In the Supreme Court of Canada (On Appeal from the Court of Appeal of Alberta)
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF CANADA (ON APPEAL FROM THE COURT OF APPEAL OF ALBERTA) File Number: 35977 BETWEEN: DONALD JERRY BARABASH Appellant (Respondent) - and - HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN Respondent (Appellant) File Number: 36064 AND: SHANE GORDON ROLLISON Appellant (Respondent) - and - HER MAJESTY THE QUEEN Respondent (Appellant) AND BETWEEN: ATTORNEY GENERAL OF CANADA ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ONTARIO CANADIAN CIVIL LIBERTIES ASSOCIATION BEYOND BORDERS AND THE CANADIAN CENTRE FOR CHILD PROTECTION Interveners FACTUM OF THE RESPONDENT ATTORNEY GENERAL OF ALBERTA PURSUANT TO SECTION 36 OF THE SUPREME COURT ACT AND RULE 42 OF RULES OF THE SUPREME COURT OF CANADA BAN ON PUBLICATION: S. 486.4 OF THE CRIMINAL CODE JOLAINE ANTONIO D. LYNNE WATT JULIE MORGAN Ottawa Agent for the Respondent, Counsel for the Respondent, Attorney General of Alberta Attorney General of Alberta Gowling Lafleur Henderson LLP Justice and Solicitor General Barristers & Solicitors Appeals, Education & Prosecution Policy Branch 2600, 160 Elgin Street 3rd Floor, Centrium Place Ottawa, ON K1P 1C3 300, 332 – 6 Avenue S.W. Phone: (613) 786-8695 Calgary, AB T2P 0B2 Fax: (613) 788-3509 Phone: (403) 297-6005 Email: [email protected] Fax: (403) 297-3453 Email: [email protected] [email protected] PETER J. ROYAL, Q.C. EUGENE MEEHAN, Q.C. MARIE-FRANCE MAJOR Ottawa Agent for the Appellant, Counsel for the Appellant Donald Jerry Barabash Donald Jerry Barabash Royal Teskey Supreme Advocacy LLP 200, 9636 – 102A Avenue 100, 340 Gilmour Street Edmonton, AB T5H 0G5 Ottawa, ON K2P 0R3 Phone: (780) 432-0919 Phone: (613) 695-8855 Ext: 101 Fax: (780) 439-6562 Fax: (613) 695-8580 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] DIANA C. GOLDIE EUGENE MEEHAN, Q.C. Counsel for the Appellant, Ottawa Agent for the Appellant, Shane Gordon Rollison Shane Gordon Rollison Legal Aid Society of Alberta Supreme Advocacy LLP 300 Revillon Building 100 - 340 Gilmour Street 10320 – 102 Avenue Ottawa, ON K2P 0R3 Edmonton, AB T5J 4A1 Phone: (613) 695-8855 Phone: (780) 232-4625 Fax: (613) 695-8580 Fax: (780) 422-3757 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] CHRISTINE BARTLETT-HUGHES ROBERT E. HOUSTON, Q.C. Counsel for the Intervener, Ottawa Agent for the Intervener, Attorney General for Ontario Attorney General for Ontario Ministry of the Attorney General Burke-Robertson Crown Law Office - Criminal 200, 441 MacLaren Street 10th Floor, 720 Bay Street Ottawa, ON K2P 2H3 Toronto, ON M5G 2K1 Phone: (613) 236-9665 Phone: (416) 326-2351 Fax: (613) 235-4430 Fax: (416) 326-4656 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] ALEXI N. WOOD COLIN S. BAXTER KATE SOUTHWELL Ottawa Agent for the Intervener, Counsel for the Intervener, CANADIAN CIVIL LIBERTIES CANADIAN CIVIL LIBERTIES ASSOCIATION ASSOCIATION Davis LLP Conway Baxter Wilson LLP 1 First Canadian Place, Suite 6000 Suite 401, 1111 Prince of Wales P.O. Box 367, 100 King Street West Ottawa, ON K2C 3T2 Toronto, ON M5X 1E2 Phone: (613) 780-2012 Phone: (416) 941-5403 Fax: (613) 688-0271 Fax: (416) 369-5248 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] JEFFREY G. JOHNSTON ROBERT J. FRATER Counsel for the Intervener, Ottawa Agent for the Intervener, Attorney General of Canada Attorney General of Canada Department of Justice Canada Department of Justice Canada 2127 – 284 Wellington Street 50 O’Connor Street, Suite 500, Room 556 Ottawa, ON K1A 0H8 Ottawa, ON K1P 6L2 Phone: (613) 941-3528 Phone: (613) 670-6289 Fax: (613) 957-8412 Fax: (613) 954-1920 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] DAVID MATAS D. LYNNE WATT Counsel for the Intervener, Ottawa Agent for the Intervener, Beyond Borders and The Canadian Centre Beyond Borders and The Canadian for Child Protection Inc. Centre for Child Protection Inc. David Matas Gowling Lafleur Henderson LLP Barrister & Solicitor 2600, 160 Elgin Street 602 – 225 Vaughan Street Ottawa, ON K1P 1C3 Winnipeg, MB R3C 1T7 Phone: (613) 786-8695 Phone: (204) 944-1831 Fax: (613) 788-3509 Fax: (204) 942-1494 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected] i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. PART I – OVERVIEW AND FACTS ......................................................................................... 1 OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................... 1 SUMMARY OF FACTS .................................................................................................................... 2 DM’S EVIDENCE .......................................................................................................................... 