UNITED STATES Historic Events DEPARTMENT OF THE 1773 Capt. James Cook, Royal British Navy, INTERIOR landed On Island of . NATIONAL HAROLD L. ICKES, Secretary 1792-3-4 Hawaii visited by Capt. George Vancouver, Royal British Navy. OPEN PARK

1794 Archibald Menzies, botanist, and party ALL of Vancouver expedition made first YEAR HAWAII successful ascent or .

1823 Kilauea visited and explored for first time by Rev. William Ellis and party. SILVERSWORD IN HALEAKALA CRATER 1825 Kilauea visited and mapped by party NEWTON B. DRURY, Director under Lord George Byron.

1838 Lake of molten in Kilauea named Halemaumau by Count Strzelecki. (OJ{TEJ{TS 1840-41 Expedition under Capt. John Wilkes, AWAll NATIONAL PARK was broad depression at its top and of its A Giant Fern Cover U. S. Navy, explored and mapped Kila- H created by act of Congress, gentle slopes, caused by lava flows uea and Mauna Loa. Kilauea 3 August 1, 1916, and placed under the from many lateral vents. Within the Mauna Loa 6 1856 Erection of first "" hotel control of the National Park Service. depression is a vast pit, Halemaumau, at Kilauea, a grass house. It consists of two separate tracts of which often contains a boiling, bub- Haleakala 8 bling mass of molten lava whose sur- 1912 Hawaiian Volcano Observatory estab- land, the Kilauea-Mauna Loa section, Roads and Trails 10 lished. on the Island of Hawaii, and the face fluctuates from bottom to rim. Mauna Loa Trip II Haleakala section, on the Island of Until 1924 molten lava was usually 1916 Aug. 1, Hawaii National Park estab- Trees and Shrubs I I . It contains 275.71 square miles, visible at any time in Halemaumau, lished by act of Congress. Native Hawaiian Birds 12 the greater portion of which is in the but activity since then has been spas- 1933 Airplanes used for first time to carry Kipuka Puaulu 13 Kilauea-Mauna Loa area. modic. Its risings are accompanied by visitors to witness eruption of Mauna The park was established to con- brilliant fountains and inflows of Interpretive Services 13 Loa. serve the most spectacular volcanic liquid lava, and its lowerings by Hui 0 . 13 1934 President Roosevelt visited the park. areas in the United States. Its craters, tremendous avalanches which send up Administration 14 First American President to visit park active and dormant, may be ap- enormous dust clouds. Free Public Campgrounds. 14 while in office. proached with reasonable safety. A century and a half ago, in 1790, Army Camp. 14 1935 Feb. 23, dedication of the Haleakala Kilauea became unusually active, and Kll.AUEA Accommoda tions and Road. its violent blast of ash destroyed a Hawaiian army. Footprints in the Expenses . 14 1935-36 Important scientific bombing experi- In the Kilauea-Mauna Loa section Miscellaneous Services 14 ment successfully carried Out by Army of Hawaii National Park is the vol- volcanic ash are still visible today. Air Corps during eruption from north- cano of Kilauea. This volcano, prob- Following this great activity, the Communication Service. 14 east rift of Mauna Loa. ably older than its neighbor, tower- volcano was inactive for many dec- Photographic Supplies 15 1940 Mauna Loa erupted April 7 in summit ing Mauna Loa, creates the impres- ades, and no rocks or ash were ejected How to Reach the Park 15 crater, Mokuaweoweo. sion of being a crater in the side of the until 1924. higher mountain, although it is itself During the autumn of 1923 the lake a mountain with an altitude of 4,090 of fire drained away, then gradually feet. This illusion is the result of a returned until the pit contained a 50-

