Seasonal Naturalizer ($34), which replaces the Route 1 current shoe. Law Enforcement Training Program may Nelsonville, OH 45764 be directed to Andrew Hutchison, NPS The shorts and shoes are available now, Russell Tippit, Program Manager Agency Representative, Federal Law En­ and the overshell and waist-length parka (614)753-3591 forcement Training Center, Glynco, GA will be ready by the end of July. The cur­ (FTS 230-2246 or (912) 267-2246) or R. rent parka will be deleted from the inven­ Slippery Rock University Flip Hagood, Chief, Division of Training tory, and will be replaced by a new one Seasonal Ranger Training (FTS 523-5280 or (202) 523-5280). with badge and name tag reinforcements Eisenberg Building this fall. Slippery Rock, PA 16507 Samples of the following items are cur­ Dr. William Shiner, Program Director Judicial rently being developed, and, if approved, (412) 794-7837 or 7503 Voyageurs Law Suit will also be available this fall: The Department of Interior lost a law­ • insulated and uninsulated 100 percent Cuyahoga Community College suit at Voyageurs which was filed by con­ cotton duck cloth overalls; Seasonal Ranger Training Western Campus servationists over the transfer of the • an insulated vest; thousand-acre Black Bay to the state of • Goretex wind/rain pants; 11000 Pleasant Valley Road Parma, OH 44130 Minnesota. About three years ago, over • Goretex gaiters; the objection of conservation organiza­ • Wellington boots; Stephen R. Dodd, Program Coordinator (216) 842-6565 tions, Congress granted the Department • an optional lightweight oxford; the authority to make this transfer in • a 100 percent wool balaclava; Arapahoe Community College order to allow waterfowl hunting. How­ • a black polypropylene turtleneck; and Seasonal Law Enforcement Training ever, in approving the transfer, former • dress gloves. 5900 South Santa Fe Drive Assistant Secretary of the Interior G. Ray Training Littleton, CO 80120 Arnett approved a state plan that allowed Donald E. Heller, Program Coordinator trapping. District Court Judge Robert The following is the current listing of (303) 797-5629 Renner ruled that this was illegal since certified institutions whose programs are Congress clearly intended that only water­ approved for training seasonal law en­ The following institutions are current­ fowl hunting was to be permitted in Black forcement personnel in the National Park ly being reviewed as possible future sites Bay. Service, and is presented for your infor­ for seasonal law enforcement training: mation: Alabama State University Congress Southwestern Technical College Department of Criminal Justice Legislation Western North Carolina Montgomery, AL 36195 Criminal Justice Training Dr. Nicholas Astone More than 15 park-related pieces of and Education Center (205) 293-4285 legislation have been introduced thus far PO Box 67 Texas Southern University in this session of Congress. Only a few of Sylva, NC 28779 Police and Security them have had hearings. The House John Riley, Coordinator 3100 Cleburne Avenue Interior Committee has already favorably Criminal Justice Training and Education Houston, TX 77004 reported on legislation to establish an (704) 586-4091 Fred Stansbury American Conservation Corps. Modeled after earlier conservation corps, this Assistant to the Vice President Santa Rosa Junior College legislation is expected to pass the House (713) 527-5700 Seasonal Law Enforcement but its fate in the Senate remains uncer­ Training Program Southeastern Community College tain. Northern California Criminal Justice Department of Natural Resources Continued on page 22 Training and Education System

4 RANGER: THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS

Greene, Will - from supervisory park Moore, Jane - from secretary, Golden All in the Family ranger, Independence, to park ranger, Gate, to park technician, same Fredericksburg/Spotsylvania Muller, Dan - from supervisory park Ranger will be reporting transfers, Hamilton, Chet - from historian, Cuya­ ranger, Everglades, to same, George departures from the Service and retire­ hoga, to retirement Washington Memorial Parkway ments in each issue. Entries should be Hand, Dan - from supervisory park Ohlfs, Jeff - from seasonal, Crater Lake, typed or clearly printed and contain all ranger, Jefferson National Expansion, to USDA Office of Inspector General, essential information (particularly correct to same, Coulee Dam San Francisco name spellings). Send to: Editor, Ranger, Henderson, Eugene - from park techni­ Olsen, Einar - from park technician, RFD #2, Lincoln, MA 01773. cian, Carlsbad Caverns, to same, George Washington Memorial Park­ Adams, Brian - from supervisory park William Howard Taft way, to environmental protection technician, George Washington Me­ Henry, B. William - from supervisory specialist, Federal Energy Regulatory morial Parkway, to same, C&O Canal park ranger, Fort Larned, to park Commission Alvarado, Pete - from park aid, Carls­ ranger, Jefferson National Expansion Osborne, Margaret - from management bad Caverns, to Department of Energy, Hiett, Kathy - from park technician, assistant, George Washington Memor­ Amarillo, Texas NCP-Central, to same, Wolf Trap Farm ial Parkway, to supervisory park techni­ Armstrong, Bob - from superintendent, Hooyboer, James - from planning and cian, C&O Canal Ninety Six, to assistant chief, division park analysis, Midwest Regional Padilla, Wanda - from park technician, of park protection, visitor services and Office, to chief of visitor services, Fort Mesa Verde, to same, Carlsbad Caverns science, Southeast Regional Office Larned Parsons, Barbara - from park ranger, Babos, Lydia - from Yosemite to contract Hulick, Ken - from chief of interpretation Carlsbad Caverns, to resignation specialist, Carlsbad Caverns and resource management, Chattahoo­ Parsons, Roger - from park technician, Banta, Diane - from park tech, Jefferson chee, to chief, branch of resource Carlsbad Caverns, to administrative National Expansion, to same, management and visitor protection, assistant, Mount Rainier Cuyahoga Southeast Regional Office Pauley, Janice R. - from park ranger, Blair, Oakley - from subdistrict ranger, James, Kate - from secretary, Gateway, Independence, to same, Big Bend Glacier, to law enforcement specialist, to same, Golden Gate Phillips, Gordon - from park technician, Everglades Jefferson, Christopher - from mainte­ Indiana Dunes, to resignation Boyd, Maxine - from superintendent, nance worker, George Washington Piazza, Ken - from park technician, William Howard Taft, to retirement Memorial Parkway, to park technician, Petrified Forest, to same, Golden Gate Brende, Ray - from supervisory park same Rayburn, Ella - from park ranger, Peters­ ranger, Homestead, to unit manager, Kelly, Marta - from park technician, burg, to historian, William Howard Jean Lafitte Indiana Dunes, to supervisory park Taft Burgoon, Bob - from supervisory park ranger, same Smith, Rick - from supervisory park ranger, Independence, to same, Ever­ Kelly, Ray- from park technician, George ranger, Golden Gate, to same, Arizona glades Washington Memorial Parkway, to Memorial Cann, Kevin - from building and utilities investigator, Defense Investigative Smith, Shirwin - from public information foreman, Carlsbad Caverns, to facility Service officer, Golden Gate, to resignation manager, same Knuth, Judy - from park technician, Smith, Steve - to assistant superintendent, Canzanelli, Linda - from park manager, Colonial, to same, Cuyahoga Big South Fork Jean Lafitte, to interpretive specialist, Lea, Chris - from park ranger, Indepen­ Stalker, Bill - from park technician, Gateway dence, to same, C&O Canal Carlsbad, to Montana State, Butte, D'Amico-Hall, Elaine - from chief Lidfors, Kate - from park historian, Montana ranger, C&O Canal, to Northwestern Apostle Islands, to historian, Alaska Stewart, Barbara - from park tech, Cuya­ School of Law of Lewis and Clark Regional Office hoga, to "the great unknown job mar­ College Leitle, Larie - from park technician, ket", Yorktown, Virginia Daum, Robert - from lead park techni­ Wilson's Creek, to retirement Tays, Gerry - from district manager, cian, Indiana Dunes, to park ranger, Lynch, Patrick - from park ranger, North Cascades, to assistant super­ same George Washington Memorial Park­ intendent, Shenandoah Fene, Kim - from chief, branch of re­ way, to natural resource management Thomas, Paul - from park ranger, George source management and visitor protec­ trainee, Fire Island Washington Memorial Parkway, to tion, Southeast Regional Office, to Marek, Marie - from supervisory park park ranger, Virgin Islands chief of interpretation and resource ranger, Cuyahoga, to resignation Thompson, Jimbo - from park techni­ management, Chattahoochee Martinez-Towers, Norah - from park cian, Boston, to park ranger, Statue of Foreman, L. Mac - from supervisory park technician, Padre Island, to same, Liberty/Ellis Island ranger, San Juan Island, to land Golden Gate Van Zoeren, Thomas - from park techni­ management specialist, Coulee Dam May, Larry A. - from assistant super­ cian, Saint Croix, to same, Sleeping Frank, Mitzi - from seasonal lead park intendent, Indiana Dunes, to deputy Bear Dunes technician, Teddy Roosevelt, to park superintendent, Gateway Weber, Sandra - from supervisory park technician, Upper Delaware River McGill, Sue - from motor vehicle opera­ ranger, George Washington Memorial Frye, Steve - from supervisory park tor, Carlsbad Caverns, to maintenance Parkway, to historian, WASO ranger, North Cascades, to district mechanic foreman, same Weckesser, Wendy - from park techni­ ranger, Old Faithful, Yellowstone Meyer, Michael J. - from park ranger, cian, Tuzigoot, to same, Golden Gate Gorman, Jim - from park ranger, Morris- Lake Mead, to assistant district Zwetzig, Leo - from supervisory park town, to supervisory park ranger, ranger/law enforcement specialist, ranger, Mt. Rushmore, to resignation Minute Man Lassen Zwetzig, Odette - from administrative Green, Joseph - from park technician, Monk, Susan - from Midwest Archae­ officer, Mt. Rushmore, to same, Virgin Harpers Ferry, to safety officer, Indi­ ological Center to historian, Apostle Islands ana Dunes Islands 5 RANGER: THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS

