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IN VIETNAM SPICES (Ginger, Turmeric, Cardamom, Galanga) SOURCE of STARCH (C

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IN VIETNAM SPICES (Ginger, Turmeric, Cardamom, Galanga) SOURCE of STARCH (C ZINGIBERACEAE IN SOUTHEAST VIETNAM TrầnHữu Đăng - University of Science, Hồ Chí Minh City, VIETNAM Jana Leong-Škorničková - Herbarium, Singapore Botanic Gardens, SINGAPORE Mark New man - Roya l Bo tan ic Gar den Edin burg h, SCOTLAND Oral Presentation in the 5th International Symposium of Zingiberaceae, China 2009 ZINGIBERACEAE Perennial herbs, 10 cm – 8 m, evergreen or partly dormant More than 50 genera and 1500 spp. Over 3700 names complica te d nomenc la ture Greatest diversity in Asia Indochina is one of the biodiversity hotspots, but greatly under explored 50/1200 spp. 1/200 spp. 4/150 spp. IMPORTANCE OF GINGERS IN VIETNAM SPICES (ginger, turmeric, cardamom, galanga) SOURCE of STARCH (C. pierreana) VEGETABLES (Z. zerumbet leaves, A. galanga – cooked with dog meat) MEDICINAL PLANTS (C. longa, K. galanga, K. rotunda, H. coronarium, Z. zerumbet) ORNAMENTALS (EelatiorE. elatior, A. purpurata, H. coronarium etc.) COSMETICS industry (C. longa - creams) PACKING MATERIAL (Elettariopsis sp. – wraping cakes) CULTURAL IMPORTANCE (myths, folk tales & black magic) INDOCHINA LOUREIRO (1790) VIETNAM 13 spp . in Cochinchina 0 in SE Vietnam GAGNEPAIN (1908) LAOS 103 spp. Indochina 17 in SE Vietnam PHẠM HOÀNG HỘ (2003) CAMBODIA 98 spp. in Vietnam, 37 in SE Vietnam SE VNM Herbarium (2008) 29 specimens from Indochina 1 from SE Vietnam MATERIALS & METHODS Majority of Zingiberaceae flower during the rainy season all but one field trip were conducted from June to September 2008 MATERIALS & METHODS Herbarium specimens & spirit samples (E, P, RUPP, SING, VNM & Nat. Uni. Laos) Dilddii&fldiiifildDetailed descriptions & flower dissections in field IUCN – following latest guidelines (2001) RESULTS ACCOUNT 46 collections 10 genera & 33 species 22 species in wild 11 species cultivated or naturalized 27 taxa identified up to specific level, 5 taxa provisional names (unclear taxonomy or nomenclature) dormant genera greater diversity consistent with climate of SE Vietnam with pronounced dry season IUCN 25 species were ranked as Least Concern (LC) 3 species were ranked as Near Threatened (NT) 5species were ranked as Data Deficient (()DD) MAIN HABITATS Semi-deciduous forests Grassland in dipterocarp forests Open spaces Humid rocky places Semi-deciduous forests Grassland in dipterocarp forests Open spaces Humid rocky places RESULTS – account of gingers Curcuma – 7 spp. SbSubgen. Hitc hen iops is C. gracillima – rare, in bamboo forest C. alismatifolia – rare, dipterocarp grasslands, horticultural potential IUCN: Least concern (LC) Curcuma gracillima Curcuma alismatifolia Subgen. Curcuma C. pierreana – widespread; recorded by Phạm as wild and cultivated, no cultivation seen iSEVitin SE Vietnam IUCN: Least concern (LC) CtiltC. petiolata – rare, found only once IUCN: Data deficient (DD) Curcuma pierreana Curcuma cf. petiolata Curcuma – 7 spp. Subgen. Curcuma C. longa – source of turmeric, widely cultivated as a spice IUCN: Least concern (LC) Curcuma longa C. aff. euchroma – naturalized and cultiva te d as me dic ina l p lan t C. aff. viridiflora – naturalized and cultivated as medicinal plant IUCN: Least concern (LC) Both species commonly misidentified for C. longa Curcuma aff. euchroma Curcuma aff. viridiflora Amomum – 4 spp. A. biflorum – widespread in various habitats A. tomrey AlhtA. elephantorum Amomum biflorum Amomum tomrey A. uliginosum – ligule very variable in length intrasppyecific variability or different varieties? IUCN: Least concern (LC) Amomum elephantorum Amomum uliginosum Globba – 4 spp. TTfthihaxonomy of the genus is hazy extensive changes in synonymy Globba pendula – widespread reported by all three studies Globba albiflora var. aurea – new record for Vietnam Globba pendula Globba albiflora var. aurea Globba marantina – reported by Phạm as G. barthei IUCN: Least concern (LC) Globba geoffrayi – also new record for Vietnam, previously recorded from Cambodia IUCN: Data deficient (DD) Globba marantina Globba geoffrayi Kaempferia – 4 spp. Kaempferia aff. marginata – so far not recorded from Vietnam Kaempferia rotunda – reported by Phạm as Boesenbergia rotunda IUCN: Leas t Concern (LC) Kaempferia aff. marginata Kaempferia rotunda Kaempferia angustifolia – rare Kaempferia galanga – cultivated & naturalized IUCN: Data Deficient (DD) Kaempferia angustifolia Kaempferia galanga Zingiber – 4 spp. Z. officinale – commercially cultivated in SE Vietnam Z. zerumbet – cultivated on local scale & naturalized Z. collinsii – high ornamental potential IUCN: Least Concern (LC) Zingiber officinale Zingiber zerumbet Z. pellitum – re-collected from TYPE locality; facing habitat loss IUCN: Near Threatened (NT) Zingiber collinsii Zingiber pellitum Alpinia – 3 spp. Alpinia conchigera Alpinia galanga A. conchigera – widespread in various habitats AlA. galanga - cultiva te d as sp ice A. purpurata – cultivated as an ornamental IUCN: Least Concern (LC) Alpinia purpurata Boesenbergia – 3 spp. Boesenbergia xiphostachyaBoesenbergia sp. Boesenbergia aff. longiflora IUCN: Near Threatened (()NT) IUCN: Data Deficient (()DD) Found only in the altitude range 90-150 m in Tân Phú Forest and Cát Tiên NP near streams or waterfalls All 3 spp. not previously recorded Etlingera – 2 spp. Etlingera elatior Etlingera megalocheilos E. eeatolatior - cultiva aedasated as an orn am ent al E. megalocheilos - recorded by Phạm as E. littoralis IUCN: Least Concern (LC) Elettariopsis & Hedychium - 1 sp. E. triloba - flowering in the dry season IUCN: Least Concern (LC) Elettariopsis triloba H. coronarium - cultivated as medicinal and ornamental plant IUCN: Least Concern (LC) Hedychium coronarium CONCLUSION 10 genera & 33 species out of 17 species reported by Gagnepain – 5 this study out of 37 species reportdted by Phạm-18 thisstdtudy Elettaria, Gagnepainia, and Stahlianthus - not recorded 16 species newly recorded for SE Vietnam in this study Destruction of habitats & loss of species Misidentifications and name changes for nomenclatural reasons Sites mainly explored during rainy season, while Gagnepainia, Stahlianthus and some Curcuma often flower just before rainy season, or Elettariopsis in dry season More sites need to be explored CONCLUSION More fieldwork in unexplored areas and different periods of the year are needed to fully understand the biodiversity of gingers in SE Vietnam. ACKNOWLEDGMENT SEP ppjroject for fundin g Vietnam National University and Singapore Botanic Gardens for facilities Relevant Vietnam authorities in Vietnam for granting pemissions to collect Organisers of China symposium for financial support to attend the symposium Prof. Lê Công Kiệt and Dr. Trần Triết from Vietnam National University, who encourage us to study Zingiberaceae family in Vietnam .
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