2 Hawaii National Park * Hawaii Hawaii National Park * Hawaii 3 a' 'lD'

1940 FOUNTAIN ACTIVIT-Y, MOKUAWEOWEO CRATER, SUMMIT MAUNA LOA " +------I~

acre lake of seething lava. Lava gey- small cinder cone, and forming a 10- HAWAII NATIONAL PARK mtM FOREST sers appeared on its surface, sending acre lava lake on the floor of the pit. KILAUEA CRATER AND VICINITY SCALE incandescent sprays 150 feet into the In July 1927, a similar display oc- ! -. 0 ) " MILES air. In 1924, the lake disappeared and curred, lasting for two weeks, and in crumbling masses of rock fell into the January 1928, the fire returned for one sm oking pit, choking the ven ts night only. Gas and vapor rise con- through which the volcanic gases had tinually. escaped. A few months later when During 1929 spectacular lava in- steam blasts unexpectedly occurred, flows occurred in February and July, the vents were cleared by tremendous. raising the floor level 55 and 45 feet, explosions which hurled boulders and respectively. The pit depth in Decem- ash thousands of feet into the air. ber 1929, was 1,050 feet and the floor The violent disturbances continued area 48 acres. On November 19, 1930, three weeks, by which time the fire molten lava again appeared in Hale- pit had been enlarged to four times maumau. Activity continued until its former size, the opening being 190 December 7. This activity raised the acres in area and 1,200 feet deep. A floor of the pit 70 feet; the surface few weeks later, when all was quiet, area of the floor then covered 62 a roaring jet of lava appeared at. the acres. \ bottom of the pit, sending up a steady Following a series of earthquakes, IWl DESERT spray 200 feet high, building up a molten lava broke into the bottom of

4 Hawaii National Park * Hawaii Hawaii National Park * Hawaii 5 Halemaumau on December 23, 1931. MAUNA LOA the southwest rift, that lasted for 10 1935, the northeast rift erupted for The activity lasted as a spectacular To the west of Kilauea rises the vast days, finally reaching the sea about 8 the first time since 1899, producing a display until January 5, 1932. During dome of Mauna Loa whose summit miles northwest of South Point. This flow that threatened Hilo. The Army the activity the pit was filled to a crater, Mokuaweoweo, is included in is one of the big flows that the main Air Corps successfully bombed the depth of 100 feet with lava, resulting the national park. Included also is a island highway crosses, 40 miles west upper channels of this flow to divert in a new floor of 88 acres, which was broad connecting belt between the of the park headquarters. it before reaching the town. 860 feet below the rim of the pit. 'two volcanoes. MaunaLoa thrusts its 1899, a flank eruption from the 1940, with no perceptible warning, At about 2 :45 a. m. on September great bulk 13,680 feet above the sur- northeast rift. a 4-mile crack opened extending across 6, 1934, without much preliminary rounding Pacific. By eruptions in its 1919, the Alika flow, from the the summit crater and a short distance warning, molten lava again returned summit crater and flank outbreaks it southwest rift that crossed the high- outside to the southwest, in the late to the fire pit in Kilauea. This erup-_ is constantly adding to its mass. way on the southwest side of the evening of April 7. This was a gor- tion in its early stages was one of the In action Mauna Loa is even more island. geous display that lasted to midafter- most spectacular on record. Highly spectacular than Kilauea; steam vents 1926, a large flow from the south- noon of April 8, when the fountaining charged with gas released from tre- continually send feathery clouds into west rift that destroyed portions of activity concentrated near the south- mendous pressure, the frothy lava the air. Mokuaweoweo and Kilauea the Belt Highway in South Kona and burst through a crack 700 feet long, are of approximately equal size, but the fishing village of Hoopuloa as it wes t cen ter ofthe era ter. This eruption half way up the western wall of the the former is slowly increasing its reached the sea. lasted continuously to June -21, and crater, cascading in rivers of fire 425 area by slumping and breaking down 1933, a summit eruption. At this spasmodically until August 20. This feet to the floor below. The force of of its outer walls. Extending north- time airplanes were first used to take' is the longest period of summit ac- the lava cracked open the old floor east and southwest from the summit sightseers over the eruption. tivity since the eruption of 1873-74. left by the 1931-32 eruption across its are volcanic rifts wi th many deep rents northern and northwest end, and formed by earthquake and eruption along the foot of the western wall as well as many brilliantly colored dense clouds of sulphur fumes poured spatter cones, some 200 feet in height. out, as the fiery fountains shot the These rifts have been the source of liquid lava high into the air. As in most of the recent eruptions, though the previous eruption, blocks of light the summit crater is also frequently pumice thrown out from the vents active. .~+----!---+--~-- were whirled upward by the heat cur- Following are major eruptions of rents and gales of wind, and deposited Mauna Loa: in shattered fragments over the land 1873-74, a summit eruption of 18 for more than a mile to leeward. In a months' duration. few days the crater had been filled 1877, a submarine eruption, 1 mile with new lava to a depth of 70 feet, off shore near Kealakeakua Bay. and instead of the countless frothy 1880-81, a flank eruption of 9 fountains of the initial outbreak the months' duration on the northeast activity centered in a lake of fire with rift, -that produced three major lava from 5 to 10 fountains continuously streams, one to the southward, one to throwing jets of heavy liquid lava 50 the north in the direction of Kilauea, HAWAII NATIONAL PARK to 200 feet above the lake. The erup- and the other to the northeast which HALEAKALA CRATER SECTION tion ended on October 8, leaving a reached the present limits of the town SCALE new floor of about 95 acres and about of Hilo. '. 740 feet below the rim. 1877, a major flow emerged from 156 15