lution, higher prices and demographic generation of Americans, to whom Viet Interpreting War change. Yet war also has been shown to Nam is history and World War II is an­ enhance national solidarity and com­ cient history, cannot be reminded, for and Peace munity spirit, improve technology, medi­ they do not remember. They must be en­ Gary E. Machlis cine, and some forms of trade, and stimu­ lightened as to the impacts of war. Effec­ University of Idaho late social change. tive interpretation, as Freeman Tilden In addition, many nations fight the described it, can help the public acknowl­ Two of the most important and com­ bellum justum or "just war" to protect edge the civilian suffering and sacrifice mon topics that rangers in the National cherished values — the very underpin­ associated with war. Park Service must interpret are those of nings of a society. In the 1967 Mideast Interpreting peace also has several peace and war. War, Israeli soldiers liberated the Wailing benefits. Of principle consequence is that The Service now manages over 50 war- Wall in Qld Jerusalem with prayers and interpreting peace illustrates its possi­ related sites, one the largest such inven­ thanks to God; similarly, Egyptian bility. The Rush-Bagot Treaty of 1817, tories in the world, and interpreters at soldiers liberated parts of the Sinai in which demilitarized the Great Lakes, has these areas communicate to large numbers 1973 with cries of "Allah is Great!" and been successful for 167 years, and several of visitors — 1.29 million at Gettysburg in prayers. Canadian and American communities 1984 alone. periodically celebrate its signing. Inter­ And, in addition to this historical How Important Is Interpreting preting peace also illustrates its difficulty, focus, the issues of peace and war have a Peace and War? such as the struggles of the League of Na­ larger relevance as two of the most crucial With the documented history of wars tions after World War I. These efforts for issues of our age. We need only think of and the immensity of their destruction, peace offer interpretive opportunities — the two world wars in this century, the ter­ most would agree that, given the protec­ the European home of the League, for ex­ rifying arms race between the super­ tion of cherished values, war is bad and ample, even now remains unrestored and powers, and the struggles in Central peace is good. Why then, should inter­ largely unvisited. And, of course, inter­ America, Afghanistan, Lebanon, the preters interpret peace and war to the preting peace may remind the public of its Persian Gulf and elsewhere for confirma­ public? value, benefits and pleasures. tion of this point of view. Interpreting war has several benefits. It seems clear, therefore, that both What is the relationship among inter­ First, it helps us understand wars origins. peace and war need interpreting, and that preters, interpretation, and the issues of At the outbreak of World War I, the ex- such work is of special significance. peace and war? What are interpreters do­ chancellor of Germany, Prince Von ing in the Service and elsewhere, and what Builow, asked his successor, "How did it What Are Intepreters Doing? are the implications of their efforts? This all happen?" The new exchancellor re­ Examples (not all from the national paper will examine the bases for inter­ plied, "Ah, if we only knew." Interpreta­ park system) can illustrate the diversity of pretation of these issues, some current ef­ tion can help us know. interpreters' approaches to war and forts and trends, and suggest some alter­ Interpreting war also commemorates peace. At Auschwitz, the Nazi concentra­ natives for the future. the sacrifice of those who gave their lives tion camp in Poland, the barracks and in combat. The major battlefields of the creamatoria are starkly preserved, and Overview Civil War were preserved largely for this photographs are used to communicate War has always been a part of human purpose. Foresta, in America's National what happened there. At the Arizona history, though the scale of such conflict Parks and Their Keepers, writes: Memorial, visitors, many of them has steadily risen. Norman Cousins has These preserved battlefields carried Japanese, take a short but moving boat estimated that between 3600 B.C. and the great emotional and symbolic weight trip out to the sunken battleship. At present — 5,600 years — there have only in late 19th century America, com­ Blaine, Washington, a peace arch com­ been 292 years of world-wide peace. His memorating as they did, the deaths memorates the long, open border between guess is that there have been at least 3 Vi and personal sacrifices of the nation's the United States and Canada, yet is most­ billion war dead, a number equal to ap­ most traumatic military conflict. ly visited for its beautiful gardens and proximately 80 percent of the current Veterans from every state returned to picnic areas. world population. them by the thousands for massive Sometimes visits to such areas can be War has several impacts beyond the reunion encampments on the anni­ especially poignant and revealing. The death of soldiers and civilians. These in­ versaries of the battles fought there. American newspaper columnist Richard clude increased disease, general malnutri­ Reeves recently visited France's Fort Modern sites, like the Viet Nam Veterans tion, destruction of habitat, increased pol- 35/3, a monument to soldiers who fought Memorial in Washington, D.C., have on both sides of the Maginot line. He similar, dramatic impacts upon visitors, wrote: especially veterans. Dr. Machlis is a professor at the Univer­ Interpreting war can help us in prepar­ I stopped, too, at the American sity of Idaho. He has conducted research ing for future wars. Originally, many of cemetery . . . where 6,012 Americans related to the national parks for over a the battlefield sites now managed by the killed in World War I are buried. The decade — studying such topics as family National Park Service were established by cemetery, beautiful in its setting and camping, children's interpretation, the War Department, and one of their in­ symmetry as the last resting place of foreign tourists, backcountry users and tended uses was for the study of strategy men like Carey and Cohen, receives employees. From 1981 to 1985, he served by young officers. Some sites are still used almost no visitors anymore. as co-editor of the Journal of Interpreta­ this way, serving a research function not "I wonder why," I said. "You'd tion. He recently co-edited On Interpreta­ unlike wilderness areas serve in the study think their grandchildren would tion: Sociology for Interpreters of Natural of ecosystems. come now." "They never had grandchildren," and Cultural History, published by Finally, interpreting war can help com­ said my wife. "That's what war is Oregon State University Press, 1984. His municate its consequences. The personal about." next book, dealing with threats to parks horrors of war require interpretation for around the world, will be published by citizens who have little or no experience of Westview Press late in 1985. military violence and invasion. A new 6 RANGER: THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS

Other examples reflect different preserve an unpleasant part of American would be a description of the campaign priorities. At Gettysburg, many visitors history. Only recently, Congress re­ for Vicksburg during the Civil War. The are attracted to the large electric map, and quested that the Service study sites related third theme focuses on the techniques of never visit the actual battlefield. Several to the War in the Pacific, and, this year, war. These include weaponry, encamp­ years ago, the Air and Space Museum in the Manzanar War Relocation Center near ments, defensive equipment, and fort Washington, D.C., had an interactive Lone Pine, California, was made an architecture, as well as the interpretation exhibit on the then-unfinished cruise historic landmark. of combat conditions, daily life on the missile — wherein the visitor could push a Hence, exceptions exist. Roger Starr of home front, and so forth. The fourth ex­ button, send a missile on its way to a the New York Times has written about one amines the wider impacts of the confron­ target, and presumably walk away sup­ such exception: tation — social, political, economic, and porting the Administration's position on environmental. Nations usually erect battlefield its importance in the country's defense. In monuments to celebrate glorious vic­ The interpretive program at a war- Viet Nam, the North Vietnamese quickly tories. It is with no small pride that related site may need to be balanced, and developed a war museum in Ho Chi Minh the visitor discovers a very different deal with causes, events, techniques and City (formerly Saigon), complete with and much more credible motive for a impacts, as well as their relationships. To G.I.'s dog tags, interpretive displays on national monument near the small learn about the complex causes of the shooting down American helicopters, and Montana town of Wisdom. The gov­ Civil War without understanding specific a bean-bag toss where schoolchildren can ernment has erected a monument battlefield events is an abstraction of win candy for hitting Uncle Sam. here to acknowledge its own mis­ minimal interest to the visitor. But a focus And, in some cases interpretation (or understanding of what settlers really on the techniques of war (such as hew to the lack of it) reflects the powerful needed. . . . It's a rare thing in the fire a cannon) without a complementing cultural politics of war and peace. Some history of the white man's dealings interpretation of its impacts can reduce Park Service areas, such as Fort Laramie with the red man, this willingness to the importance of an historic site visit to and Fort Bowie, served as centers of oper­ admit error that is not far from an engineering lesson. Balancing inter­ ation against Native Americans; others wisdom. pretive themes may be the best assurance reflect direct military engagement, such as of having a balanced interpretive message. Big Hole National Battlefield. Joseph And, of course, there are the many How are sites in the national park Meeker, in his essay "Red, White and other battlesites, the state and local battle system interpreted? Other than the 1972 Black in the National Parks", offers this re-creations that are popular tourist at­ Part One of the National Park System criticism: tractions, black powder demonstrations, Plan: History, there is little systematic living history programs and so forth. Many of the parks specifically data. To gain a general overview, the of­ glorify the white conquest over In­ Four Themes for Interpreting ficial park brochures for 50 military sites, dians or commemorate the white ap­ War and Peace battlefields and monuments were examin­ ed. The brochures vary in age and detail, propriation of Indian lands. Even the There seem to be four major themes few preserved Indian victories are but give a reasonable indication of the that commonly appear in the interpreta­ major themes addressed at each site. The monuments to white dominance, as tion of war. at Custer Battlefield, where it is following table is based on a careful The first concerns the underlying causes reading of each brochure- shown how the Indians won the bat­ of a particular struggle, such as the tle while losing the war. westward expansion of whites into the In Distribution of Sites At Tulelake, California, site of one of dian territories in the 1800's. The second by Brochure Themes the camps where Japanese-Americans deals with the events of a battle, campaign Themes A 'umber of Sites %• were interred during WWII, there has or war — troop movements, the chronol­ been in the past little effort to restore and ogy of combat, and so forth. An example Causes 14 28 Events 47 94 Techniques 20 40 Impacts 12 24

•The totals do not add to 100 because many brochures deal with more than one theme.

The table shows that almost all (94 per­ cent) the brochures for war-related sites deal with events, and a large number (40 percent) deal with techniques. Fewer treat causes and impacts as major themes. While brochures certainly do not reflect the full range of interpretive messages of­ fered visitors, the table illustrates how dif­ ficult it can be to interpret certain facets of war. What Are the Consequences of Current Efforts? First, a deep understanding of patriotic sacrifice can be gained by the visitor at places like Morristown and Valley Forge. As Freeman Tilden tells the visitor in the Fred R. Bell/NFS A ranger at Richmond Battlefield interprets the events of one of the several Civil War battles Colonial National Historic Park bro­ commemorated by that park. chure, ". . . it is your history." Second, 7 RANGER: THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS the brutality of war can be communi­ pageantry of war. Governments and spon­ tue of its leadership in managing military cated, sensitively and realistically, as at soring agencies, as well as the public, sites. Training programs at the university Andersonville National Historic Site. sometimes have strong opinions and may and agency level could include material on There are numerous examples throughout control the treatment of historic sites by the topic. the national park system of war being in­ interpreters. Some research may be needed. For ex­ terpreted with such care and thought- Hence, interpreters must seriously ample, studies of interpretation's impact fulness. And, clearly, military events and reflect on what they intend to accomplish upon environmental values are common, strategies can be studied with special in­ when they interpret war or peace. As a yet we know surprisingly little about the sight at the actual sites of such battles. profession, the dilemmas of enlightening impact of historical interpretation upon Yet other consequences exist. Warfare the public without romanticizing the sub­ visitor's values and attitudes toward war. can often be romanticized. Bloodless re­ ject should be addressed. We can expect What if it can be found that a visit to a creations of battles (either performed or some controversy as this is done. battlefield changes a visitor's attitude displayed) can distort the verity of war What else might we do? There is a good toward war, one way or another? What if and make it difficult for visitors to have a deal of scholarly literature on peace and the interpretation had no impact at all? realistic view of history. Emphasis on war, and this literature can help inter­ Either finding has implications for inter­ soldiers and battle scenes often slights the preters put their site-specific efforts in a preting war and peace. Interpreters can role of home life and women. The mani­ broader context. encourage such studies by cooperating cured and serene environments of most The classic study of war is Quincy with local and regional universities, whose sites disguise the ecological damage that Wright's 1942/1 Study of War. It contains graduate students continually search for was a consequence of struggles which detailed statistics and outlines of histori­ important topics for their thesis work. took place there. cal, economic, social and political ap­ Interpretation can also further the mili­ proaches to understanding how and why Conclusion tarization of public life. Interpretation war occurs. John F. Kennedy's 1963 summer speech can be used, as in the Air and Space A more modern volume is Beer's 1979 at American University is largely ignored Museum, to alter public opinion regard­ Peace Against War: The Ecology of Inter­ now in this era of Cold War rhetoric and ing the military, warfare, and other national Violence. An introductory text military build-up. His speech called for an peoples (whether this is good or bad is a American Academy of Peace, where different issue). In some cases it can young Americans could study the skills of glorify conquest and combat. The very ef­ peacemaking. He said: fectiveness of some programs may make I realize that the pursuit of peace is war intriguing or attractive. not as dramatic as the pursuit of war, What We Might Do and frequently the words of the pur­ suer fall on deaf ears. But we have no I have suggested that interpreters are more urgent task. sometimes negligent in the care with which they interpret peace and war. The In this hopeful yet dangerous age, Ken­ harder, more difficult issue is what to do nedy's plea underscores the need for inter­ about it. preters to reconsider how they interpret Self-reflection is needed on these issues. peace and war. There are difficulties in interpreting Bibliography peace; it is often perceived by interpreters Beer, Francis A. 1981. Peace against war: as vague, complex, and having little enter­ The ecology of international violence. tainment appeal. Interpretive sites appro­ George Price San Francisco: W.H. Freeman Co. priate for interpreting peace (such as Revolutionary War reenactor at Morristown Cottrell, William. F. 1972. "Men cry Perry's Victory and the International peace," in Technology, man and prog­ Peace Memorial) are harder to find than on many college campuses, it takes the ap­ ress, pp. 133-185. Columbus: Charles E. those focusing on war. Legal mandates, proach that international violence can Merrill. legislative intent, local politics and a best be understood by a systematic study Foresta, Ronald A. 1984. America's na­ manager's own political views may also of its causes, similar to the way epidemiol­ tional parks and their keepers, Wash­ make such interpretation hard to estab­ ogists study disease. It is balanced, full of ington, D.C.: Resources for the Future, lish. facts and figures, deal extensively with p. 129. The four themes previously described peace and peace treaties, and has an ex­ Meeker, Joseph W. 1984. "Red, white for interpreting war may also prove useful haustive bibliography. and black in the national parks." to the interpretation of peace. The events A third recommendation is Fred Cot- Machlis, Gary E., and Donald R. Field, of peace (say the ending of World War II) trell's unique essay "Men Cry Peace." On interpretation: Sociology for inter­ can be interpreted along with the tech­ Cottrell outlines a science of peace, and preters of natural and cultural history, niques of peace (the drawing up of peace suggests its value to modern societies. pp. 127-137. Corvallis: Oregon State treaties, enforcement of conditions and so Park libraries may want to purchase or University Press. forth). Similar arguments can be made for borrow these books, and interpreters Reeves, Richard. 1984. "Monuments to the causes and impacts of peace. ought to read them carefully. the horrors of war." Syndicated editorial There are also difficulties in inter­ Interpreters need to openly discuss and in The Idahonian, Moscow, Idaho, n.d. preting war, precisely because it is so emo­ debate the issue of how to interpret peace Starr, Roger. 1983. "Not far from tionally powerful, exciting and politically and war. Perhaps a national conference or wisdom." Editorial in New York Times, charged. There continues a tradition of in­ regional meetings on these themes would August 10, 1983. terpreting war from the "great man" or help to sensitize interpreters and air the United States Department of Interior, Na "battle scene" point of view. The tech­ wide range of opinions, some strongly tional Park Service. 1972. Part One of niques of war hold our fascination. Some held on interpreting war and peace. The the National Park System Plan: History. interpreters have personal, vested interests National Park Service (or its interpreters) Washington, D.C.: Government Print­ in interpreting the glory, color and should help organize such efforts by vir­ ing Office.

