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Ethnic Dialects of the Assamese Language

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Ethnic Dialects of the Assamese Language INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 12, DECEMBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 Ethnic Dialects Of The Assamese Language Amal Nath, Abstract: Assam is a land of different ethnic communities. Assamese is the main language of Assam. The tribes of Assam are- Missing, Deori, Rabha, Karbi, Bodo, Tiwa, Moran, Sonowal Kachari etc. All these tribes have their own languages. Many clans are found within the tribe, which have dissimilarities or varieties in their language. These varieties are known as ethnic dialects. Assamese has also many ethnic dialects. The above tribes are bilingual. They use their mother tongue in their household affairs or their language is limited only in the gateway of their house. To communicate with others they have to choose a common language, that is the Assamese language. Though they use Assamese, we don’t find the prop er Assamese form in their Assamese speaking. Many influences of their mother tongue have seen in their Assamese speaking. These are also a different form of Assamese. A dialect is a variation of a language. Therefore we can term it as dialect of the Assamese language. In this paper an attempt has been chosen to enlighten the features of the Assamese ethnic dialects. For this discussion field study and socio-linguistic method will be used. Keywords: Dialects, Variation, Ethnic dialects, Bilingual, Missing-Mese, Language, Tribes . ———————————————————— 1. INTRODUCTION: language to speak. They speak Assamese in their every- A dialect is a variation of a language. When many day life. The other clans keep the language. The Missing dissimilarities are created in terms of ethnic groups, person, has no script. They use Roman script. The variations that place, gender etc. within the language then we can term it are found in the Assamese speaking of the Missing people as a dialect or variation of a language. These variations are can be explained phonetically, morphologically and found in phonology, morphology, syntax and in vocabulary. lexically. Linguist Dr. Upen Rabha Hakasam uses the term Assamese is the major language of Assam. It is also a ‘Missing-Mese’ to indicate the colloquial Assamese of the communicating language. Many ethnic tribes are dwelled in Missing tribe (Hakacham 2009:204). The word is derived Assam. Each tribe has its own language. But to from two words. One is Missing and another is- Assamese. communicate with others they have to use the Assamese For better discussions I will also be used the term. These language. The tribes of Assam are- Missing, Bodo, Rabha, are as follows- Karbi, Tiwa, Sonowal Kachari, Moran, Tai Phake, Tai a) Phonetic Features: Ahom, Tai Aiton etc. These people are bilingual. They use 1. The Missing people use five vowels in Assamese as second language. An impact of their mother Assamese speaking. These are- /a, A, tongue has been found in their Assamese speaking. Due to i, u, e/ this impact much dissimilarity are found from the standard 2. Aspirated sounds become un- Assamese in their speaking. These kinds of variations can aspirated in Missing-Mese. Example- be termed as dialects of the Assamese language. The Assamese Missing- ethnic dialects of the Assamese language can be classified Mese typologically as follows- Kha (to eat) ka a) Colloquial Assamese of the Missing tribe. aghon (a month of Assamese calander) agon b) Colloquial Assamese of the Rabha tribe. pitha (rice cake) pita c) Colloquial Assamese of the Tiwa tribe. jethai (mother’s elder sister) jetai d) Colloquial Assamese of the Sonowal- Kachari. 3. Alveolar unvoiced un-aspirated sound e) Spoken form of Assamese of the Moran (ts) and alveolar voiced aspirated tribe. sounds (dzh) are not found in the f) Colloquial Assamese of the Deori tribe. Mising-Mese. On the contrary the 1.0 Colloquial Assamese of Missing tribe: Missing is a sound (dz) is used in final position in fascinating tribe of Assam with its own identity and cultural the Assamese. It becomes ‘S’ in heritage. The missing people are inhabited in the-Sivsagar, Missing-Mese. Example- Dhemaji, Lakhimpur, Dibrugarh districts of Assam. Assamese According to the 2011 census the population of the Missing Missing-Mese tej (Blood) tribe was-5, 87,310. Linguistically it belongs to the Sino- tes Tibetan family and anthropologically it is a mongoloid stock. kaj (work) kas Many clans are found in the Missing community. These are- bej (a physician) bes Samuguria, Tamar, Bangkual, Bihia, Bebejia, pagro, saying, Ayan, Dambug, Delu, Samuang, Moing. 