6 Hawaii National Park * Hawaii Hawaii National Park * Hawaii 7 DIVIDED ROAD, STEAMING AREA CHAIN-OF-CRATERS, VICINITY OFALOI CRATER WIND-BLOWN OHIA TREE, VICINITY HILlNA PALl

Spectacular and violent as these Haleakala, now nSlllg more than at the southeast and northwest Cor- After the seeds have matured, the outbreaks are, they are not dangerous, 10,000 feet above sea level, was once ners were probably caused by these entire plant generally dies. for there is always plenty of time for a much higher mountain. A collapse explosions. At the head of these gaps While the western slope of Halea- onlookers to get to places of safety. of the dome many years ago formed a are lovely grassy meadows where from kala and a large part of the interior In fact, a volcanic eruption in Hawaii great crater 7>2miles long and 3 miles the overtowering walls .flow springs of the crater are arid, and vegetation is cause for rejoicing rather than fear. wide, with walls over 1,000 feet high. of pure water. Dotted with clumps of is scarce, the eastern slopes, where the Within these gorgeouslycolored walls trees, they are ideal spots for camp- rainfall is heavy, support a rich plant HALEAKALA lies a superb volcanic spectacle. Cover- ing. Tanks to gather and store the life. Much of this dense forest region The 'Haleakala section of Hawaii ing the floor are giant red, black, and water from the mountain springs have is still virgin and unexplored. Among National Park contains one of the orange cinder cones which, though been erected at various points in the its many species of plants are large- world's largest dormant volcanoes. hundreds of feet high, are dwarfed by crater and shelter cabins have been leafed apeape, the greensword, which The mountain derives its name, which the immensity of their surroundings. constructed. resembles the silversword, and a pe- means "House of the Sun," from a The crater has a circumference of 21 On the walls and within the crater culiar geranium found only on Hale- legend about the Polynesian demigod miles and an area of 19 square miles. grows the rare silversword plant, a akala. Maui, who climbed to the top of After the collapse of the dome vol- large spherical herb with narrow The beauty of the sunset and sun- Haleakala, ensnared the rays of the canic activity continued, and lava leaves that gleam like polished silver. rise on Haleakala is unforgetable. If sun, and forced it to travel more flows have poured out from vents in The life cycle of this plant is not fully fortunate, the visitor at sunset may slowly in its course so that his mother the crater. Explosions have scattered known, but only once does it flower, be privileged to witness the Brocken might have sufficient time to com- ash,cinder, and debris over the land- producing on a stalk 2 to 4 feet high Specter, a great shadow image, which plete her day's work. scape. Great gaps in the crater walls a mass of beautiful purple blossoms. is really that of the person viewing it.

