Vhembe District Municipality Thulamela Local Municipality

DEVELOPMENT OF A RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR ALL TOWNS IN THE NORTHERN REGION

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY THULAMELA LOCAL MUNICIPALITY

Muvomoni, Duvhuledza, Mpandoni, Ha-Begwa, Lukalo, Matoroni, Tshikopane, Masiwane, Tshaulu B, Tshaulu A, Gonela, Buluni, Manzemba, Khambela, Gaba, Phaswana, Tshifudi A, Tshidzini B, Tshidzini A, Musenga and Vhufumba

DRAFT v1.0 March 2014

Prepared for: Department of Water Affairs Directorate: National Water Resources Planning Private Bag X313 PRETORIA, 0001

RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

DEVELOPMENT OF A RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR ALL TOWNS IN THE NORTHERN REGION

RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The water supply reconciliation strategy was compiled for the Directorate: National Water Resource Planning (D: NWRP) of the Department of Water Affairs(DWA), to identify measures that are necessary to ensure the current and future water requirements of the Tshifudi Cluster can be supplied from the available water resources. Location and background Information The focus of this document includes the settlements of Muvomoni, Duvhuledza, Mpandoni, Ha-Begwa, Lukalo, Matoroni, Tshikopane, Masiwane, Tshaulu B, Tshaulu A, Gonela, Buluni, Manzemba, Khambela, Gaba, Phaswana, Tshifudi A, Tshidzini B, Tshidzini A, Musenga and Vhufumba.

These settlements are located in the north eastern part of Thulamela Local Municipality. The nature of the settlements is generally rural. The Vhembe District Municipality is the Water Services Authority (WSA) and Lepelle Northern Water is the Water Services Provider (WSP) for this area.

Confidence level of information available for the study area

The confidence level for the information in this area is Medium. The confidence level in demographic data is high. Demographics, water requirements and availability The population of Tshifudi Cluster was taken from the 2011 census (Statistics South Africa) as 28 334 people. This is projected to increase by 2035 to between 30 736 for a low growth scenario and 33 391 for a high growth scenario. The level of service within this scheme area is as follows: 24% of the population has a level of service that is below the RDP level, 65% are at RDP level, while the remaining 11% are above this level. The prevalence of low service level becomes a necessary focus for improvement, which will require more water.

The 2011 urban/domestic water use for the Tshifudi Cluster is given (based on actual bulk water figures) at 1.125 million m3/a (3.082 Ml/day) and with a current population of 28 334 people, this means that the current per capita unit consumption of water is 109 ℓ/c/d, which is lower than the recommended range of the water use best practices for residential consumption per capita (i.e. 250 ℓ/c/d for the high developed areas and 150 ℓ/c/d for the low income areas and informal settlements), but high when considering the level of service of the area (24% below RDP Level). The current consumption will increase along with the population, and level of service upgrades, under a high growth scenario from 1.125 million m3/a (3.082 Ml/day, 109 l/c/d) to 1.579 million m3/annum (4.325 Ml/day, 129 l/c/d) in 2035. The projected water balance for the Tshifudi Cluster for both Urban/Domestic water use is illustrated in Figure 1 below.

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 ii RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

/a) 3

1 Annual Requirements (million Requirements (million Annual m

0 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 2031 2033 2035

Xikundu Weir and Nandoni Commitment Groundwater Use Groundwater Development WTP Capacity (allocated to Tshifudi) Water use allocation (Surface) High Scenario Requirements Low Scenario Requirements High Scenario with WCWDM

Figure 1: Tshifudi Cluster Water Balance (Urban/Domestic)

Water for the community is supplied by Lepelle Northern water from surface resources. Water from the Xikundu Weir on the Luvuvhu River is treated at the Xikundu water treatment works. Water from the Xikundu WTW is augmented with groundwater.

The domestic water supply will not require augmentation in the near future, but WCWDM is required in order to ensure sufficient water supply until 2035.

The strategy recommendations are presented below.

Conclusions and Recommendations

 The current urban/domestic water requirements of the Tshifudi Cluster is equal to 1.125 million m3/a, supplied from the Xikundu Weir and groundwater. The total volume required by this cluster will increase to 1.579 million m3/a in 2035 according to the high growth scenario. According to the Luvuvhu Government Water Scheme: Water Resources Review that was conducted in 2010 the total water committed to the Xikundu Weir, since the implementation of Nandoni dam has increased to 5.58 million m3/a of which 1.610 million m3/a is shared 20 per cent to Lambani cluster (0.322 million m3/a) and 80 per cent to the Tshifudi cluster (1.288 million m3/a). Groundwater currently utilised in the cluster amounts to 0.27 million m3/a.

