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Evarcha Culicivora Chooses Blood-Fed Anopheles Mosquitoes but Other

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Evarcha Culicivora Chooses Blood-Fed Anopheles Mosquitoes but Other MVE mve˙986 Dispatch: October 6, 2011 Journal: MVE CE: Hybrid-CE View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Journal Name Manuscript No. B Author Received: No of pages: 3 TS: Suresh provided by UC Research Repository Medical and Veterinary Entomology (2011), doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2011.00986.x 1 1 2 SHORT COMMUNICATION 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 Evarcha culicivora chooses blood-fed Anopheles 6 7 7 8 mosquitoes but other East African jumping spiders do 8 9 9 10 not 10 11 11 12 12 13 R. R. J A C K S O N1,2 andX.J.NELSON1 13 14 14 AQ1 1 2 15 Department of Xxx, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand and Department of 15 16AQ2 Xxx, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Mbita Point, Kenya 16 17 17 18 18 19 Abstract. Previous research using computer animation and lures made from dead 19 20 prey has demonstrated that the East African salticid Evarcha culicivora Wesolowska & 20 21AQ3 Jackson (Araneae: Salticidae) feeds indirectly on vertebrate blood by actively choosing 21 22 blood-carrying female mosquitoes as prey, and also that it singles out mosquitoes of 22 23AQ4 the genus Anopheles (Diptera: Culicidae) by preference. Here, we demonstrate that 23 24 E. culicivora’s preference is expressed when the species is tested with living prey 24 25 and that it is unique to E. culicivora. As an alternative hypothesis, we considered 25 26 26 the possibility that the preference for blood-fed female anopheline mosquitoes might 27 27 28 be widespread in East African salticids. When live-prey choice tests were carried out 28 29 in 19 additional species, there were no instances in which blood-carrying mosquitoes 29 30 were chosen significantly more often than other prey. Combined with the findings of 30 31 previous work, these results suggest that it is possible that specialized predators play 31 32 a role in the biological control of disease vectors. 32 33 33 34 Key words. Anopheles gambiae, Evarcha culicivora, foraging, mosquitoes, predation, 34 35 prey preferences, specialization. 35 36 36 37 37 38 38 39 Because they have intricate, vision-guided prey-capture E. culicivora makes fine discriminations between anopheline 39 40 behaviour (Jackson & Pollard, 1996) and the ability to see and less preferred culicine mosquitoes, even when it is 40 41AQ5 fine detail (Harland et al., 2011), jumping spiders (Salticidae) restricted to visual cues alone (Jackson et al., 2005; Nelson 41 42 are especially suitable subjects in experiments on prey-choice & Jackson, 2006). Filling an important gap left by earlier 42 43 behaviour (Nelson & Jackson, 2011). There are numerous work, we confirm that E. culicivora makes prey-choice 43 44 examples of salticids expressing distinctive preferences for decisions that deliver bloodmeals when living prey are used in 44 45 other spiders or for ants (Jackson & Pollard, 1996). However, experiments. We also consider an alternative to our hypothesis 45 46 it may be that the East African salticid Evarcha culicivora that E. culicivora’s specialized preferences are unique or at 46 47 Wesolowska & Jackson, the natural prey of which consists least exceedingly unusual. The alternative hypothesis is that 47 48 mainly of mosquitoes (Wesolowska & Jackson, 2003), illus- preference for blood-carrying mosquitoes is widespread in East 48 49 trates the most unexpected precision in prey-choice behaviour. African salticids. We addressed this hypothesis by undertaking 49 50 This is a spider that feeds indirectly on vertebrate blood identical experiments using another 19 East African salticid 50 51 by actively choosing blood-fed female mosquitoes as prey species. 51 52 (Jackson et al., 2005), and it also expresses a preference for All testing was carried out between 08.00 hours and 52 53 Anopheles (Nelson & Jackson, 2006), the mosquito genus to 19.00 hours (in a laboratory photoperiod of LD 12 : 12 h, with 53 54AQ6 which all human malaria vectors belong (Clements, 1999). lights on at 07.00 hours) using spiders that had been starved for 54 55 Experiments based on using motionless lures and/or virtual 7 days prior to testing. All test spiders (always n>20) were 55 56 prey generated by computer animation have demonstrated that adult females that had matured in laboratory culture 2–3 weeks 56 57 57 58AQ7 Correspondence: Ximena J. Nelson, Department of Xxx, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 58 + + 59 8081, New Zealand. Tel.: 64 3 364 2987 (ext. 4050); Fax: 64 3 364 2590; E-mail: [email protected] 59 © 2011 The Authors Medical and Veterinary Entomology © 2011 The Royal Entomological Society 1 2 R. R. Jackson and X. J. Nelson AQ81 Table 1. Simultaneous-presentation tests of female salticids (Araneae: Salticidae). 