8 Hawaii National Park * Hawaii Hawaii National Park * Hawaii 9 HALEAKALA CRATER FROM OBSERVATION STATION NEAR SUMMIT PORTION OF AA FLOW, 1940 ERUPTION, SUMMIT MAUNA LOA

The shadow is usually surrounded by in the Kilauea-Mauna Loa section and Permission must be secured for over- and hob bed boots are essential equip- . a single halo or rainbow, although 28miles in the Haleakala section bring night stops at the rest houses. Hikers merit, and leather gloves, smoked as many as seven have been seen. many interesting and weird sights to on overnight trips should always carry glasses, facial creams, lip ointment, the hiker's eye. In the one section he a canteen of water, and should inform and a scarf for the neck are a protec- ROADS AND TRAILS may walk from the sea to the summit themselves as to the exact location of tion against windburn and sunburn. Forty-four miles of highway lie of Mauna Loa; from the Volcano the water tanks which have been All persons intending to ascend within the Kilauea-Mauna Loa sec- House through rich tropical vegeta- erected along the tr~ils. Mauna Loa must first register at park tion, the main roads being paved. One tion, down by way of a fault to the headquarters and secure permission to MAUNA LOA TRIP' road leads to the brink of Halemau- floor of Kilauea; in the other, through use the rest houses. A fee of 50 cents mau; another winds through twisted the crater of Haleakala from the ob- From the Volcano House to Mo- per person, per night, is charged for koa stands which frame the dome of servation station to Paliku, and thence kuaweoweo, the summit crater of use of these rest houses. There is no Mauna Loa and continues up its slopes to the sea through Kaupo Gap or re- Mauna Loa, and return is 60 miles. fee for minors of 16 years, or under, 6,500 feet. The extremely rough Hilina turn via other trails across the crater, The trip can be made in 3 days either or groups -ofschool children 18 years Pali Road goes to the edge of a 1,000- emerging along the Halemauu Trail riding or walking. of age, or under, when accompanied foot cliff facing the sea; the Chain-of- near the ranger station. . This is not an easy peak to climb, by a responsible adult. Craters Road, 7 miles long, skirts a Before starting any trail trips, and to get to the summit is long and TREES AND SHRUBS dozen craters' lying along the great hikers should contact park head- exhausting. The climber must exer- Puna rift. At Haleakala' an excellent quarters at Kilauea or the ranger in cise moderation in diet; eating often The student of botany will find much to interest him in Hawaii Na- road goes to the summit of this crater. charge at Haleakala for details, ad- I and little will make the trip less One hundred fifty-nine miles of trail vice, and permits for overnight trips. arduous. A wool-lined leather jacket tional Park, from the coconut groves