8 RANGER: THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS

work themselves, nor do they usually take The need for a generally expanded Ser- Resource anything away from anyone. What they vicewide resource management program is Management hopefully do is add a new level of exper­ long overdue. There should be no doubt tise to the operation that will facilitate the in our minds that if the parks are to sur­ Tomorrow: development of a more professional and vive, the integrity of the resources cannot responsive program. be sacrificed or jeopardized in favor of A Perspective It is true that some large parks have more highly visible visitor service pro­ formed resource management divisions grams. It has been and hopefully will con­ David A. Haskell that are separate from the visitor protec­ tinue to be the intent of Congress that the Shenandoah tion/services operations. This may or may mission of the Park Service is first to pre­ There has been some discussion lately in not be the most effective way to organize serve and protect and secondly to serve the Service about "over-specialization" in resource management in all large parks. In the public. Countless park managers, the ranger profession. This concern, all cases, the type of organization should starting with Stephen P. Mather, have which has been mentioned at least twice in be determined by actual need. If there is a placed their jobs on the line to assure that recent issues of Ranger, was apparently demonstrated need for a large and very this guiding philosophy remains unchang­ triggered by the advent of the first natural specialized resource management pro­ ed. Let us all hope that managers of this resource management training program in gram, then a separate division may be the caliber will continue at the helm in the 1983, and has become even more apparent best way to assure program quality and future, for we surely will need their leader­ since the second training session was continuity. However, if the magnitude of ship. launched in December 1984. Over the past a need is not evident, then it will usually Public use needs must of course be con­ year, numerous rangers have commented be counter-productive to form such an sidered, and only the most naive would to me that there are fears that their tradi­ organization. What works well in one fail to recognize that politics often affect tional role in resource management will be park may not necessarily be the answer for management decisions concerning re­ usurped by these specialists and they will another area. source management. There are, however, then only be involved in visitor protection In a park with moderate resource man­ many voices speaking for visitor use; if operations. agement needs, a better organization park management does not speak with a Actually, the specialization issue in­ might be to have a staff specialist who loud and clear voice for the proper and ef­ volves many fields, not just resource works under the superintendent or chief fective management of resources, then management. We have rangers who are ranger. This person develops and coordi­ who will? law enforcement or visitor protection nates the resource management program, If I may be so bold, I would like to put specialists and others who are mountain which, ideally, is then carried out by all in a plug for a cooperative, unified effort rescue or river specialists. It is plain that park divisions. Small park areas that do among all park divisions to identify re­ resource management specialists are not not have any severe resource problems source problems, become involved in for­ the only specialists in the Service. may not need their own specialists. The mulating the solutions, and implementing chief ranger, chief of I&RM, or others can In order to best demonstrate how a needed actions. Whether you be a superin­ be trained to accomplish the needed pro­ resource management specialist should fit tendent, chief ranger, chief of resource grams with technical support from their into an organization, we should examine management, chief of I&RM, or resource regional office. the ways in which other specialists have management specialist, it's important to been brought into park operations. Whatever the individual park needs or recognize that one person cannot do the Let's take for instance, a staff visitor current organization, one thing is certain job alone. The time is well past due for all protection specialist. This person may — both natural and cultural resources park operations to begin taking an active facilitate, develop, or coordinate the management programs, carried out in a role in the management and protection of park's visitor protection program and scientific and highly professional manner, the very resources for which the parks serve as an advisor to the chief ranger or are important today and will become criti­ were established. superintendent. The objective is the devel­ cal in the future. I strongly feel that the Association of opment of a better and more professional So these new kids on the block, these National Park Rangers can have a mean­ program. The same scenario goes for a resource management specialists and the ingful impact on accomplishing the goals staff interpretive specialist, a fire manage­ training program of which they are a of the Service. I hope the views I have ex­ ment specialist, and so forth. product, should not be viewed with suspi­ pressed are shared by others. These new The purpose of these positions is to cion or apprehension. If they are properly resource management trainees will have meet the management needs of the park in incorporated into existing park organiza­ difficult tasks to perform, and will need a more competent and professional man­ tions, then the net result should be a everyone's help and support. In return, ner. In most cases, the positions evolved heightened awareness of resource issues, a they must realize that others of us don't because of a recognized need for addition­ more comprehensive resource manage­ just work here, but love the parks, and al expertise that was not available or could ment program, and an obvious difference want to, need to, and insist on being in­ not be derived from the existing staff of in the field management of park volved in this most important aspect of field "generalist" rangers. These special­ resources. park management; and that the rest who ists do not go out and do all of the field The small amount of resource manage­ draw NPS paychecks must be dragged ment field work done by the generalist along, kicking and screaming, until they ranger in the past should increase. It is a join this effort. Dave Haskell is the resource manage­ waste of valuable knowledge and often ment specialist at Shenandoah. During his organizational "suicide" to exclude these 16-year career in the Service, he has been people from the implementation of re­ involved in interpretation, maintenance, source management projects. In fact, the historic preservation, visitor protection wise resource management specialist or and resource management, which has chief of resource management should en­ "aided him in developing an approach to list the assistance of all park divisions sound resource management which in­ in the carrying out of essential park volves all park divisions." programs. 9 RANGER: THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS

attempt was made to develop a sampling number 1, 3, 5 and 11 also noted the Leaving the Service: that would accurately mirror the agency's hours of training that they undertook employee profile, as it proved fairly dif­ on their own time; those figures — An Initial Inquiry ficult just to get accurate forwarding 812, 338, 300 and 200, respectively — into Current Trends addresses. Most of those surveyed, are included in their total hours); however, had been in the 025 or 026 • respondents 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 12 and 13 Bill Halainen series, which was somewhat inevitable indicated that they are on career Minute Man (though appropriate) because most of the ladders; names were supplied by their former col­ • job titles are abbreviated as follows: No matter where you work in the leagues who are presently members of the CI - criminal investigator, SA - National Park Service or what social func­ Association. special agent, EPS - environmental tion or training session it is that you're As of this writing, 20 usable replies had protection specialist, ORS - outdoor attending, all conversations among been returned. The low response (just recreation specialist, LES - law en­ employees seem to touch at least once on over one in three) may partly be due to the forcement specialist; the issue of morale. And nearly every dis­ shakiness of some addresses, or perhaps • agency abbreviations are as follows: cussion or morale seems to lead to an ex­ to some lingering ill-feelings toward the GSA - General Services Administra­ change similar to the following: Service. But the questionnaires that did tion, DEA - Drug Enforcement Ad­ "You heard about Bob, didn't you?" come back made up in quality what the ministration, USF&W - US Fish and "No. What happened to him?" survey lacked in quantity. Without excep­ Wildlife, DIS - Defense Investigative "He finally packed it in and left the tion, respondents were extremely open Service, EPA - Environmental Pro­ Service." and articulate about their thoughts and tection Agency, VSP - Vermont State "Yeah? Well, I'm not surprised. Seems feelings. Police. all too common a happening these days." Although most were willing to be The reader may draw his or her own quoted by name, a cover letter with the conclusions from this brief overview, but So the conversations go. The talk survey promised anonymity, and anon­ there are a few points worth mentioning around this extended family of ours is that ymous they shall remain. Before examin­ because of their bearing on subsequent the phenomenon of numerous people leav­ ing some of their comments, a brief look comments. ing the agency is unprecedented in both at the former employees' Service-related Most of the respondents had law en­ scope and degree. profiles is in order. forcement as a main job in the Service, But is this in fact the case? If there is a Six of the respondents were women; the and have since gone on to similar, career- trend of some kind, who is it affecting and rest men. Their last reported parks or ladder positions in other agencies. All but to what extent? Is the Service suffering in offices were widely distributed — Mid- four respondents never advanced beyond any way? What reasons do people have Atlantic region led with six, followed by GS-6, despite an average of just over 66 for moving on? And what has the Park West (five), North Atlantic (three), months (five years, six months) in the Service lost with their departure? National Capital and Midwest (two each), agency. All but one had a degree, and This article will take an initial and very and Southeast and Southwest (one each). three had Masters. And most had hun­ preliminary look at this problem. It is not Cumulatively, the 20 had worked season­ dreds and hundreds of hours of training. meant to be either an exhaustive or a def­ ally or permanently in over 40 units of the The degree of training becomes readily initive analysis; rather, it is a first look at system, including every type of site from apparent when looking at the certifica­ a problem that is on everyone's minds, big western parks to small eastern histori­ tions held by this group of people: but has not yet been documented or dis­ cal sites. Law enforcement commission ... 13 cussed in print. It is being written with the The table on the next page gives a Criminal investigator 3 intent of bringing the issues involved into breakdown of Park Service grades and Firearms instructor 3 better light, thereby giving impetus pay, series, length of employment, train­ Breathalyzer operator 3 (if needed) to further discussion and ing and education, and current pay and EMT (includes paramedics) 13 examination. positions. A few explanatory comments Advanced first aid 3 The original idea was to survey a on them: Standard first aid 1 number of ex-employees and write up the • "N/A" means not applicable, and CPR 15 findings, but, as research progressed, it a dash means no information was Advanced first aid instructor 2 turned out that Andy Hutchison, the Ser­ given; CPR instructor 6 vice's representative at the Federal Law • the "specialty" column lists the Red card (as high as sector boss) .. 7 Enforcement Training Center, and Bob respondents self-described jobs — SCUBA 1 Byrne, chief ranger at Independence, had "VS" is visitor services, "VP" is Structural fire fighting 2 undertaken similar investigations of the visitor protection, "I" is interpreta­ Defensive driving instructor 1 problem. As the focuses and findings of tion, "RM" is resource management, SAR instructor 1 all three surveys proved to be similar, it and "P" is professional; Respondents were also asked to list was decided to include all three in the • "NPS months" includes months as awards they had received while in the Ser­ general overview which follows. both seasonal and permanent; vice. Six were distinguished graduates in • in order to make pay at departure the basic course at FLETC and two of The Ranger Survey and current pay more comparable, these were also distinguished graduates of In March and early April of this year, pay at departure is given in 1985 the criminal investigator's school. There Ranger sent out questionnaires to 56 dollars; were eleven recipients of special achieve­ former employees of the Park Service. No • where respondents did not give grade ment, merit or incentive awards. One had and step, the pay given is the amount received a personal letter of commenda­ appropriate to their time in grade; tion from Director Dickenson. Bill Halainen is a ranger at Minute Man • respondents occasionally estimated The survey then asked that the former who has long been concerned about the their training hours, but most actu­ employees answer a number of questions loss of top quality employees from the ally totalled the hours from their about the Park Service and their reasons Service's ranks. most current SF-171 (respondents for leaving. Space limitations make it im- 10 RANGER: THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS possible to do justice to all their answers, cies with enforcement authority employ The esprit de corps of the base level which, as noted before, were uniformly the 1811 investigator series. (GS-5) rangers got me through most of the thoughtful, articulate and emotional. A "It was evident to me that any upward bad times. I miss the caliber of the people representative sampling will instead be mobility was severely limited," said one in the Service." given. former employee who is now a special An attorney, who left because she The first question asked the respond­ agent in Fish and Wildlife, "not only wanted "a career and a craft" and be­ ents why they left the Service, and, as by the [Service's] structure, but also cause political decision-making was ren­ might be imagined, produced the longest because I chose to believe the resource and dering her work as a planner "superflu­ responses. visitor were not getting their fair share of ous", said that she had no regrets but that Fully 17 of the 20 polled referred to the protection." "the Park Service was a very special lack of career advancement as a primary Another spoke of the "fence-sitting at­ place" which she remembered "extremely reason for leaving the agency, and almost titude of many . . . managers toward ef­ fondly." all of these also cited the associated prob­ fective law enforcement and protection of "The job that I loved doing was being a lems of low pay and restricted geographic park resources." seasonal ranger," she added, "and mobility. Beyond these career and pay issues, re­ nothing else ever came close to that." One former ranger, who left after al­ spondents most commonly alluded to dis­ "I still miss the Park Service," said most seven years in the Service as a GS-4 crimination against females in enforce­ another. "I flirt occasionally with return­ and 5 in protection, said that the decision ment, lack of appreciation for the skills of ing as a weekend/intermittent ranger, to depart hinged on the "realization that field rangers ("I was tired of being treated which I may one day do. I miss the an insufficient number of positions were like a child," said one ranger with a uniform, the philosophy, the commitment available for too many exceptionally master's and four years in the field), and my friends and co-workers." qualified people." supervisory deviation from Service Said a fourth: "I believed in the Service "Over the period of years," he con­ policies and mission, conflicts with and its mission and believed I was a valu­ tinued, "[I had] drained all of my per­ management, and the bureaucratization able asset. But I could not afford person- sonal monetary resources attempting to of the agency. nally to stay. The Park Service lost a tre­ maintain my family financially against "[My] career became one solid desk mendous amount of expertise and ex­ overwhelming increasing costs of living, job, with the emphases on justifications, perience which they could have retained with no hope of a future [in the Service]." deadlines, CYA, and resolving personal/ [had there been] positions into which I His feelings were echoed by most of the personnel problems," said one former could have moved." respondents who were in lower-graded ranger who was a GS-6 when he left. "I The third question asked respondents if positions. actually came to enjoy my drive to and they'd ever consider returning to the Ser­ "I felt that my chances for promotion from the office so that I could at least see vice, and, if so, under what conditions. and a subsequent increase in material well- the park on a daily basis." Sixteen said they'd like to come back if being were slim," said another former The next question asked if those conditions changed; only four answered GS-5 who left after seven years in grade. surveyed regretted leaving the Service, with an absolute no. "A corollary to this was that I felt my and if so, why. Over half would have pre­ As would be expected, the conditions chances of rising to a position high ferred to have stayed, and even a majority which would have to be changed were the enough to affect even immediate local of those who professed "no regrets" ad­ same ones that most of them listed as area policy were slim. [I was] unable to mitted to missing the parks, their reasons for leaving — improved career live in America's third wealthiest county dedicated former co-workers, and their mobility, better pay, more attention to on a GS-5/3 [salary]." former jobs. employee needs, adoption of the 1811 Several felt that upward mobility would "I studied and worked 12 years to series of law enforcment and so forth. have been better if the Service had taken a become an NPS ranger," said one re­ One GS-11 with 20 years experience more professional attitude toward law en­ spondent. "That's all I ever wanted to do. who now runs a retail nursery garden forcement, noting that most other agen­ center summed up the thoughts of many

Survey Respondent Profile Date NPS Hours Respondent Left Specialty Months Grade Series Pay Degree Training Grade Pay Job/Agency 1 1/85 VP 83 GS-5/3 025 $15,300 BA 1,290 N/A N/A N/A 2 10/84 vs 63 GS-5 026 $15,300 BA 660 — — Ranger, California 3 2/85 vs 74 GS-5/4 026 $15,800 BA 766 — $35/day Substitute teacher 4 10/84 VP 66 GS-5/3 025 $15,300 BA 702 GS-7 $17,800 CI, GSA 5 12/83 VP 26 GS-4 026 $12,900 BA 468 GS-9 $27,300 SA, DEA 6 12/80 VP 82 GS-5/4 025 $15,800 BS(2) 2,100 GS-11 $28,600 SA, USF&W 7 11/83 I/VP 50 GS-7/1 025 $17,800 BS 432 N/A N/A Homemaker/Mother 8 2/79 VP 46 GS-5 026 $15,300 BS 1,000 GS-12 $39,000 SA, USF&W 9 9/83 I 85 GS-7/4 025 $19,600 BS 780 GS-9 $21,800 SA, DIS 10 5/84 VP 74 GS-6 025 $16,600 BS 1,000 GS-7 $19,000 SA, GSA 11 7/84 VP/RM 64 GS-5/4 025 $15,800 BS, MS 1,600 GS-7 $22,300 SA, USF&W 12 3/85 I/VP/RM 44 GS-5/8 026 $17,700 BA.MPA 216 GS-7 $19,000 EPS, EPA 13 5/84 VP 108 GS-6/6 026 $18,700 AA 1,656 GS-6 $19,000 CI, IRS 14 7/84 VP 57 GS-5/4 025 $15,800 BA 675 N/A — Trooper, VSP 15 3/82 VP 66 GS-5 025 $15,300 (3 years) 657 N/A N/A Homemaker/Mother 16 6/79 I 27 GS-5/3 025 $15,300 BS 40 GS-9 $24,000 ORS, USF&W 17 1/84 VP/RM 103 GS-5 025 $16,300 BS 1,608 GS-7 $19,000 LES, USF&W 18 7/82 P 51 GS-11 — $27,000 BA, MA 20 N/A $48,000 Attorney 19 9/83 P 225 GS-11 — $32,000 AA, BS 1,000 N/A — Owner, Business 20 4/85 VP 75 GS-5/5 026 $16,300 BA 660 N/A $20,500 Ranger, Municipal