 Water Conservation and Water Demand Management (WC/WDM) measures are required in order to ensure that the current water sources does not need augmentation until at least 2035. These include: o Management Information;

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 iii RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

o Leakage reduction and o Consumer use reduction.

 The current operating capacity of the Xikundu WTW of 4.855 million m3/a seems adequate to supply in the total domestic allocation from the Xikundu weir of 3.24 million m3/a presently (2011).

 An assessment of the infrastructure capabilities to deliver the total committed volume of water to the Tshifudi area needs to be conducted and potential upgrades need to be investigated and implemented if required. The groundwater investigations confirmed that noticeable groundwater resources could potentially be developed (exploitation potential of 0.448 million m3/a) and an economic investigation of developing groundwater resources equivalent to the required infrastructure upgrades should be conducted to determine the most economically viable option.

 The feasibility of fully developing the available groundwater resources to make additional water available in Nandoni Dam should be considered and investigated in the future, when the water requirements exceed the available yield of Nandoni Dam.

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 iv RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

This is a strategy for the Tshifudi Cluster and it has been accepted and signed by the Vhembe District Municipality, Thulamela Local Municipality, DWA North Regional Office and the DWA Head Office (D: NWRP) as follows:

Town WMA DM WSA

Tshifudi Levuvhu and Vhembe Cluster Letaba

Name:……………………………………………… Name:………………………………………………

Signature:…………………………………………… Signature:………………………………….…..……

Date:………………………………………………… Date:……………………………………….…………

Position:………………………………………...... Position:………………………………………......

Thulamela Local Municipality Vhembe District Municipality

Name:……………………………………………… Name:………………………………………………

Signature:…………………………………………… Signature:……………………………………..……

Date:………………………………………………… Date:…………………………………..…..…………

Position:………………………………………...... Position:…………………………………….…......

DWA: Regional Office Limpopo DWA D: National Water Resource Planning

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 v RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

TABLE OF CONTENTS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... i 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Study area ...... 1 1.2 Regional setting ...... 1 1.3 Economic drivers ...... 3 1.4 Confidence level of information available for the study area ...... 3 2 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS ...... 3 3 CURRENT WATER USE ...... 4 3.1 Current and historical water use ...... 4 3.2 Level of services ...... 4 4 WATER REQUIREMENT PROJECTIONS UP TO 2035 ...... 5 4.1 Future water requirements ...... 5 4.2 Water conservation and water demand management...... 5 5 WATER RESOURCES ...... 8 5.1 Surface water resources ...... 8

5.1.1 Water allocation/s ...... 8

5.1.2 Other water users from the same source ...... 8

5.1.3 Quality ...... 8 5.2 Groundwater ...... 8

5.2.1 Water allocation/s ...... 9

5.2.2 Quality ...... 9 5.3 Water re-use ...... 9 6 WATER BALANCE WITHOUT RECONCILIATION OPTIONS ...... 10 6.1 Tshifudi Cluster Water Balance ...... 10 6.2 Regional Water Balance ...... 12 7 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 14 8 SANITATION ...... 14 8.1 Level of services ...... 14 8.2 Waste water treatment works (WWTW) ...... 14

8.2.1 Return flows ...... 14

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 vi RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

8.2.2 State of WWTW ...... 14 9 RECONCILIATION OPTIONS ...... 15 9.1 Water conservation and water demand management (WC/WDM)...... 15

9.1.1 Management Information ...... 15

9.1.2 Leakage reduction and wastage ...... 15

9.1.3 Consumer water use reduction ...... 15 9.2 Rain water harvesting ...... 15 9.3 Re-use ...... 16 9.4 Transfer of water use entitlements ...... 16 10 WATER BALANCE WITH RECONCILIATION OPTIONS ...... 17 10.1 Tshifudi Cluster Water Balance with augmentation options ...... 17 10.2 Regional Water Balance with augmentation options ...... 19 11 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 21 12 REFERENCES ...... 22

