LITERATURE SURVEY ON POLLUTIONAL HAZARDS, CAUSES, SOURCE AND IMPACT DISSERTATION SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF PHILOSOPHY IN GEOLOGY BY ABDUb RAHIM KABOO DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY, ALIGARH 1991 r.»r.p*» DS1944 \>OSl6.MM // ^\r, ^ .#• iZE-iJ DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY ALIGARH MUSLIM L'Nr/ES^r- Dr. Sajjad Husain Israili ALIGARH-202C0: '" Dl' M.Sc, Ph.D., D.Sc /.A.S. (Netherland), L.A.C.C. (Praha) PROFESSOR a CHAIRMAN Ref No Dated This is to certify that Mr. Abdul. Rahim. Kaboo has completed his research work under my supervision for the degree of Master of Philosophy of the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. This work is an original contribution to the existing knowledge on the subject. He is allowed to submit the work for M.Phil, degree of the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. ( S Supervisor Residence: 2'43, LAXMI BAI ROAD, NEAR MARRI5 ROAD CROSSING-, ALIGAR.I _: :" ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I wish to express my deep sense of gratitude to my supervisor Dr. S.H. IsrSili, Professor and Chairman, Department of Geology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh for his keen interest, efficient guidance, encouragement and valuable suggestions on the one hand and for providing me with necessary facilities on the other during the preparation of this work. Thanks are also due to all of my friends who rendered their help in this work by way of discussions and good suggestions. The help rendered by officials in various libraries of the country is worth mentioning and the financial assistance from the U.G.C., Govt., of Indis is gratefully acknowledged . Lastly, I am highly thankful to Mr. Zakiur Rahman for his accurate typing of the manuscript. ( ABDUL RAHIM KABCC ) CONTENTS Pages CHAPTER I GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE WORK UNDERTAKEK' 1 - 13 CHAPTER II DAL LAKE POLLUTION 14 - 31 Introduction Bibliography with Annotation Summary CHAPTER III VVATER POLLUTION Section 1. LAKES AND RIVERS (40 sets) 32 - 22'^ Introduction Bibliography with Annotation Summary Section 2. GROUND WATERS (03 sets) 2 30 - 26'j Introduction Bibliography with Annotation Summary Section 3. MARINE COASTAL WATERS (03 sets) 267 - 2SQ Introduction Bibliography with Annotation Summary CHAPTER IV SOIL POLLUTION Section 1. EFFECTS OF WASTE DISPOSAL AND RUNOFF (09 sets) 290 - 3/ Introduction Bibliography with Annotation Summary Section 2. EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN CEMEMT DUST AND FLY ASH (14 sets) 328 - 38] Introduction Bibliography with Annotation Summary [II] Section 3. EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS, TOXIC SUBSTA^5CES A^5D PESTICIDS (17 sets) 382 - 457 Introdotion Bibliography with Annotation Summary CHAPTER V GEOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT Section 1. URBAN DEVELOPMENT (05 sets) 458 - 48C Introduction Bibliography with Annotation Summary Section 2. CUTSLOPES, LANDSLIDES AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING PROBLEMS 481 - 4»- (03 sets) Introduction Bibliography with Annotation Summary Section 3. ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS (03 sets) 490 - 5C. Introduction Bibliography with Annotation Summary CHAPTER VI SUMMARY AND FUTURE TRENDS 503 - 511 INDICES Subject Index 512 - 51'^ Author Index 515 - 5.'^ Abbreviations used CHAPTER I GENERAL OUTLINE OF THE WORK UNDERTAKEN Knowledge is of two kindst We know a subject ourselves, or we know where we can find information upon it (Junnson). The present study is intended to bring at one place, in the form of annotations, all the significant literature avai­ lable in the field of pollutional hazards. Although the work is selective in nature, an attempt has been made to cover the important aspects of water and soil pollution and to record the documents related to the role of Geology in the environment. A separate chapter is devoted to Dal Lake (J and K) pollution documentation. The complete work consists of an annotated list of about 1000 documents. I am confident that this work will be useful to all those who have some interest in this field. Mainly research scholars in this field will find it helpful. While embarking on this task a general survey of the literature available in important libraries of the country viz., N.G.R.I. Library (Hyderabad); N.M.D.C. Library (Hyderabad); R.R. Lab. (Hyderabad); N.E.E.R.I. Library (Nagpur); Pusa Institute (lARI) (New Delhi); INSIDOC Library (New Delhi); J.N.U. Library (New Delhi); Iqbal Library (Kashmir University); M. Azad Library (A.M.U., Aligarh) and : 2 other departmental libraries of A.M.U. including Geology, Geography, Botany and Engineering College etc., was conducted. Out of a number of periodicals covering the field only selective ones were made use of for this purpose. After searching the literature, entries were recorded