1 2 2 3 Salticid species Prey 2† Chose prey 1*, n Chose prey 2†, n χ 2 3 4 4 Evarcha culicivora C. claripennis 20 5 9.000‡ 5 An. gambiae,M 18 2 12.800§ 5 6 Asemonea murphyae Wanless C. claripennis 12 15 0.333 6 7 An. gambiae, M 15 15 0.000 7 8 Cyrba ocellata (Kroneberg) C. claripennis 14 14 0.000 8 9 An. gambiae, M 13 13 0.000 9 10 Goleba puella (Simon) C. claripennis 18 14 0.500 10 11 An. gambiae, M 17 17 0.000 11 12 Harmochirus brachiatus (Thorell) C. claripennis 20 14 1.059 12 An. gambiae, M 15 16 0.032 13 13 Hasarius adansoni (Savigny & Audouin) C. claripennis 16 16 0.000 14 An. gambiae, M 15 18 0.273 14 15 Holcolaetis vellerea (Simon) C. claripennis 17 18 0.000 15 16 An. gambiae, M 14 16 0.133 16 17 Hyllus sp. C. claripennis 12 15 0.333 17 18 An. gambiae, M 18 15 0.273 18 19 Meleon solitaria C. claripennis 19 15 0.471 19 20 An. gambiae, M 16 17 0.030 20 21 Menemerus bivittatus (Dufour) C. claripennis 14 16 0.133 21 An. gambiae, M 17 18 0.029 22 22 Menemerus congoensis Lessert C. claripennis 16 16 0.000 23 An. gambiae, M 14 15 0.034 23 24 Menemerus sp. C. claripennis 19 13 1.125 24 25 An. gambiae, M 16 16 0.000 25 26 Myrmarachne melanotarsa Wesolowska & Salm C. claripennis 14 13 0.037 26 27 An. gambiae, M 15 12 0.333 27 28 Natta rufopicta (Simon) C. claripennis 16 11 0.926 28 29 An. gambiae, M 15 15 0.000 29 30 Pachyballus cordiformis Berland & Millot C. claripennis 13 15 0.143 30 An. gambiae, M 13 15 0.143 31 31 Parajotus cinereus Wesolowska C. claripennis 18 15 0.273 32 An. gambiae, M 19 16 0.257 32 33 Plexippus sp. C. claripennis 19 15 0.471 33 34 An. gambiae, M 19 15 0.471 34 35 Portia africana C. claripennis 14 16 0.133 35 36 An. gambiae, M 18 14 0.500 36 37 Pseudicius sp. (Simon) C. claripennis 15 10 1.000 37 38 An. gambiae, M 15 15 0.000 38 39 Thyene sp. C. claripennis 16 16 0.000 39 An. gambiae, M 15 20 0.714 40 40 41 *Prey 1: blood-fed Anopheles gambiae, female. 41 42 †Prey 2: Clinotanypus claripennis (male or female) or Anopheles gambiae,male(M). 42 43 χ 2 tests of goodness of fit: ‡P < 0.01; §P < 0.001; all other rows P > 0.05. 43 44 44 45 45 before being used. Spiders were housed individually in spa- or a male or female midge [Clinotanypus claripennis Kieffer 46 46 cious cages enriched with a meshwork of twigs. Spiders were (Diptera: Chironomidae)]. All prey were 5.0 mm in body 47 47 reared on a mixed diet of non-biting midges collected locally, length (accurate to the nearest 0.5 mm). Tests were carried out 48 48 as well as on male and female mosquitoes (spiders were given in a glass arena (100 × 100 × 35 mm), with a removable glass 49 49 unlimited access to all prey types three times per week). lid (100 × 100 mm). A hole (diameter 16 mm) in the centre of 50 50 Mosquitoes used for rearing were Anopheles gambiae s.s. Giles the floor, situated 10 mm from one end of the box and plugged 51 51 from laboratory culture (Jackson et al., 2005). In culture, all with a removable rubber bung, was used to introduce prey and 52 52 mosquitoes had continuous access to glucose (6% solution) and 53 the test spider into the arena. To begin testing, a test spider 53 only sugar-fed mosquitoes were used as maintenance prey for 54 was allowed to enter through the hole once two live prey were 54 the spider cultures. The expression ‘blood-fed’ refers to female 55 in the arena. Trials ended when the salticid captured and began 55 mosquitoes that had received a bloodmeal (from a human host) 56 feeding on one of the two prey items. 56 4 h before being used in a prey-choice test. 57 When E. culicivora was used in the prey-choice tests, 57 During prey-choice testing, one prey was always a blood- 58 significantly more test spiders chose blood-fed mosquitoes 58 fed An. gambiae female. The other prey was either a male 59AQ9 than the alternative prey (Table 1). However, when the other 59 © 2011 The Authors Medical and Veterinary Entomology © 2011 The Royal Entomological Society, Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 0, 0–0 Choice of Anopheles mosquitoes by Evarcha culicivora 3 1 19 salticid species were tested, the number of test spiders References 1 2 that chose blood-fed mosquitoes did not differ significantly 2 3 from the number that chose the alternative prey, although Beadle, L.C.
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