3 KB’S EVIDENCE ........................................................................................................................... 5 THE NEXOPIA PHOTO ................................................................................................................... 8 DIGITAL EVIDENCE ...................................................................................................................... 8 THE TRIAL JUDGE’S REASONS ...................................................................................................... 9 Credibility: The recordings speak for themselves .................................................................. 9 The recordings ...................................................................................................................... 10 Trial Judge’s interpretation of the private use defence ........................................................ 12 PART II – ISSUES ...................................................................................................................... 16 PART III – ARGUMENT .......................................................................................................... 18 WRONG WORLDVIEW, WRONG TEST ........................................................................................... 18 SHARPE: PERMITTING EXPRESSION WHILE PRECLUDING EXPLOITATION ...................................... 19 CHILDREN NEED PROTECTION FROM THE HARM OF SEXUAL EXPLOITATION ............................... 22 Criminal Code s 153: offence of sexual exploitation ............................................................ 22 Relationships of trust, authority and dependency ................................................................. 24 Exploitative relationships ..................................................................................................... 25 Immaturity = vulnerability .................................................................................................... 27 Exploitation = harm .............................................................................................................. 29 EXPLOITATIVE MAKING OF CHILD PORNOGRAPHY IS INDEFENSIBLE ........................................... 31 THE APPELLANTS’ VERSION OF THE PRIVATE USE DEFENCE INVITES EXPLOITATION .................. 35 Naked consent ....................................................................................................................... 36 Undefining child pornography .............................................................................................. 38 Objects, not partners ............................................................................................................. 38 ON ANY CONSTRUCTION OF THE DEFENCE, THE APPELLANTS ARE GUILTY ................................. 40 PART IV – COSTS ..................................................................................................................... 47 PART V – ORDER SOUGHT ................................................................................................... 47 APPENDIX .................................................................................................................................. 48 PART VI - TABLE OF AUTHORITIES ................................................................................. 61 PART VII – LEGISLATION AT ISSUE ................................................................................. 66 1 FACTUM OF THE RESPONDENT PART I – OVERVIEW AND FACTS Overview 1. KB and DM both ran away from their families to a street life of drugs and prostitution. At age 14, the two girls met in an adolescent treatment centre and ran away again. DM brought KB to stay with her father’s friend, Donny Barabash, and hang out with his friend, Shane Rollison. The men supplied drugs and shelter. The girls performed explicit sex acts on video. Barabash kept the videos; the girls never saw them. When asked if she wanted to do what she did, KB’s answer was unambiguous: “I wanted the drugs.” 2. In this factum, the Respondent will devote considerable time to saying things that this Court already knows: Children are not adults. Children are vulnerable to sexual exploitation by adults. Once exploited, they are at significant risk of harm. The presence of ostensible consent does not change that fact, since it is a prerequisite to a finding of exploitation. Child pornography directly harms the children used in its making, and may less directly harm others. Apparently there is a need to say these things, because two of the four judges to consider this case so far would have acquitted the Appellants on the private use defence established by this Court in R v Sharpe. 3. The trial judge and the dissenting appellate justice felt that courts should not consider whether the pornographic materials were made in circumstances of exploitation