11 RANGER: THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS when he said that he'd return "when there way to change management policies is to Training Center in fiscal years 1979 and is a hope [for] a truer competitive system become part of management." 1981. A summary of that report appeared and . . . there is a reward for excellent "Start young and be prepared for dis­ in a memo written by agency representa­ work ethic, record and achievement appointments and the inevitable career tive Andy Hutchison this past February. within a reasonable time [which] more brick wall that you will hit, whether it be Henderson discovered some interesting closely matches ones aspirations." as a GS-5, 7 or 9," said a former patrol facts in her survey: The next question asked people what supervisor. "Be happy doing what you're • only 60 percent of the 42 GS-5's who they now thought of the policies and doing, and earning what you're earning." completed training in fiscal '79 were management of the Service. "Try as best you can to draw up a promoted over the ensuing five-year The wide diversity of responses made it career plan for yourself and aggressively period; hard to draw any general conclusions pursue it," said another. "Be willing to • only 52 percent transferred to other from the surveys, except for one — the put in a few years at a place you don't park areas; respondents generally discriminated be­ necessarily like in order to build tenure • 11 of the GS-5's resigned or trans­ tween the Service's operational manage­ and credibility. Lobby for yourself!" ferred to another federal agency; ment philosophy, which they applauded, "If you're happy with the first job you • none of the seven GS-9's trained in and its personnel management policies, get, then get good at your job and stay 1979 were promoted over the ensuing which they decried. put," adds another. "Don't be greedy five years. "The law enforcement policies of the because real ranger jobs are fewer and far­ "I recognize that these statistics offer Park Service lead the field in land ther between than ever." a somewhat narrow perspective and are management agencies," said one former Not a few also suggested that rangers surely open to wide interpretation," said ranger, "but personnel management is unify (possibly through this Association) Hutchison, adding that "no data was aimed at the visitor rather than the and push for a career ladder based on available on other crucial factors that employee." training and ability. might be instrumental in upward "The Service needs to seek funda­ And, finally, the respondents were ask­ mobility." mental change in personnel management ed for any other general comments they Hutchison nonetheless felt that the policies to alleviate promotion/mobility might have. Here are a few of their con­ survey results warranted further discus­ problems, perhaps by seeking indepen­ cluding thoughts: sion of the problem, and offered "a few dent agency status," said another, who is "My estimate of the intelligence and personal and somewhat subjective com­ now a special agent for Fish and Wildlife. overall worth of NPS personnel is very ments" based on seven years of listening "The Park Service should not be afraid of high, and I am of course not alone. Other to the concerns of over 750 trainees in the specialization; we can specialize and still federal agencies can see this, too, which is basic program and a comparable number retain our ranger image." why you have seen so many people leave in advanced and specialized classes. His "The poor morale [among field ran­ in the last year or two. From what I have comments were divided into five sections gers] has not gotten the attention of observed since leaving the Service, the ("my five R's") — recruitment, retention, management yet," said one respondent; personnel from these other agencies mak­ rewards, results and recommendations. another, now a state trooper, concurred: ing GS-12 salaries with few responsibilities Recruitment. Hutchison observed that "The people in control of the Service have have no more on the ball than an ex­ an "inordinate number of trainees" are lost touch with the other employees (GS-7 perienced GS-5 in the Park Service." coming in from urban areas, such as and below) and have no idea of what is "The National Park Service is an agen­ Independence, Cuyahoga, Boston and happening to morale." cy unique to government. However, it Jefferson National Expansion, and that "I felt that field people were treated cannot rest on its laurels forever. NPS "a handful of urban areas are responsible like drones," said a ranger who worked in personnel management is dominated by for a sizeable proportion of our recruiting law enforcement for almost four years. supply-side theory [but] this ultimately program." Over 1982, 1983, and 1984, 61 "You were expected to always give a little causes 'brain drain', with capable of 381 basic program participants came bit more of yourself on the job, be really employees . . . seeking better oppor­ from the urban areas, whereas, by con­ dedicated and loyal to the Service, but not tunities elsewhere. The Service directorate trast, Rocky Mountain and Pacific North­ be upset when you got little or no recogni­ should be concerned about this problem." west regions sent a total of 29 rangers to tion for a job well done." "Until the 'well-there's-a-lot-of-people- those classes. He concluded that "there Others felt that many managers were standing-in-line-waiting-for-your-job' at­ can be little doubt that these urban areas reluctant to make correct but difficult titude dies, the Service will continue to are being utilized as the main access route decisions, were short-sighted, or were too highly train personnel for jobs with other into the protection field." wrapped up in politics. agencies. I salute the Park Service for its Retention. The survey indicated that the The next-to-last question asked free and giving spirit, but it doesn't seem highest attrition rate from the Service is at respondents what advice they'd give to me to be very cost effective." the GS-5 grade. There were 92 GS-5's in employees still in the Service regarding "[The Service] has an enormous pool of the 1979/1981 sample, 20 of whom have their careers. talented, intelligent and idealistic people since left the Service. While noting that Comments here were also too diverse to who love the resource so much they are the unresolved 025/026 problem and the be easily grouped, but one theme did willing to give their all in exchange for low Service's grade structure seem to be part come through clearly — employees need pay, little recognition and faint hope of of the cause of this turnover, he adds that to be realistic and objective about their advancement. If this personnel pool ever "surely another reason for the attrition is opportunities. dries up, so to speak, I think the Service the attractiveness of other agencies." "Try to look at everything," said a will be in big trouble." While going through FLETC, rangers former law enforcement supervisor, "not become familiar with the grade structure just the fantasy of being a park ranger, The FLETC Graduate Survey and work situations of other agencies, and but at all of the things you will do daily This past winter, Tammi Henderson of "a comparison of responsibilities and and the policies and decisions you must Appalachian State University conducted a grades is often an overwhelming entice­ adhere to." The job can be fun and inter­ survey of the disposition of graduates ment." esting, she added, and concluded that from the basic law enforcement courses "Most of our entry level people are still "advancement is possible and the only given at the Federal Law Enforcement enamored by the ranger mystique," he 12 RANGER: THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS says. "They are proud of their status and • conduct a survey to determine why Byrne concluded that "the cost of this identity. However, after a few years and there is such a high attrition rate, one employee turnover is high, not only to the the probability of growing family respon­ which would be "much more in park, but to the Service in general." Some sibilities and desire for a greater financial depth" than the Appalachian State of the impacts of the turnover include: status, the mysticism fades to realism. study; • a "severely hampered" protection These employees come to the realization • consider "abandoning the age old program in the park; that they cannot measure their own career concept that every ranger is a 'gener­ • excessive overtime costs to maintain potential by that of their supervisors, who alise ", as the current reality is that minimum staffing levels; most often entered the Service under a dif­ many field rangers are "essentially • high administrative costs for prep­ ferent grade structure and in a different multi-specialists"; aring and processing separation and economic era." • attempt to improve retirement hiring paperwork; Hutchison also cites "major concern" benefits; • the loss of the value of over 150 over rental rates ("a primary cause for • examine the possibility of adopting a weeks of training to the Service; leaving the Service"), a desire to get into series like Fish and Wildlife's new • the "loss of some very qualified the 1811 criminal investigator series before "refuge law enforcement agent" people who would have preferred to the age 35 cutoff, and loss of faith in series, which will cover uniformed have remained with the Service"; management ability to resolve the employees working in "heavy use • decrease in morale of the people who 025/026 problem as other major reasons areas" (over 50,000 visits per year); stay in the Service and see their peers for leaving. and or subordinates move up the career Rewards. "Managers should recognize • employ an outside consultant to look ladder in other agencies. that the environmental era is over," Hut­ at our entire law enforcement pro­ "From my perspective, it seems that chison says. "When we speak of rewards gram. this is one problem that the Service needs we must [therefore] talk in monetary to address and deal with if at all possible," terms. The failure of the Park Service to The Independence Memorandum said Byrne in summation. "The attraction adequately compensate our employees, Chief Ranger Robert Byrne of Indepen­ of other government agencies that offer, whether by salary or retirement benefits, dence produced a report in 1984 which given satisfactory performance, an auto­ poses a serious threat to our reservoir of analyzed the problem of employee turn­ matic progression to the GS-12 journey­ talented young employees." over in the protection division of his park. man level, with no managerial or super­ Hutchison points out that "every other The division had a total of 26 author­ visory responsibilities, seems to be grow­ land management agency . . . has an ized positions in the 025/026 series at the ing among our younger employees, who established criminal investigator pro­ time, and Byrne began by noting that find it frustrating to apply and be turned gram," though "these agencies have a "since January 1, 1981, we have had 22 down for job after job within the much lesser degree of both authority and vacancies occur in these 26 positions." Service." jurisdiction than do commissioned em­ The detailed vacancy-by-vacancy analy­ ployees of the National Park Service." He sis which followed examined where each Some Conclusions also observes that rangers with patrol and person had gone, what their past positions Based on the findings of these three enforcement responsibilities should be were, and how many months they'd spent surveys and the associated comments, it reclassified into a law enforcement series. on their jobs. appears that there is, in fact, a serious Results. Hutchison predicts further Of the 22, two had retired, six trans­ problem with turnover in the Service, par­ attrition from the ranger ranks due to ferred within the Service, one transferred ticularly among lower-graded employees changes in the Civil Service retirement within the Service but out of 025/026, in protection, but it remains to be deter­ system which will lead people to agencies three left for private industry, and ten mined whether the problem is truly exempt from these changes, and the con­ transferred to other government agencies. systemwide or applicable to other profes­ trast between the "expansion mode" of Based on discussions with ten of the 13 sional specialties and grades. most federal law enforcement agencies employees who either left the government There is sufficient evidence, however, and the "constriction mode" of the or the agency, Byrne lists six reasons for to warrant further study of the problem of Service. departure: employees leaving the Service and the He also feels that seasonal employees in • no viable career ladder; related impact on morale. Any Hutchi­ many "traditional parks" will continue to • little chance for advancement; son's call for a "much more in-depth" be excluded from permanent status unless • little or no success in transferring to analysis of causes and possible cures they take urban assignments. The urban other parks; seems to be an essential first step. parks, desiring the best people for the job, • a feeling that many jobs were pre­ Recognizing the provocative and some­ will hire them, though they realize that selected or filled from within a park; what controversial nature of the findings these rangers will move out as soon as • slow advancement; and reported in this article, Ranger also active­ possible. • an inability to continue living on a ly solicits responses, comments and rec­ "The present lack of mobility either GS-5 salary in an urban area. ommendations from both members and laterally or vertically will prohibit a typical Byrne also made some observations non-members for publication in the fall ranger from getting the well-rounded ex­ about the subsequent careers of the people issue of this journal. A healthy dialogue perience and knowledge essential to a who left. All of the rangers who transfer­ on this issue can only help to dispell myths management position," he adds. "In the red to other agencies had moved into posi­ and/or provoke further discussion. near future the status of protection per­ tions with guaranteed promotion poten­ Please submit your thoughts in letter sonnel may be comparable to that of a tial, with nine out of 10 peaking at GS-12. form by August 7 to Ranger, RFD 2, Lin­ maintenance force with employees spend­ On the other hand, only one of the six coln, MA 01773. ing most of their career in a single area." transferring to 025/026 positions within Recommendations. Hutchison con­ the Service was guaranteed promotion; cludes his report with a number of sugges­ the other five "deadended" at the GS-5 tions for further action: level.