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 vii RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1-1: Locality plan ...... 2 Figure 4-1: Water Requirement Projections ...... 7 Figure 6-1: Total Water Balance for Tshifudi Cluster ...... 11 Figure 6-2: Total Water Balance for Xikundu Weir Supply Area ...... 13 Figure 10-1: Total Water Balance for Tshifudi Cluster with Augmentation Options ..... 18 Figure 10-2: Total Regional Water Balance with Augmentation Options ...... 20

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2-1: Baseline and projected population ...... 3 Table 3-1: Current Level of Service ...... 4 Table 4-1: Water requirement projections ...... 5 Table 4-2: Assessment of potential savings ...... 6 Table 6-1: Water Balance (Urban/Domestic only) ...... 10 Table 6-2: Total Water Balance for Xikundu Weir supply area ...... 12 Table 8-1: Current service levels ...... 14 Table 10-1: Future status with reconciliation measures ...... 17 Table 10-2: Future status with reconciliation measures ...... 19

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 viii RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

ABBREVIATIONS

AADD Average Annual Daily Demand ALC Active Leakage Control CBD Central Business Districts CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research D: NWRP Directorate: National Water Resource Planning DM District Municipality DMA District Meter Area DWA Department of Water Affairs DPLG Department of Provincial and Local Government FC Fibre Cement HFY Historic Firm Yield IDP Integrated Development Plan IRP Integrated Resource Planning LIMCOM Limpopo Watercourse Commission LOS Level of Service LM Local Municipality MDG Millennium Development Goals Mm3/a Million cubic meters/ annum NRW Non-Revenue Water NSDP National Spatial Development Perspective NGDB National Groundwater Database PRV Pressure Reducing Valve RBIG Regional Bulk Infrastructure Grant RDP Reconstruction and Development Programme SA South Africa SDI Spatial Development Initiative SDF Spatial Development Framework UFW Unaccounted for Water

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 ix RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

WARMS Water Use Registration and Licensing Management System WC/WDM Water Conservation and Water Demand Management WMA Water Management Area WRC Water Research Commission WRSM2005 Water Resources Simulation Model 2005 WSA Water Services Authority WSDP Water Services Development Plan WS NIS Water Services National Information System WSP Water Services Provider WTW Water Treatment Works WWTW Wastewater Treatment Works

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 x RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

GLOSSARY OF TERMS

Aquifer An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, silt, or clay) from which groundwater can be abstracted.

Allocation Water allocation refers to the volume of water that is authorised for abstractions by the regulator (DWA) by means of a Water Use licence.

Catchment The land area drained by a river and its tributaries.

Water A measure of the water need of a water user or users usually expressed requirement in units of litres per capita per day, million m3/annum or Mega litres per day (Ml/day).

Demand Measures available to a Water Service Provider to reduce water demand reduction and improve water use efficiency or through water restrictions.

Entitlement A water entitlement is the general term used to describe water authorities (right to use) granted under the National Water Act, No. 36 of 1998. This can be either a water allocation, interim water allocation or a water licence.

Groundwater Groundwater is the water located beneath the earth's surface in soil pore spaces and in the fractures of rock formations. A unit of rock or an unconsolidated deposit is called an aquifer when it can yield a usable quantity of water.

Non-Revenue This is the difference between the volume of water supplied into a Water system and the billed authorised consumption for the area being supplied by the system.

Reliable yield The quantity of water that can be abstracted for a given use from a supply source or supply option with a specified degree of reliability (assurance of supply), which is determined through analysis.

Reliability of The probability of providing a specified water entitlement under given supply operating conditions for a specified period of time.

Supply option A potential future water resource, defined as any location-specific change to water availability, infrastructure or reliable off-take that will result in the total available supply being increased or augmented.

Surface water Surface water is water on the surface of the earth such as in a stream, river, dam, wetland or ocean.

Water balance Numerical comparison of the water requirement with the available water or yield, for current and future planning years. It is usually provided in graphical form for ease of interpretation.

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 xi RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

Yield The average annual volume that can be drawn from a supply source or supply option to meet a specified requirement at a specified reliability (service level). The volume is usually expressed as million m³ per annum. Yield is always associated with some measure of probability of an occurrence of a reduced supply, expressed as either the risk of failures, or the assurance of supply.

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 xii RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

1 INTRODUCTION

The Department of Water Affairs (DWA) has initiated a study for the development of reconciliation strategies throughout the country, in order to ensure effective and efficient management of water resources now and into the future.