4. The nasalization of the Assamese language is also found in the Missing- Mese. But the nasal sound becomes _________________________ alveolar palatal nasal sound (ɲ) or velar nasal sound [-] in Missing- . Research Scholar, Mese. Examples- . Assamese Department . Dibrugarh University Email: [email protected] Assamese Missing-Mese Each clan has variations in language. Among these tribes Kaun (say) ka h h Samuguria, Tamar, Bangkual, bihia and Bebejia leave their T akun (live) t aku 3081 IJSTR©2019 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 12, DECEMBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 5. The sibilant aspirated sounds are not found in the Missing-Mese. Examples- Ornaments/ dress Assamese Missing-Mese Age traditional attire of women. bihu (cultural festival) biu sgbu a long cloth xrai (one kind of rai ri:bi-gase traditional attire of women. tray) Assamese Missing-Mese h ak a aka Zabli ‘to go’ zable b. Morphological Features: Nohodhake‘without permission’ nudake 1. In the Misssing-Mese the non-honorific, Khaõt ‘ate’ kaut honorific and high-honorific pronouns are not used. Mibu galug shirt for men. It happens due the influence of their mother tongue or the origin Missing language. In singular ‘tui/ti’ Festivals/Instruments: and in plural‘tti/thti’ the same forms are used to Ali-Ai-lriga a cultivative festival. indicate aged or non-aged people. But in second P:rag a religious festival person Assamese has three pronoun markers in Kuruli flute a bamboo instrument playing both singular and plural. gugu with lips. Assamese Person Singular Plural 1.1 Colloquial Assamese of the Rabha tribe or Rabha- 2nd non-hon ti thẵt Mese: The Rabha people are inhabited at the Goalpara and Kamrup districts of Assam. hon. tumi tomalok Linguistically this language belongs to the Sino- high-hon apuni aponalok Tibetan language family. According to 2011 census the population of the Rabha tribe was-2,77,517 Missing Mese (Boruah 1990:21). The Rabha tribe has seven clans- Rongdani, Maitori, Dohari, Pati, Sunga, Person Sing. Plural. Bitolia and Totla (Boruah 1990:21). Among these clans only the Rongdani and Maitori keep their nd language. The other clans leave their language, to 2 ti/tui tti/thẵti express their thoughts they take the Assamese language. The Rabha language has no script, till now it is used as an underdeveloped language. Though most of them use the Assamese language, 2. The conjugational suffixes of the Missing-Mese some influences of their mother tongue have been are differentiated from Assamese in pronunciation. In seen in their Assamese speaking. These Missing-Mese [o] and [u] are used instead of first personal influences can be illustrated in different categories- suffix [õ] Example- a) Phonological features: Assamese Missing-Mese 1) The lower, unrounded [] is a special phoneme of Khaõ ‘eat’ kha the Assamese language. But this sound is not found in Rabha-Mese. For this the influence of the krilõ ‘done’ karilu Rabha language is notable. Example- 3. Different definitive articles are used in Missing- Mese. Example- Assamese Rabha-Mese Pl ‘time’ p lo Assamese Missing-Mese k sto Banh ‘bamboo’ batu Kst ‘pain’ ad r maaghtukura ‘a piece of motukur adr ‘honour’ meat’ bini ‘sister’ b ini 1. Inflectional suffixes [-ke, -le, -ote, -ute] are used kina ‘bride’ k ina instead of [-ki, -li, õte]. Example- 2) In Rabha-Mese Velar unvoiced aspirated sound [] c. Lexical features: In the vocabulary of Missing-Mese many is used instead of voiced aspirated sound [h]. So either words are come from the origin Missing language. the final [h] with [] is sometime omitted or it Sometimes these words are used with simplification by pronounced as [h]. Example- different phonetic and morphological processes. The Assamese Rabha-Mese vocabularies can be classified like- genitive words, manuh ‘man’ manu bÃh ‘bamboo’ ba Ornaments and dress related words, Festivals etc. bix ‘twenty’ bia/ bii/ Example- lo ‘Iron’ loa Genitive words: 3) Spontaneous nasalization, aspiration and Missing Meaning augmentation of [h] sound are notable phonetic Ta:t Grandfather features of the Rabha-Mese. It is not found in the ja:j Grandmother Assamese language. In this feature there is an Abu/ba:bri Father influence of their mother tongue. Ka:kri Father’s sister Example: 3082 IJSTR©2019 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 12, DECEMBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 Assamese Rabha-Mese ‘father water God’. Twelve offshoots are found within the h Japi ‘bamboo hat’ j api Tiwa tribe (Baruah 1990:22). According to the census of Jak ‘a crowd’ jhak h 2001the population of Tiwa tribe was- 1,70,622. Dr. Pla ‘through’ p ela Hakacham divided the Tiwa tribe into two groups-Hill Tiwa 4) Like Rabha language [dz] sound is not used in and Plain Tiwa. The people who live in the hill areas they Rabha-Mese. Generally in this environment [tsh] is keep their language, but the plain area’s people leave their used. Un-aspirated sounds [g, d, b] are used instead of h h h language to speak. On the contrary they express their [g , d , b ]. Example- thoughts by using an ethnic dialect of the Assamese Assamese Rabha-Mese language; that is the Tiwa-Mese. Many differences are tedz ‘blood’ tetsh.
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