13 RANGER: THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS

14 RANGER: THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS

receipts from each game goes to the Protection and Enforcement Field Reports YLMA, and therefore supports interpre­ tation in Yellowstone. Operation Trophy Kill Update Interpretation What's next? Well, as part of the upper Joel Scrafford, Senior Resident Agent The Yellowstone Game elementary curriculum Joe and I are for the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in Montana, has written to Ranger with an It began as a simple idea from writing, we've created another board game, this time about the economics of update on Operation Trophy Kill, the suc­ Yellowstone Chief of Interpretation cessful investigation and apprehension of George Robinson. "What about a board the fur trade called Rendezvous! More on this game and the curriculum, which is proachers in and around the Yellowstone game?" he said to Joe Zarki and me. area reported in the spring issue. Excerpts Well, hmmm, what about a board game? called Expedition: Yellowstone!, will ap­ pear in future issues. Then there's the from his letter on the background and Kids and adults play board games, and results of this operation follow: maybe we could interpret something possibility of a computer version of the "The defendants in this portion of the about Yellowstone through such a game. Yellowstone Game. And then . . . ? investigation (see the spring issue for the Maybe we could even make some money So the next time you see interpreters on full scope of the operation) were in their for the Yellowstone Library and Museum the floor, sitting around paper with hex­ mid-30's to early 40's. Virtually all of Association (YLMA). agons on it, rolling dice and moving pieces them had been previously arrested on So Joe and I went back to our niche of cardboard, remember that there's more than one way for a ranger to do the job. charges ranging from arson to rape to high atop the Horace M. Albright Visitor assault. None had a steady employment Center in Mammoth Hot Springs. For the Interpretive rangers are involved in the creative process which often leads to what record, as they considered steady work next few weeks, we became a topic of outside their 'mountain man' image. curious conversation, particularly among might appear as "odd" behavior. Since the mid-70's, many of the defend­ the "Sam Brown" and hardhat set. Not In this case, the process bore fruit. We ants had been involved with Yellowstone that we were doing anything that unusual are interpreting Yellowstone National Park'sa law enforcement program. A — just sitting on the floor around a big Park nationwide every time somebody series of dismissals and token fines from piece of white paper with little hexagons pulls the game off a shelf to play it. And the Park Magistrate encouraged them into all over it, rolling dice and moving pieces we're easing a budget crunch which will more serious violations. of cardboard around. . . . probably get nothing but worse. They used the area north of the park to That's how the Yellowstone Game came You can order your very own copy of stage raids into the interior of Yellow­ to be. The basis of the idea is a solid inter­ the Yellowstone Game from the Yellow­ stone. Toward the end of the investiga­ pretive principle: Start where the learners stone Library and Museum Association, tion, the main defedant (Loren Ellison) are. In this case, since people — lots of PO Box 117, Yellowstone Park, WY was killing bighorn sheep 40 miles inside people — like to play games, why not take 82190. [the park]. Rangers had reports they were advantage of that interest and teach prin­ Jack de Golia carrying automatic weapons and hand ciples of wildlife ecology? Yellowstone grenades. We found hidden camps com­ In the Yellowstone Game, each of four plete with camouflage netting to prevent players is in charge of a herd of one of the detection from the air. large herbivores found in the park — elk, By 1980, North District Backcountry mule deer, bighorn sheep, and bison. Ranger Joe Fowler and Law Enforcement Each player maneuvers his or her herd to Specialist Bob Mihan had developed ex- its summer range. Along the way, players gather food, bear young, risk injury and storms, and then return to the winter range during the fall. Predators (grizzly bears, mountain lions, coyotes and humans) appear and take prey, but play only a minor role, primarily taking in­ jured animals — except for the poaching human who may cause havoc on a winter range. Players really have no idea who's "ahead" until winter, the great equalizer in the game and in Yellowstone, comes blasting in. With one roll of the dice, winter settles in either gently or brutally, eliminating a portion of each herd's food supply. After some calculations, players match their available food with what their surviving animals need, let the extra die off, and are awarded points for the animals left. Females are worth the most, young the next most and males the least. We gave the idea to YLMA; they in turn contacted the Avalon-Hill Game Com­ pany, which was instantly enthused about the game. We added a booklet about Yellowstone for the benefit of game players in far-off places, and now, a year and a half later, the game is appearing on Nalional Park Service toy store shelves. A portion of the sales Rangers at Yellowstone learning the rules of the park's new board game. 15 RANGER: THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS cellent intelligence. This information was their duty (I was a ranger from 1965-1969 department investigator, key physical discussed with myself and subsequently and was told I wouldn't go very far be­ evidence was gathered that connected the with the Case Agent, John Gavitt. cause the Service did not recognize the three men and the artifacts to the freshly Special Agent Gavitt began contacting need for law enforcement). dug holes (more than 60 were found) in the defendants in 1982 and, along with The rangers who participated in Opera­ the park's historical earthworks. When other agents, continued to work them un­ tion Trophy Kill should have a sense of confronted with the evidence, which had til the night of the takedown. Sometimes pride in the execution of 18 felony war­ been analyzed by state forensic examiners, this would involve a ten-day undercover rants without serious injury or any inci­ the defendants chose to plead guilty to the hunt in the remote wilderness. Agents dent. It is not often that a ranger can say charge of violating the Act rather than were carefully checked out by the defend­ 'my man got fifteen years'. My agents, face a full trial on all of the charges and a ants and told 'if you turn out to be a fed, U.S. Marshalls and Montana Fish, Wild­ potential $24,000 fine and six years of we will track you down and kill you.' life and Parks officers were very impress­ jail. Throughout the investigation, Fowler ed with the rangers involved. I would be "Since the arrest, there has been only and Mihan continued to provide critical happy to have any one of them on my raid one incident of metal detecting in the intelligence and substantiate illegal ac­ team. park," says Chief Ranger Charles Raf- tivities of the defendants. As the time for There will undoubtedly be more [such kind, "and the two suspects were observ­ the takedown grew near, they assisted me operations] in the future. The national ed and arrested. This is a significant drop in the planning and logistics of the take­ parks are the last stronghold for in relic hunting activity, which in the past down. The problem of security was ap­ 'trophies'. Intelligence must be developed has numbered a dozen or more incidents parent — how to bring in 135 officers before our agents can assist you. There per year. This case seems to have gotten while we still had agents in with the de­ must be a spirit of cooperation with other the word out about how the government fendants at the time of the raid. agencies to hammer the bad guys. Ad­ will handle relic hunting and has had a Mihan enlisted the help of Captain Tom ministrators must be educated that they positive effect on the protection of MacDonald in the Rocky Mountain have a problem and a responsibility to historic resources." Regional Office to assist with the SET solve it." Incidentally, this case marks the first teams. Between the two of them, they prosecution under the 1979 act of viola­ devised a 'training session'. It provided a Artifact Collectors Convicted tors apprehended east of the Mississippi. good cover story and kept my agents safe. A federal magistrate in Virginia Previously, the law had only been used on The raids went well, largely due to the sentenced three men to prison terms last federal lands in the west which contained training and professionalism of the February for violating the Archeological prehistoric Indian artifacts. rangers involved. All of the defendants Resources Protection Act (ARPA) by were arrested and arraigned without any removing Civil War artifacts from Rich­ Yosemite Slaying resistasnce. It is hard to resist eight of­ mond National Battlefield Park. The trio On March 16th, 18-yearold Helle ficers with automatic weapons when they also forfeited an estimated $1100 worth of Olsbro of Denmark was slain while hiking advise you to come out in five minutes or metal detecting equipment. on the trail to Mirror Lake. The attack oc­ the tear gas is coming in! In sentencing the three — William curred in mid-afternoon on a popular Of the 19 defendants involved, charges Baker and Harold Rice of Richmond and trail; although help arrived within less against two were dismissed and one ended Mark Meginley of Mechanicsville — than a minute, Olsbro's assailant had up in a hung jury. The remaining 16 Magistrate David Lowe said that he con­ already disappeared into the woods. were convicted. The first trail lasted six sidered that their actions were "a major Rangers sealed all entrances to the park and a half days, and Ellison was convicted crime ... a breach of hallowed ground", within half an hour and began a massive on seven counts. Chief Federal Judge Bat- and not just "a simple case of trespass search for the murderer, but without luck. tin sentenced him to serve 15 years in and petty larceny." He said that the three Olsbro was not sexually assaulted or prison and be placed on six years active were guilty of "an intentional attempt to robbed, and no other reason for the probation when he is released. This is the steal a part of history." assault could be determined by investiga­ stiffest penalty ever imposed in the United All but two weeks of Meginley's and ting rangers. "There is nothing about her States for a wildlife violation. Ken Fike's three months of Rice's sentences were past or her time in this country that would trial lasted four days, and he was sen­ suspended; Baker, who was considered suggest a motive," ranger Mallory Smith tenced to serve ten years. Hankins got five the most culpable of the three, was told a news service reporter. "We think years; Steinberg and Gibby each received ordered to serve six months of his she was an innocent and unsuspecting vic­ a year; Buttrell [got] three years. Most of sentence. Lowe observed that Baker's tim." Despite a full-scale investigation in­ the remainder received three year deferred "obsession for artifacts had become a lust to the killing by the Service and U.S. At­ sentences, heavy fines, community ser­ for physical objects" of the Civil War torney's office, no suspects have yet been vices (500 hours the average), and for­ period. found. feited vehicles, firearms, etc. The three were arrested last October. The homicide had a considerable im­ Bob Johnson spent three months at They were observed going into the Cold pact on park residents and visitors, who Springfield Federal Mental Center and Harbor unit of the park at 1:30 a.m. by now had reason to be concerned for their was evaluated as sane to stand trial. On rangers Robert Howard and David safety. But some felt it also had larger April 19, he changed his plea to guity and Shockley; they alerted Hanover County implications. will be sentenced on May 9. The govern­ sheriff's deputies, who joined in the stake­ "It hurts more than just this communi­ ment is recommending five years. out. Four hours later, as the thieves left ty," said Smith. "It was a murder in The entire investigation went well from the park, they were arrested and charged America's back yard, our national park. start to finish. It demonstrated that if with the ARPA violations. If you are not safe hiking among the agencies unify toward a common goal and Using state-of-the-art metal detectors woods of Yosemite, well, where can you forget their petty jealousies, positive camouflaged with black tape, the men had be safe in this country?" results will occur. I was very impressed unearthed and removed minie balls, with the change in the individual ranger's grapeshot, a button, an Enfield bayonet attitude toward training and acceptance and other items. of law enforcement as an integral part of With the assistance of a sheriff's

16 RANGER: THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS

Raffle Items Schedule of Events Association Notes All contributors to this year's raffle Program coordinator Walt Dabney has Rendezvous IX at Lake Geneva should send their contributions to Nancy worked up the following tentative Wizner or Collette Daigle-Berg, c/o schedule of events: Rendezvous IX will be held at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, 1100 Americana Resort in Lake Geneva, N. Mineral Springs Road, Porter, IN Thursday, 10/31 - All day board meeting Wisconsin, between November first and 46304; (219)926-7561. and an evening board dinner fifth this fall. The following is an initial Friday, 11/1 - Morning board meeting; report on events and logistics; a more Pre-Registration all day check-in and registration; even­ thorough and detailed article will appear Kathy Loux will again be handling ing social for new members in the fall Ranger, which will be out registration, and stresses the importance in September. of advance pre-registration. Attendees Saturday, 11/2 - Morning speakers; after­ should send her the pre-registration form noon business meeting Access that can be found on the inside back cover Sunday, 11/3 - Free time in the morning; Lake Geneva is located approximately of this issue as soon as possible. afternoon keynote speech by Robin 50 miles north of O'Hare Field in Winks of Yale University on the cultural Chicago, and about 40 miles southwest of Meals and historical resources of the Service, Milwaukee. Your best and cheapest flight There are three places where you can followed by a business meeting arrangements will be through O'Hare. get a meal at the resort, ranging from a Monday, 11/4 - All day workshops; even­ Once you've arrived at the field, you'll very nice restaurant to a donut and sand­ ing fun run be able to get to the resort by rental car or wich shop. Lake Geneva is one mile away, Tuesday, 11/5 - Morning workshops; limousine. Group discounts will be and has everything from a McDonald's afternoon business meeting; evening available from a major car rental com­ and Pizza Hut to home cooking and fine dinner and dance pany, possibly Budget. Limousine service dining. Within ten miles of the Americana will be available from the baggage claim there are numerous excellent eating area, and will take you to the front door establishments. Dinner and Dance of the Americana. Similarly, the limo ser­ The dinner and dance will be held at the Facilities on Site vice will pick you up at the end of the ski chalet which is on the Americana's Rendezvous and take you directly to your The Americana has a lot to offer, grounds. There will be a buffet dinner airline at O'Hare. Round trip cost will be including the following: two 16-hole golf costing about $15 per person, and a band about $25 per person. Specifics on times courses, a Perrier fitness course, trails and will play country-western and Sixties and cost will appear in the next issue. roads for running, horse and bike rentals, tunes. Once at the Americana, you will have a trap and skeet range, a complete fitness access to cabs in Lake Geneva, which is a center with indoor tennis and racquetball Weather mile away, and a small car rental firm at courts, universal gym, sauna, steam bath The fall color change will be over by the the resort itself. and whirlpool, a miniature golf course, time the Rendezvous begins. Members And those of you with your own planes and an indoor heated pool. should expect fairly mild days and cold can land at an airstrip at the site. nights. There's a chance of snow at this Babysitting time of year, but nothing extensive. Rooms Daytime group child care with organ­ The Americana has about 350 rooms, ized group activities will be available, as Volunteers and they have reserved a block of 200 of well as individual nighttime babysitting. A Volunteer assistance is always needed at them for us. Since it is a very popular large list of local babysitters will be pro­ Rendezvous, and your help is being resort, advance reservations are an abso­ vided to members at the Rendezvous. In­ solicited. Bill Halainen, the editor of lute necessity. They will hold this block of formation on costs will appear in the next Ranger, is seeking a half dozen people to rooms until October first; after that, issue. reservations will be on a first come, first served basis. All accommodations are deluxe rooms with two double beds. They will go for $35 per night for either one or two adults. There's no charge for family members under 18, and a $10 per night charge for each additional adult. Rollaway beds are available for $10 per night. These rates will also be good for a few days before and after the Rendezvous; if you're inter­ ested, be sure to request this rate. Camping There is no camping or parking of recreational vehicles at the resort. The nearest campground is at Big Foot Beach State Park, a half mile south of town. Their season ends just about when the Rendezvous begins, though, so they may not be open. There'll be more information on camping next time. Americana Resort The Americana Resort in Lake Geneva, site of this year's Rendezvous. 17 RANGER: THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS help report on and write up accounts on Housing workshops, meetings and so forth. Any­ Work Groups Leader Rick Smith, Mid-Atlantic one interested should contact him at the Regional Office. Address: 5 Chandler journal address. Anyone else should call Management Identification Lane, Voorhees, NJ 08043. Phone: (215) or write Kurt Topham, Box 239, West and Development 597-7057 (work) and (609) 772-5654 Branch, IA 52358; (319) 643-2541 (work) Leader Maureen Finnerty, Everglades. (home). and (319) 643-5594 (home). Address: 465 NW 17 Court, Homestead, Kurt Topham FL 33030. Phone: (305) 247-6211 (work) Rendezvous Raffle and (305) 246-4474 (home). Herbert Hoover Leader Rick Gale, Santa Monica National Park Ranger Museum Mountains. Address: 874 Windingway Honorary Membership Drive, Ventura, CA 93001. Phone: (818) The following is the text of a letter from Leader Jim Tuck, Rocky Mountain 888-3440 (work) and (805) 653-5969 Maureen Finnerty, the Association's pres­ Regional Office. Address: 7030 West Col­ (home). ident, to Russ Dickenson, past director of orado Drive, Lakewood, CO 80226. This work group, whose members are the Park Service: Phone: (303) 236-8650 (work) and (303) Rick Gale, Fred Szarka, Rob Arnberger, "It is my great pleasure to inform you 989-3008 (home). Mary Sargent and Debbie Trout, is look­ that the Board has voted you an honorary ing at alternatives for allocation of raffle member of the Association of National Seasonal Interests funds. Among the possibilities being con­ Park Rangers. Co-leader Debbie Bird, Kings Canyon. sidered are: Address: PO Box 787, Kings Canyon, CA You strongly supported our organiza­ • payment of raffle costs; tion during your tenure as Director and 93633. Phone: (209) 565-3341 (work) • payment of Rendezvous costs not always had an open door to discuss and (209) 565-3478 (home). covered by registration and other fees; mutual interests and concerns. Your wil­ Co-leader Jennifer Panko, Statue of • creation of a fund for an annual honor­ lingness to work with the Association was Liberty. Address: Statue of Liberty Na­ arium and plaque to be given by the much appreciated. tional Monument, Liberty Island, NY Association to the person who contrib­ 10004. Phone: (212) 732-1236 (home) I hope that you will be able to attend utes most to the ranger profession; and (718) 351-7800 (work). this year's Rendezvous as a new member • provision of seed money for a special Members of the work group continue to and spend an enjoyable few days among raffle with a valuable gift open only to work towards establishing a group health friends. the general membership; insurance plan for seasonals. While some I returning your check. Welcome to • creation of a fund to pay travel costs in­ promising leads have surfaced, we need to ANPR!" curred by the board of directors; compile more data to present to insurance company representatives. Please take the • establishment of a fund to provide Rendezvous X emergency money to rangers in need; Those of you who are really into long time to complete the following question­ naire and distribute copies to other and range planning or have to jockey for an­ • payment of mini-rendezvous costs. nual leave each year when the Rendezvous seasonals in your park unit. The greater The work group plans to have a comes around will want to know that the the response, the more productive our package ready for presentation to the dates for Rendezvous X in Jackson Hole discussions will be with the insurance board at the Rendezvous in Lake Geneva in 1986 have been moved to October companies. this fall. Anyone with comments on the 19-25. The work group appreciates your coop­ above should contact one of the work Get you leave slips in tomorrow! eration and assistance. Please send the completed questionnaire to: Jen Panko, group members. Meeting with Director Mott Statue of Liberty NM, Liberty Island, NY 10004. As Ranger went to press, Association President Maureen Finnerty had just been asked to attend the meeting on the Ser­ vice's future which was called by Director Park(s) GS/WG level Mott and held in Yellowstone between June fifth and seventh. Type of appointment (i.e., 180 day, 1 year, etc.) All the Service's regional directors and the principal officers of the nation's most Seeking permanent NPS employment? Yes No, prominent resource, environmental and Number of seasons with NPS conservation organizations had also been invited. On the agenda was a discussion of Number of months employed per year per park unit Director Mott's twelve-point plan for managing the National Park Service in the Age Sex Marital status Dependents. years ahead. Maureen will report in full on this Current ANPR member? Yes No meeting in the fall issue of this publica­ tion. Are you interested in a group health insurance plan through membership in ANPR? Yis . No. What do you expect to pay per year for coverage?. Your present insurance needs:

18 RANGER: THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS Regional Reps Report North Atlantic Representative Bill Gibson, Saratoga. Address: RD 2, Box 33, Stillwater, NY 12170. Phone: (518) 664-9821 (work) and (518)664-4881 (home). Mid-Atlantic Representative Mary Kimmitt, Inde­ pendence. Address: 743 South Sheridan Street, Philadelphia, PA 19147. Phone: (215) 238-1249 (home) and (215) 597-7121 (work). Mary extends her thanks to Paul Anderson and the crew at Delaware Water Gap for their efforts in making the tri- regional mini-rendezvous at Shawnee such a success (See following story for details.) She also reports that all but two parks in the region now have Association representatives.

Jim Tuck National Capital Destry Jarvis of the National Parks & Conversation Association addresses Representative Rick Erisman, C&O the NPCA/ANPR/E&AA/Parks Arts conference held in Denver in March. Canal. Address: PO Box 19, Oldtown, MD 21555. Phone: (301) 395-5742 Morrow Road, Morrow, GA 30260. vities. Tom hopes that the meeting will (home) and (301) 722-8226 (work). Phone: (404) 394-8324 (work) and (404) lay the foundation for ANPR/regional Rick, Brian Adams, Ed Drotos, Einar 961-5349 (home). level communications, cooperation and Olsen and Rick Sladick met with Regional Ken reports that the jointly sponsored, support. Director Jack Fish, Bob Stanton and Park Service - Association conference He's looking forward to seeing all of Lowell Sturgill on February 13th. planned for April was cancelled due to in­ you at Lake Geneva the first of Novem­ Regional Director Fish said that the sufficient registration of attendees. He ber. "Be sure and send or bring your Association has the responsibility to be­ would like to know if members want to contributions for the raffle," he says, and come involved in collective decision mak­ have a regional rendezvous, and, if so, adds that "Rick Gale says to bring plenty ing and the development of dialogue with when, where and in what format. of money for tickets." Start planning to management, and added that feedback It appears that the hot issue for this attend now! between his office and ANPR is necessary summer will be the physical fitness stan­ for the elimination of rumors and the pre­ dards as proposed in the draft NPS-9. If Rocky Mountain vention of adverse reactions. you haven't seen them, be sure to do so Representative Paul Broyles, Wind Rick extended his appreciation to and join in the spirited discussion on Cave. Address: Wind Cave National Deputy Regional Director Bob Stanton them. Park, Hot Springs, SD 57747. Phone: for his participation in the tri-regional Let Ken know if these are issues you (605) 745-6414 (home) and (605) rendezvous in March. Although quite would like to have brought before the 745-4600 (work). busy, he was able to attend the afternoon regional directorate. Paul attended a "mini-mini-rendez­ panel discussion and regional caucus, and Midwest vous" in Denver on March 31st, which discussed A-76, operations evaluations, was held in conjunction with a joint Representative Tom Cherry, Cuyahoga. grade bulge reduction, the hiring freeze, meeting of the National Parks and Con­ Address: 731 West Boston Mills Road, A-123 (the elimination of abuse, fraud servation Association and Park Arts, a Peninsula, OH 44264. Phone: (216) and waste), the employee survey, the Denver Service Center employee organiza­ 653-3116 (home) and (216) 650-4414 ext. housing task force and the 025/026 tion. NPCA's Destry Jarvis presented his 232 (work). survey, which should be out in May or organization's nine-point proposal for a June. Tom reports that he hasn't leard from comprehensive national parks system plan Rick would like members to know that any Association members desiring to be for review and discussion. Approximately NCR will be sponsoring the third annual in-park contacts for ANPR — not that he 50 people attended the one day forum. tri-regional rendezvous, which will be held "actually expected the masses to be Following the meeting, several Associa­ March 12-14, 1986, at the Coolfont Con­ pounding at the door", but he did think tion members met at Jim and Lea Tuck's ference Center in Berkeley Springs, West he'd hear from a few. He adds that "by for an informal meeting, during which a Virginia. Details will be available in the the time you read this issue of Ranger, proposed agenda for Rendezvous IX was fall Ranger and through mailings. Anyone you might have already received a call outlined for program coordinator Walt interested in assisting or with suggestions volunteering YOU, as promised in the last Dabney. for program and workshop agendas issue. . . ." "While this mini-mini-rendezvous was should contact him. Tom has been in touch with Kurt Topham, and everything is going well for not as well attended as hoped for," Paul the next Rendezvous. says, "the interaction with NPCA was Southeast quite informative and productive, as was Midwest Regional Director Oldegaard Representative Kei Hulick, Southeast the ANPR session afterwards." has agreed to meet with Tom on June 21 Regional Office. Address: 1700 Old Rex to discuss Association concerns and acti­ Paul also sent out a regional mailing 19 RANGER: THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS asking members to contribute to the plans to establish area or park contacts to "Field Reports" section of Ranger, sup­ recruit for ANPR membership and re­ TH-Regional port the Yellowstone ranger museum and mind past due members of their status. Mini-Rendezvous establish a regional call list of members' He asks that regional members contact phone numbers. him with suggestions for practical goals From March 13 through March 15, ap­ and/or activities they would like to see proximately 100 Association members Southwest promoted in the region. from the North Atlantic, Mid-Atlantic Representative Cliff Chetwin, Carls­ and National Capital regions gathered for bad. Address: Drawer T, Carlsbad, NM Pacific Northwest a tri-regional rendezvous at Shawnee 88220. Phone: (505) 785-2243 (home) Representative Gerry Tays, North Cas­ Village recreational resort, which adjoins and (505) 785-2251 (work). cades. Address: North Cascades National Delaware Water Gap in Pennsylvania's Cliff met with the regional chief of per­ Park, Marblemount, WA 98267. Phone: Pocono Mountains. sonnel and the regional chief ranger in (206) 873-4874 (home) and (206) This "mini" rendezvous had something April to discuss problems of classification 873-4590 (work). for almost everyone, including Mike Hill's and grade structure in 025/026 positions As Ranger was about to go to press, it supervisory training program, which ran in the region, and went to Santa Fe again was learned that Gerry had been transfer­ concurrently with the other sessions. in May to meet with the regional director red to Shenandoah, where he will be assis­ Almost 50 people attended the course, and discuss the same issue. tant superintendent. which was well-received, and similar ac­ He attended the National Parks and tivities are likely candidates for future Conversation Association/Park Arts con­ Alaska rendezvous agendas. ference held in Denver in March. About a Representative Bryan Swift, Denali. From the very start, site coordinator dozen Assocation members from South­ Address: Box 9, Denali National Park, Paul Anderson and regional reps Mary east, Southwest, and Rocky Mountain AK 99755. Phone: (907) 683-2610 Kimmitt, Bill Gibson and Rick Erisman regions also attended. The purpose of the (home) and (907) 683-2295 ext. 19 did an excellent job in carrying through meeting was to discuss the continuing (work). on their preparations. Events moved development of NPCA's nine-point pro­ smoothly from serious to social and back posal for the improved management of again. the national park system. As noted in the The first session included both a last issue's "Message from the Presi­ welcome from the host superintendent, dent," the Association has agreed to par­ ANPR and Amos Hawkins of Delaware Water Gap, ticipate in planning sessions on two of Management Efficiency and an ANPR briefing by Laurie these nine points — staffing and inter­ As we continue with our efforts toward Coughlan, the Association's eastern vice- pretation. Cliff notes that NPCA puts real management efficiency in the Service, it's president, who touched on a number of value on field participation on these important to note the contributions that projects and concerns. points, but that more field people need to we as ANPR members make. Very few of She reported that a compendium of send their thoughts and suggestions on the our activities cannot be directly tied to an past motions and findings is being proposals to NPCA (copies of the pro­ improved national park system. As a assembled, and that the National Parks posal can be obtained by writing NPCA, rough idea of what was contributed over and Conservation Association has enlisted 1701 18th Street NW, Washington, D.C. 1984, we've put together these figures: ANPR's help with a Park Service "Master 20009). Destry Jarvis will be addressing Plan" which they are preparing. Yellow­ the membership on this issue at Lake ANPR Newsletter stone, Rocky Mountain region, the Wash­ Geneva. Cost of publication $ 12,000 ington office and ANPR have signed a Cliff adds that a consensus of attendees Donated time of editor cooperative agreement to help develop the felt that the plan needs to address some (120 hours per issue proposed new ranger museum, though other key issues not presently under con­ @ $15.00 per hour) 7,200 there remain some concerns regarding sideration. These include: what will be included and how it is to be Reimbursement to editor 1,600 • external assistance programs to other funded. Seasonal concerns which the agencies, countries and organizations Administrative expenses 3,800 Association is working on include group and the costs and people involved; Salary to business manager 4,000 insurance (where progress has been made) • examination of protection operations Business manager's personal and consistant use of the "highly recom­ along with interpretation and resource purchase of computer mended for rehire" designation through­ management; for ANPR records 3,500 out the Service. Laurie also announced • examination of facility rehabilitation President's unreimbursed travel ... 1,500 that Russ Dickenson has been awarded an and maintenance, since PRIP is on the honorary ANPR membership. Fred Ranger Rendezvous VIII wane and the agency still needs long- Szarka, the Association's new secretary, term planning in this area; 250 people @ approximately was introduced. A primary concern of his • evaluation of the backgrounds and $400.00 each for travel, is recruiting initiates for "HOPS" skills future managers will need. meals and lodging 100,000 (Homebrewers of the Park Service). And 175 people taking annual leave Rick Smith, who heads the work group on West of 40 hours @ approximately housing, reported that Interior has said $8.00 per hour 56,000 that any relocation assistance program has Representative Steve Holder, Golden to be department wide. Gate. Address: Point Bonita Lighthouse, Board members' expenses Sausalito, CA 94965. Phone: (415) (unreimbursed phone calls, The rendezvous' keynote presentation 331-0216 (home) and (415) 331-1540 postage, etc.) 500 was a panel presentation by North Atlan­ (work). tic Regional Director Herb Cables, Na­ Total rough estimate tional Capital Deputy Regional Director Steve has requested a computer print­ for FY84 $190,100 out of Western regional members, and Bob Stanton, and Mid-Atlantic Regional Jim Tuck Director Jim Coleman. Rocky Mountain RO Herb commented on the changing roles 20 RANGER: THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS and characteristics of Service managers, opment of maintenance management advised attendees to consider less obvious who, he said, have become statesmen and systems, and expansion of operations training alternatives, to do some things on fundraisers. He cited the Ellis Island/ evaluations to regional offices and the their own, and, when given the chance, Statue of Liberty effort, with its fund- Washington office. Two particular volunteer. He said he values communica­ raising target of over $300 million. He Association concerns were touched upon tion and general problem solving at least said that managers need to be flexible and - the employee survey, which should see as highly as traditional technical skills. able to compromise without sacrificing renewed interest with the appointment of Bob Stanton then observed that future true priorities, and suggested that mem­ a new director, and the 025/026 saga, on system and staffing growth was unlikely. bers in the audience also needed to be flex­ which work continues internally (without In spite of sometimes increasing demand, ible and that they should look creatively OMB's help). people are staying on longer. Individuals for alternatives when considering career Jim Coleman shared similar perspec­ may still need to be mobile to take advan­ development opportunities. Two of his tives on change, and also discussed the ef­ tage of opportunities and to develop their priorities included greater use of rewards forts of the management development careers. Crossing regional boundaries, and dealing with "underachievers". task force. The performance appraisal particularly east-west, has not always been Bob Stanton also commented on process, including the development of easy or popular. change. A simple measure of performance strong IDP's, will probably be the key Three concurrent program tracks (in in the past was one's ability to protect the method employed to identify and develop addition to the session on supervisory resources and the people from each other. new managers and first-time super­ training) allowed for a number of individ­ Newer administrative initiatives provide a intendents. Some candidates may intially ual sessions. The following workshops somewhat different challenge. A review of be selected for special projects and task were given: recent programs and the current status of forces. These efforts would combine both Training and Career Development each was offered, including A-76, devel­ training and observation or exposure. Jim Bill Wade (Mather) Interpretation Corky Mayo (GWMP) Natural Resources Management Clay Peters (Wilderness Society) Ranger Activities Andy Ringgold (WASO) External Cultural Assistance Cindi MacLeod (MARO) ANPR Membership Reponsibitilies Rick Smith (MARO) Interesting information and advice abounded. Clay Peters urged that the Service be more aggressive. Rick Smith stressed the need for members to be active and involved. Andy Ringgold reviewed a list of work items that implied Dan Sholly has them all "out straight" in the ranger activities office. Bill Wade said that at­ tendees shouldn't look to anyone but themselves, and stressed PMA (positive Rick Erisman mental attitude), self-direction, risk- Members gather in front of the Shawnee Inn during a break (above); taking behavior and luck (in no particular Mary Kimmitt introduces the mini-rendezvous' keynote speakers (below). order) as keys to advancement. Fred Szarka One of the final general sessions was led by Rory Westberg, the Service's budget chief. He presented the normally complex financial picture in an easily understand­ able fashion. The summary result was hardly exciting (resources projected at flat or slightly declining levels for the immedi­ ate future), but the audience appeared to value hearing the "news" so directly. The rendezvous concluded with an awards session in which winners of the fun run, ski meet and team Trivial Pursuit contest were recognized. A dance fol­ lowed which was highlighted by two extra hours of music. All in all, it was a great time. See you all in Lake Geneva for more of the same! Ed Rizzotto Mid-Atlantic RO