The Northern Region study area comprises the water management areas of Limpopo, Luvuvhu and Letaba, Crocodile (West) and Marico, and Olifants and encompasses the Limpopo and portions of Gauteng, North West and Mpumalanga provinces. 1.1 Study area

The study area for this report includes the settlements of Muvomoni, Duvhuledza, Mpandoni, Ha-Begwa, Lukalo, Matoroni, Tshikopane, Masiwane, Tshaulu B, Tshaulu A, Gonela, Buluni, Manzemba, Khambela, Gaba, Phaswana, Tshifudi A, Tshidzini B, Tshidzini A, Musenga and Vhufumba.

These settlements are located in the north-eastern part of the Thulamela Local Municipality.

The locality map is presented in Figure 1-1. 1.2 Regional setting

Thulamela Local Municipality (TLM) is one of the local municipalities that together form the Vhembe District Municipality within the Limpopo Province of the Republic of South Africa. The Water Service Provider (WSP) for the Tshifudi and Lambani areas is Lepelle Northern Water.

The Thulamela Local Municipality covers an area of around 5,834 km2 consisting of 345 settlements, the majority of these being small rural villages. TLM is bordered by the local municipalities of Mutale LM to the north, Makhado LM to the east, Greater Giyani LM to the south. The TLM is bordered on the east by the Kruger national Park.

The Tshifudi Cluster is located in the north-eastern part of Thulamela Local Municipality. Surface water is sourced from the Xikundu Weir on the Luvuvhu River, where it is treated at the Xikundu WTW and distributed to the Cluster. The supply from the Xikundu WTW is also augmented by groundwater.

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 1 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

Figure 1-1: Locality plan

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 2 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

1.3 Economic drivers

The Municipality does not currently have a spatial development framework.

1.4 Confidence level of information available for the study area

The confidence level for the information in this area is medium. The level of confidence in the population estimates is regarded as high.

2 POPULATION AND DEMOGRAPHICS

Population data was taken from the Statistics South Africa 2011 Census. Thus the base year for this study was taken as 2011. Two scenarios were analysed, namely a high population growth scenario and a low population growth scenario. The population growth rates in the Demographics Scenario Report (Kayamandi Development Services, June 2010), were used to project the population figures to 2035, for both scenarios.

The results of the projected population figures were compared to the actual linear growth rate in population figures derived from the 2001 and 2011 Census. The actual growth rate was on average -0.02% per annum, and was significantly lower than the 0.7% - 1.1% growth rates as proposed in the Demographics Scenario Report. To compensate for the difference in growth rates, the following assumptions were made:

 A zero growth rate was applied from 2011 to 2015  After 2015, the methodology of the Demographic Scenario Report was applied

The baseline (2011) and projected population data is shown in Table 2-1

Table 2-1: Baseline and projected population

Year Low Growth Scenario High Growth Scenario

2011 28 334 28 334 2015 28 334 28 334 2020 29 289 29 924 2025 29 893 31 186 2030 30 312 32 269 2035 30 736 33 391

The Tshifudi Cluster was assessed as having a positive growth potential with an anticipated population increase from 28 334 in 2011 to 33 391 in 2035 for the high growth scenario (average annual compound growth rate of 0.66%).

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 3 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

3 CURRENT WATER USE 3.1 Current and historical water use

The Tshifudi Cluster utilises surface water as well as groundwater. Surface water is sourced from the Xikundu Weir on the Luhuvu River, which is then treated at the Xikundu WTW. The Xikundu Weir is located in the Upper Letaba River.

With a total current domestic allocation of 3.24 million m3/a from the Xikundu Weir, 1.069 million m3/a is thus shared as 0.214 million m3/a (20%) to Lambani and 0.855 million m3/a (80%) to the Tshifudi cluster. According ot he Luvuvhu Government Water Scheme: Water Resources Review that was conducted in 2010, the total volume that has been committed to this area since the implementation of the Nandoni Dam has increased to 1.610 million m3/a, with 0.322 million m3/a to Lambani and 1.288 million m3/a to the Tshifudi cluster.

According to the groundwater investigations conducted as part of the DWA Study “Development of a Reconciliation Strategy for the Luvuvhu and Letaba Water Supply System” groundwater is currently underutilised in the Tshifudi RWS Scheme. The capacity of equipped boreholes in the Tshifudi RWS Scheme is given as 0.27 million m3/a in this study, and this volume was assumed as the existing groundwater use for the Tshifudi Cluster.

