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World Englishes and Culture Wars Braj B Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82571-9 — World Englishes and Culture Wars Braj B. Kachru Frontmatter More Information World Englishes and Culture Wars Written from a non-Western perspective, this book exposes the inadequacy of oppositions such as native vs. nonnative Englishes and English vs. New Englishes. It explains why the label “World Englishes” captures both what the different Englishes share and how they differ from each other. It also criticizes the kinds of power asymmetries that have evolved among the Inner, Outer, and Expanding Circles of English, while showing the extent to which the Outer Circle has enriched their common language and made it suitable for both its heritage and nonheritage users. The narrative is grounded in a wealth of historical knowledge, especially that of the colonization of the Outer Circle. Readers are invited to compare the spread and differentiation of English with those of Latin, which evolved into the Romance languages. This comparison may leave the reader asking: Could English break up into Anglian languages? braj b. kachru spent most of his career at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, serving also as Head of the Department of Linguistics (1968–1979), Director of the Division of English as an International Lan- guage (1985–1991), and Director of the University’s Center for Advanced Study (June 1996–January 2000). He became the Jubilee Professor of Liberal Arts and Sciences in 1992 and the Sir Edward Youde Memorial Fund Visiting Professor at Hong Kong University in 1998. He cofounded the International Association of World Englishes and the journal World Englishes.He coauthored and coedited more than a dozen books on World Englishes and Kashmiri. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82571-9 — World Englishes and Culture Wars Braj B. Kachru Frontmatter More Information Cambridge Approaches to Language Contact Founding Editor SALIKOKO S. MUFWENE, University of Chicago Co-Editor ANA DEUMERT, University of Cape Town Editorial Board robert chaudenson, Université d’Aix-en-Provence raj mesthrie, University of Cape Town lesley milroy, University of Michigan shana poplack, University of Ottawa michael silverstein, University of Chicago Cambridge Approaches to Language Contact is an interdisciplinary series bringing together work on language contact from a diverse range of research areas. The series focuses on key topics in the study of contact between languages or dialects, including the development of pidgins and creoles, language evolution and change, world Englishes, code-switching and code- mixing, bilingualism and second language acquisition, borrowing, interference and convergence phenomena. Published titles: Salikoko Mufwene, The Ecology of Language Evolution Michael Clyne, Dynamics of Language Contact Bernd Heine and Tania Kuteva, Language Contact and Grammatical Change Edgar W. Schneider, Postcolonial English Virginia Yip and Stephen Matthews, The Bilingual Child Bernd Heine and Derek Nurse (eds), A Linguistic Geography of Africa J. Clancy Clements, The Linguistic Legacy of Spanish and Portuguese Umberto Ansaldo, Contact Languages Jan Blommaert, The Sociolinguistics of Globalization Carmen Silva-Corvalán, Bilingual Language Acquisition Lotfi Sayahi, Diglossia and Language Contact Emanuel J. Drechsel, Language Contact in the Early Colonial Pacific Enoch Oladé Aboh, The Emergence of Hybrid Grammars Zhiming Bao, The Making of Vernacular Singapore English Ralph Ludwig, Peter Mühlhäusler and Steve Pagel (eds.), Linguistic Ecology and Language Contact Bridget Drinka, Language Contact in Europe Braj B. Kachru, World Englishes and Culture Wars © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82571-9 — World Englishes and Culture Wars Braj B. Kachru Frontmatter More Information Further titles planned for the series: Rakesh Bhatt, Language Contact and Diaspora Gregory D.S. Anderson Language Extinction Ellen Hurst and Rajend Mesthrie (eds.), Youth Language Varieties in Africa Cecile Vigouroux, Migration, Economy, and Language Practice © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82571-9 — World Englishes and Culture Wars Braj B. Kachru Frontmatter More Information World Englishes and Culture Wars Braj B. Kachru University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82571-9 — World Englishes and Culture Wars Braj B. Kachru Frontmatter More Information University Printing House, Cambridge CB2 8BS, United Kingdom Cambridge University Press is part of the University of Cambridge. It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence. www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521825719 © Braj B. Kachru 2017 This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press. First published 2017 A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Kachru, Braj B., author. Title: World Englishes and culture wars / Braj Kachru. Description: Cambridge, United Kingdom : Cambridge University Press, [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016032619 | ISBN 9780521825719 (Hardback : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780521532785 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: LCSH: English language–Variation–English-speaking countries. | English language–Variation–Foreign countries. | English language–Social aspects–English-speaking countries. | Language and culture–English-speaking countries. | Language and culture–Foreign countries. | Communication, International. | Intercultural communication. | Sociolinguistics. Classification: LCC PE2751 .K333 2016 | DDC 427–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016032619 ISBN 978-0-521–82571-9 Hardback Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URLs for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate. © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82571-9 — World Englishes and Culture Wars Braj B. Kachru Frontmatter More Information Contents Foreword by Salikoko S. Mufwene page ix Acknowledgments xvi Part I World Englishes Today 1 1 The Agony and Ecstasy 3 2 The Second Diaspora 23 3 Culture Wars 45 4 Standards and Codification 66 5 The Power and Politics 85 Part II Context and Creativity 107 6 The Speaking Tree 109 7 Creativity and Literary Canons 121 Part III Past and Prejudice 133 8 Liberation Linguistics 135 9 Sacred Linguistic Cows 151 10 The Paradigms of Marginalization 166 Part IV Ethical Issues and the ELT Empire 183 11 Applying Linguistics 185 12 Leaking Paradigms 206 vii © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82571-9 — World Englishes and Culture Wars Braj B. Kachru Frontmatter More Information viii Table of Contents Part V World Englishes and the Classroom 221 13 Mythology in Teaching 223 Part VI Research Areas and Resources 239 14 Research Resources 241 Select Bibliography 269 Author Index 298 Subject Index 301 © in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-82571-9 — World Englishes and Culture Wars Braj B. Kachru Frontmatter More Information Foreword The Cambridge Approaches to Language Contact (CALC) series was set up to publish outstanding monographs on language contact, especially by authors who approach their specific subject matter from a diachronic or developmental perspective. Our goal is to integrate the ever-growing scholarship on language diversification (including the development of creoles, pidgins, and indigenized varieties of colonial European languages), bilingual language development, code-switching, and language endangerment. We hope to provide a select forum to scholars who contribute insightfully to understanding language evolution from an interdisciplinary perspective. We favor approaches that highlight the role of ecology and draw inspiration both from the authors’ own fields of specialization and from related research areas in linguistics or other disciplines. Eclecticism is one of our mottoes, as we endeavor to comprehend the complexity of evolutionary processes associated with contact. We are proud to add to our list Braj B. Kachru’s World Englishes and Culture Wars, which sums up, from both a historical and a critical perspec- tive, the scholarship of over the past half-century on the spread of English around the world, its encounters with diverse languages and integration into new cultures, its indigenization and speciation in the process, as well as issues that arise from this particular evolution regarding emergent norms and of course also regarding the ownership of the language. For many people, especially in the Outer Circle, English is now part of their linguascape, and it seems odd that people in the Inner Circle want to keep dictating how this language, now shared by people evolving in different places and producing
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