10 Hawaii National Park * Hawaii Hawaii National Park * Hawaii 11 iiwi in Kipuka Puaulu with its sickle- from park headquarters and the Vol- shaped red bill and tubular tongue for cano House entrance. sucking honey from ohia lehua flow- The Volcano Observatory, estab- ers; the omao, or Hawaii thrush, a lished in 1912, is directed by the prin- songster around the Thurston Lava . cipal scientist and operated in coop- Tube; or the akiapolaau, with one eration with the Hawaiian Volcano long and one short mandible for peck- Research Association and the grad- ing beetles out of wood in the koa uate School of Geophysics of the groves of Mauna Loa. University of Hawaii. A vast amount On the slopes of Mauna Loa a flock of research has been and is being con- of the nearly extinct Hawaiian goose, ducted, including continuous obser- or nene, is sometimes seen. The migra-, vations of Kilauea and Mauna Loa, tory Pacific golden plover, or kolea, since established. Data concerning winters in the park. Sea birds are the earthquakes, tidal waves, and vol- Hawaiian tern, or noio, a graceful, canoes are obtained and studied. grey bird at the shore cliffs, and the Other research work and the infor- white-tailed tropic bird, or koae, fre- mation service are under the super- quently soaring within the crater vision of the park "naturalist. This Halemaumau. work is interpreted to the public by scheduled field trips to points of in- KIPUKA PUAULU ENTRANCE TO THURSTON LAVA TUBE terest, trailside shrines and museums Kipuka Puaulu, a beautiful natural at strategic locations, and illustrated park, also known as Bird Park, is an lectures by the various staff members of the coast to the stunted ohia trees section, are inhabited by unique birds, interesting feature of the Kilauea· at the central museum in conjunction near the timber line of Mauna Loa. including eight kinds native only to area. This kipuka, or oasis, has es- with demonstration maps, charts, and Particularly striking is the tropical the Island of Hawaii. There are few caped encircling lava flows, and its other exhibits. vegetation in the Fern Jungle on the spots in the Hawaiian Islands today rich black soil supports a marvelous Much of the scientific and museum road to Kilauea, where giant ferns which are as well favored for varied variety of vegetation. As many as 40 equipment has been donated by the reach a height of 40 feet, with single kinds of abundance of Hawaiian birds. species of trees grow here. This fa- Hawaiian Volcano Research Associa- fronds 25 feet long arching gracefully Ancient Hawaiians trapped many of vored spot of 100 acres is the haunt of tion and other interested groups. over the highway. In this verdant these birds and used the scarlet feath- many beautiful and rare native birds. HUI 0 PELE jungle under the canopy of ohia trees, ers of the iiwi and the yellow feath- A nature trail has been established with their greyish-green foliage ..and ers of the now extinct mamo for the along which the rare trees are plainly The Hui 0 Pele is an organization brilliant red pompom-like blossoms decoration of war cloaks, or ahuul'a: labeled. A trailside shrine provides sponsored by the Outdoor Circle of known as "Iehua," the flower of the Native perching birds to be seen in additional information. and is composed of those island, one easily gets the impression forests throughout the park are the who have visited the fire pit, Hale-· INTERPRETIVE SERVICES of being back in a prehistoric era. In apapane, an abundant, colorful bird maumau, in the crater of Kilauea, the the damp forest regions and along the with red, black, and white markings; The research and information facil- home of the fire goddess Pele. The life trails ohelo berries grow in abundance. the amakihi, a small yellow-green in- ities maintained by the Government membership fee is $1, and net revenues sect gatherer; and the elepaio, or fly- are directed jointly by the principal therefrom" are expended for improve- NATIVE HAWAUAN BIRDS catcher, red-brown with black and scientist and park naturalist, from the ments in the park. Among the struc- The fern jungles, ohia and koa for- 'white markings. The painstaking ob- new Volcano Observatory and Na- tures which have been erected are the ests of Hawaii National Park, Kilauea server may also find the vermilion turalist Building, just across the road Uwekahuna lecture hall, the Summit

12 Hawaii National Park * Hawaii Hawaii National Park * Hawaii 13 Rest House on Mauna Loa, the Foot- opened November 8, 1941, and offers print Museum shelter, and the shelters the most modern hotel accommoda- at Hilina Pali, Thurston Lava Tube, tions on the Islands. It is operated by Halemauu Trail, and other points. under franchise from the Department of the Interior. Rooms ADMINISTRATION in cottages are also available. Rates The park is administered by the including meals are $5 a day upward National Park Service, United States for each person. The weekly rate for Department of the Interior, with the one person in a room with shower is superintendent in immediate charge. $45, other rooms may be had from The administrative center is in the $30. Half rates are charged for chil- Kilauea area. dren under 8 years. Special rates are All complaints, suggestions, and re- offered for 4 weeks or longer and for quests for information should be ad- two or more persons in a room. Horse dressed to the superintendent, whose rental and guide service are $5 a day post-office address is Hawaii National each. Park, Territory of Hawaii. There are two hotels in Hilo with The superin tenden t' s represent ati ve approximately the same rates as the in the Haleakala section is the Volcano House; the Hilo Hotel, cen- KEAOI ISLAND OFF SOUTH COAST, KILAUEA SECTION Ranger-in-Charge, P. O. Box .•.320, trally located near the post office and Wailuku, whose office is near the park operated by the Volcano House man- entrance on the Haleakala Road. agement; and the Naniloa, facing less connections can be made with all $14 round trip between Honolulu and parts of the world. Lahaina or Kahului on Maui. Round FREE PUBLIC CAMPGROUNDS Hilo Bay, which is nearer the airport and wharves. Photographic Supplies.-Astudio trip airplane fare between Honolulu Two public automobile camps, The park operator in the Haleakala where photographic supplies of every and Hilo is $37.80 and between Hon- where motorists may obtain free wood section, E. J. Walsh, Manager of the kind may be obtained is adjacent to olulu and the Maui airport $24.3.0' and water, have been established. Grand Hotel, Wailuku, Maui, also the Volcano House. It is operated by Cars may be rented at the wharves or Shelter buildings, picnic grounds, furnishes horses and guide service at K. Maehara, who also maintains a airports for trips to both sections of fireplaces, and other conveniences are $5 a day each. laboratory for developing, printing, the park. provided at these campgrounds. The rates mentioned herein may have enlarging, coloring, and framing of Bus service, operated by K. Hata- ARMY CAMP changed slightly since issuance of this pictures or lantern slides. yama, is available twice daily between booklet, but the latest rates approved Hilo and the Kilauea section. These In the Kilauea section, 1 mile from HOW TO REACH THE PARK the Volcano House, is a rest and rec- by the Secretary of the Interior are on buses leave Hilo at 9 a. m. and 3 P: m., reation camp established for the use file with the park superintendent, the Both sections of the park are reached and leave the park at 12:30 and 4:30 manager of the Volcano House, and by steamer or airplane from Hono- of the United States Army and Navy p. m. The fare is 85 cents each way. the manager of the Grand Hotel. lulu. Steamer service to the Kilauea officers and their families, and for the For trips to and through the Ha- section is twice a week; to the Halea- enlisted men. The camp has a well- MISCELLANEOUS SERVICES waiian Islands, the Hawaii Tourist equipped hospital and post exchange. kala section, 6 days a week. Air ser- Communication Service.-A post vice is available daily to the Islands Bureau, a nonprofit community- ACCOMMODATIONS AND office is maintained at the Volcano of Hawaii and Maui. Minimum advertising and information organi- EXPENSES House, Hawaii, T. H., the year round. steamer rates are $23 round trip be- zation, with offices in Honolulu and The new Volcano House, located in Telegrams may be received and sent tween Honolulu and Hilo, port of 215 Market Street, , will the Kilauea-Mauna Loa section, was from the hotel. Telephone and wire- Hawaii Island, and approximately supply information.