on 5" x3" cards containing abstracts giving essential infor­ mation about the articles documented. Efforts have been made to arrange the entries under co-existensive subject headings. Each entry set have been arranged alphabetically by author preceded by a brief introduction and followed by a short summary, Although there is always scope for difference of opinion on any issue, the entry set will generally be found following a logical helpful sequence. The work also contains author and subj­ ect indices in separate alphabetical orders. Each index guides to the specific entry or entries recorded here. I hope these will be found very useful in making use of this humble work. Every investigation must begin with a bibliography and end with a better bibliography (Sarton). The second chapter deals with the Dal Lake pollution documentation. The deteriorating Dal Lake environment has been the subject of many reports and there is no doubt about the fact that it has fallen victim to human greed changing the entire ecosystem rapidly. Water quality has deteriorated considerably, siltation and plant debris are responsible for its shallowing and large areas have been reclaimed and converted : 3 : into floating gardens. Dal (Lat 34°.6' N, Long 74°.45' E; 1583 metres), an urban lake, serves as a tourist resort for more than five centuries It is surrounded by famous moghul gardens laid during I6th-17th century. Fishery and water plants are also of economical importance. It is navigable and it plays its role as an artery of transport. It often acts as natural absorption basin during floods. Telbal Nalla, the inflow channel of the lake, brings water from Marsar Lake (Altd. 3845 m), and enters the lake from the North. Large quantities of wastes are discharged from human settlements from a number of ephemeral water channels into the lake. Dal lake underwent many changes close to its banks and also in the catchment during the present century. Two additional islands were built and a road, constructed along the South west part, separated a large part of the lake creating marshy area (lateron reclaimed and developed into a huge resi­ dential and commercial complex) along the frings of Shankara- charya and Zabarwan mountains. Dal lake like other lakes in the valley lies in the flood plain of Jhelum river. The position of these lakes shows that they are derived from enlarged oxbows and abandoned flood channels (Deterra and Paterson, 1939) rather than progressive shrinkage (Dianella, 1922) of the ancient Karewa lake. The total area of the Dal lake catchments is 346 Sq.km consisting : 4 of mountain ranges in north and north-east. On the other side it is enclosed by flat arable land. The main geological forma­ tions are Panjal traps, agglomerate sla te, Ttiassic Lst, clayey material and freshly deposited alluvium Natural causes and human activities are held responsible in reducing the vegetal cover of catchment. Dal lake measures 5 miles from north to south and 2 miles from east to west (Drew 1875) . The dimension of 4 miles into 2^ miles estimated by Lawrance (1895) were confirmed lateron by Stein (1899) giving the maximum depth of the lake to be 30 feet. According to Mukerjee (l931) the deepest part of the Dal is 20 feet. The open water area of the lake is 11.75 sq.km. and total volume of four main basins 9.83x10 m (Vass and Zutshi, 1979). According to Enex (1978) total area of Dal lake is 21 sq.km. out of which open water area of five basins is 12.1 sq.km. Dal lake area has shrunk from 23.4 sq.km. to 13.82 sq.km during 108 years from 1856 to 1964 (Kango and Fotidar, 1982). There was further reduction in the lake area by 3.06 sq.km. upto 1977. The shrinkage has been attributed to siltation through the inflow channel and heavy urbanization. Hydrology of the Dal lake is complicated by the diversity of its catchments ranging from densly populated Srinagar city to paddy fields and high mountain ranges. Total inflow is 6 3 calculated at 263x10 m of which 20yi is supplied through precipitation and 80/^ through inflow channel. The total outflow : 5 through Dal gate and Nalla Amir Khan is reported to be 213x10 m and 27x10^ m^ respectively. The water levels fluctuate appre­ ciably in the lake (Vass and Zutshi, 1979) . Dal lake basins are deeply covered by alluvium. The sediment is grey in colour, of shallow water type and mainly organic in nature with numerous fresh water shells. The mineral grains make upto 20 to 30>< of the sediment. Using average data of the silt input from the catchment Enex (1978) estimated that in 1976 the total volume of settled silt in the ft "K Dal lake by the inflow channel was about 36x10 m representing an area of about 3.6 ha with a depth of one metre. The peak water discharge from the inflow channel during floods exceeds 2000 cusecs. An increase in ca, Mg and K in the lake sediments is recorded from mouth of inflow channel towards the centre of Hazratbal basin (Zutshi, 1968).