21 RANGER: THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS

Letters continued itially gone to it perhaps out of shear necessity. Others have never employed the Classifieds possible job trade (despite the cowardly PPC/D, relying on the fully commission­ bailout of the ANPR work group), it lets ed rangers to handle the law enforcement For $.40 per word, you can put items up you know who might be in the market for responsibilities. for sale or swap, or run small advertise­ one. What's the point in all this? Perhaps, ments. Checks should be made payable to I think it would be worthwhile to let the like Dwyer and Howell, it is merely to set the Association and must be submitted membership know about this possibility. the record straight for historical purposes. with the ad. Send both to the editor. Letting a little light into an area that has Each time a superintendent or a regional previously been quasi-secret can only be a director signs on the dotted line for a NPS approved Seasonal Law Enforce­ good thing for employee morale. PPC/D he or she should be fully cogni­ ment Ranger Training Academy, 7 week Neal Bullington zant of the responsibilities that attend — 300 hour programs starting Oct. 7 Fire Island such a decision. through Nov. 22, 1985, and March 17 through May 2, 1986. Weekend Academy Gerry Tays Jan. 11 through April 26, 1986. Contact Editor: North Cascades Now that April 15th has come and gone Stephen R. Dodd, Cuyahoga Community and the IRS is holding my W-2 and Washington Report continued College, 11000 Pleasant Valley Road, Par­ money, I ask myself the same old question ma, OH 44130 or (216) 842-6565 for regis­ — could I have deducted more? Hearings have been held in both the tration materials. Has anyone written a treatise on taxes House and Senate to extend the boundary and the seasonal ranger, examining mov­ of Petrified Forest and to rename the ing expenses, postage, food orders while wilderness at Point Reyes the Phil Burton on back-country assignments, and so Wilderness. Several other bills have been forth? I'm sure such an article would be introduced including ones to establish a greatly appreciated. permanent boundary at Acadia and to Thanks for your efforts. create a Jimmy Carter NHS in Plains, Georgia, and a Lewis and Clark NHS in Melanie Neuman Montana. Katmai Although brief articles on tax deduc­ Appropriations tions available for those in required oc­ Congress has begun work on appropria­ cupancy or attending a Rendezvous have tions for the Service. The House Interior appeared in these pages, nothing has yet Appropriations Subcommittee has mark­ been written on taxes and the seasonal ed up the supplemental appropriations for ranger. But your idea is a good one. Any fiscal 1985. The subcommittee stopped a authorities on the subject out there? If so, transfer of money that would have halted contact the editor. the construction of the Cumberland Gap tunnel, supported the appropriation of Editor: $8.7 million to cover the 1985 salary in­ I would offer the following comments crease, and provided funds so that the on the article entitled "The Evolution of money transferred out of the Service's Enforcement in the Service" by Dwyer land acquisition account into the BLM and Howell. They did an excellent job for firefighting accounts could be repaid. openers. However, as the Legislative During two days of hearings on the Keyman first involved in the effort to fiscal 1986 budget, Subcommittee Chair­ gather support data for passage of the man Sidney Yates and other members of General Authorities Act of 1976, I would the subcommittee found many Park Ser­ like to comment on one portion of the vice programs and projects that needed article. additional funding. The hearings covered The Association has rolled back prices The Park Protection Commission/ virtually every major program, including on all the commemorative items which are Designation (PPC/D) has no legal origin maintenance, construction and land ac­ currently in stock. The following are in the Act or anywhere else for that mat­ quisition. In hearings in the Senate, Sub­ available: EMS patches ($2.00), ANPR ter. I have remained in close contact with committee Chairman James McClure was patchesl($2.00), coffee mug ($5.00), beer former NPS employee and former House very concerned about the effects of pro­ stein ($6.50), shirts in small, medium, Interior Committee staffer Cleve Pinnix posed cuts on the Service. It's still too ear­ large and extra large ($12.00), stadium over the years since passage of the Act, ly to estimate how the appropriations cups ($.50 each in minimum orders of 10 and he concurs that no authority other committees will change the administra­ cups), and a limited number of EMS hats than the full commission was ever envi­ tion's proposed budget, but, based on ($7.00). A lapel pin is in the works but not sioned. Nowhere in the legislative history hearings, it is clear that Congress intends yet available. will you find reference to anything other to increase the budget, perhaps substan­ All items are post paid. Checks should than a fully qualified, fully professional tially. be made out to ANPR and sent to John park ranger performing law enforcement Chew, Route 1, Box 365, Luray, VA functions. There was a recognition that Judicial and Congressional reports were 22835. permanents would be supplemented by prepared by Bill Lienisch of the National seasonals as they are in so many other Parks and Conservation Association. areas; however, seasonally commissioned rangers would be required to successfully complete a sizeable block of approved training. Some parks over the years have chosen to do away the PPC/D, having in­ 22 RANGER: THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS

Americana Lake Geneva Resort Convention Reservation Form Reservations for the Association of National Park Rangers Rendezvous, October 31 November 5

Last name. . First . Initial. Address _ Arrival date . Departure Date Accommodations required: Single . Double Triple Quad American Express Card Number Expires • To confirm your reservation, a deposit of one night's lodging is required. American Express Cards may be used. • Check-in time is 3 p.m.; check-out time is 12 noon. • Cancellations must be received 72 hours prior to arrival date or deposit will be forfeited. Complete this form and mail it with your check or American Express Card number at the earliest possible date. Send to: Americana Lake Geneva Resort, Highway 50 East, Lake Geneva, WI 53147.

Association of National Park Rangers Rendezvous VIII Registration

Name (please print) Spouse's Name. Address. Park Name(s) of children who may be attending with you . Zip .

Registration Fee Three Day Package T-Shirts $22 members $_ (quantity) x $8 (each) = $_ $30 non-members S. Small Medium. Large _ X-Large. If spouse will accompany you and (please indicate number of each) plans even minimal participation Spouse Fee Total $_ $11 members $. • Please check if you are attending your first Rendezvous $15 non-members $. Make checks payable to ANPR Return to: Kathy Loux, Box 9, Denali NP, AK 99755

Association of National Park Rangers

Important: Please specify • New Membership • Renewal Date: Name (last, first, MI): Title: Box or street: Division: City: State: Zip:

NPS employees: Park four-letter code (i.e., YELL) Administrative Use Region (i.e., RMR; WASO use NCR) Type of Membership (Check one): Received $ • Active—all NPS employees, permanent, seasonal or retiree • $ 20.00 Date • Associate—individuals other than NPS employees • $ 20.00 • Sustaining—individuals and organizations • $ 50.00 By • Life—open to all individuals* O $200.00 • Subscription—2 copies of each issue available only to organizations D $ 20.00 •Life membership may be paid in four installments of $50.00 each within 12 months. RETURN TO: ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS, PO Box 222, Yellowstone National Park, WY 82190 23 RANGER: THE JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF NATIONAL PARK RANGERS

elp bridge the gap between nature and Human understanding. The sheer enjoyment of nature often leads to questions. When park personnel cannot always be present, why not use outdoor interpretive exhibits to provide the answers? When custom designed, screen printed and embedded in fiberglass, the interpretive exhibit becomes the most cost effective method of interpreting our cultural and natural heritage.

Division of Advertising Inc., P.O. Box 1288, Hagerstown, Maryland 21741-1288 (301) 791-6920

Association of BULK RATE National Park Rangers U.S. POSTAGE RFD tt2, 41 North Great Road PAID CONCORD, MA Lincoln, Massachusetts 01773 PERMIT NO. 231

ADDRESS CORRECTION REQUESTED