14 Hawaii National Park * Hawaii Hawaii National Park * Hawaii 15 RULES AND REGULATIONS [Briefed] Let no one say, and say it to your shame, That all was beauty here until you came. The following summary of rules and Dogs, Cats, or Other Domestic regulations is intended as a guide for Animals.-Such animals are prohib- all park visitors. You are requested to ited on Government lands within the aid the park administration by care- park except as allowed through per- fully observing the' provisions as out- mission of the superintendent, secured, ' lined: from park rangers at park head- Preservation of Natural Features. quarters. -The first law of a national park is Automobiles.i--Safe speed limit on preservation. Disturbance, injury, or the park roads is 35 miles per hour. In destruction in any way of natural fea- the headquarters area a speed limit of tures, including trees, flowers, and 25 miles per hour is rigidly enforced. 'other vegetation, rocks, and all wild- Trail TraveL-Hikers and riders life is strictly prohibited. A written shall not make shortcuts but shall permit from the superintendent is nec- confine themselves to the trails at all essary for picking fruit in any quantity times. Saddle animals have the right- in excess of one gallon. Visitors are of-way over pedestrians. The latter cautioned that certain berries are will take the outer side of the trail poisonous. whenever possible and stand quietly Camps.-Camp or lunch only in until animals have passed. designated areas. All rubbish that will 'Hunting.-Hunting within the burn, should be disposed of in camp- park boundaries is prohibited. No fires. Garbage cans are provided for firearms are allowed except as pro- noninflammable refuse. Wood and wa- vided for through permission of the ter are provided in all campgrounds. superintendent, secured from park Fires.-Fires are absolutelyprohib- rangers at park headquarters. ited except in designated spots.' Do Park Rangers.- The rangers are not go out of sight of your camp, even here to help and advise you as well for a few moments, without making as to enforce the regulations. When sure that your fire is either out en- in doubt ask a ranger. Help them to tirely or being watched. Extinguish serve you better by observing these completely beforeleaving camp. regulations.

Copies of the complete rules and reg.c elasions promulgated by the Secretary of the Interior for the government of the park may be obtained at the office of the superintendent and at other concentration points through the park.

Schwabacher-Frey Co., San Francisco. 2-10-42 90M