The 2011 water use was therefore assumed to be a total of 1.125 million m3/a, of which 0.855 million m3/a is supplied by the Xikundu Weir and 0.27 million m3/a from groundwater.

With the total water use of 1.125 million m3/a and with a current population of 28 334 people (2011 Census figure), the current per capita unit consumption of water is 109 ℓ/c/d, which is below the recommended range of the water use best practices for residential consumption per capita (i.e. 250 ℓ/c/d for the high developed areas and 150 ℓ/c/d for the low income areas and informal settlements), but understandable when considering the level of service of the area (24% below RDP Level, see Table 3-1: Current Level of Service). 3.2 Level of services Level of Services (LOS) is used to evaluate the standard of water services provided to the communities based on the RDP criteria. The current (2011) levels of service according to the Census 2011 are presented in Table 3-1.

Table 3-1: Current Level of Service

% Population per Category Dwelling Type Category 1 Flats 0% 2 Clusters 0% 3 Low Income 0% 0% Formal 4 Single Medium Income 0% 5 Residential High Income 0% 6 Very High Income 0% 7 Below RDP Level 24% 8 Informal RDP Level 65% 100% Informal 9 Above RDP Level 11%

The LOS below RDP level for 24% of the population is to be eradicated by 2025.

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 4 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

4 WATER REQUIREMENT PROJECTIONS UP TO 2035 4.1 Future water requirements

The future water requirements up to the year 2035 are presented in Table 4-1. The assumptions used for the generation of the future water requirements are summarised as follows:

 Population projections: The projections are based on the high growth and low growth population estimates from the First Order Strategy (October 2010), as indicated in Table 2-1.

 The water requirement projections based on the base-year level of service (LOS) (Table 3-1) and the projected future levels of service.

 Future requirements: The future water requirements that were estimated for planning purposes by considering each small area layer in the strategy and assigning a LOS upgrade scenario, as detailed in the methodology document. The derived projections (High and Low growth) were adjusted to start from the revised actual water use figure for 2011 i.e. 1.125 million m3/a (3.08 Ml/day)

Table 4-1: Water requirement projections

Water Water Population Population Water Water Requirements Requirements figures figures Requirements Requirements Year from water from water used in the used in the from LOS from LOS usage (Low usage (High calculation calculation (Low Growth) (High Growth) Growth) Growth) High 3 Low Growth Million m /a Growth

2011 28 334 28 334 0.627 0.627 1.125 1.125

2015 28 334 28 334 0.661 0.661 1.185 1.185

2020 29 289 29 924 0.727 0.743 1.303 1.333

2025 29 893 31 186 0.784 0.818 1.406 1.467

2030 30 312 32 269 0.798 0.849 1.430 1.522

2035 30 736 33 391 0.811 0.880 1.454 1.579

4.2 Water conservation and water demand management

A first order WC/WDM strategy and business plan was developed for Thulamela local municipality under the DWA Rapid Response Programme (DWA 2012). This report indicated that there are very limited WC/WDM activities undertaken in the municipality and there is little management information available to perform a proper assessment of the water losses and

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 5 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46} potential savings. This assessment is in line with the RPMS, Blue Drop assessments, IDP and WSDP.

Most of the towns are informal with formal infrastructure in only a relatively smaller area within the municipality which enables limited metering, billing and cost recovery. The engineering department is characterised by high vacancies at the operational level however the skills base is adequate. The relationship with the community is generally contentious and consumers are not cognisant of water conservation practices.

Based on results from the previous studies it was possible to perform a preliminary assessment of potential savings as shown in Table 4-2.

Table 4-2: Assessment of potential savings

Parameter Unit Value Source Confidence

Population No. 28334 Study population High

Households No. 6 029 Study population High

People per households 4.7 Calculated High

0 Calculated (Water use category 1 Connections - metered No. Medium to 6)

4 579 Calculated (Water use category 8 Connections - unmetered No. Medium and 9)

92 Calculated (50 connections per Length of main km Low km)

Connections per km No./km 50 Calculated Low

Average system pressure m 50 Estimated Low

System Input volume m3/annum 1 125 000 Study input volume Low

3 323 190 Estimated National NRW Billed Consumption m / annum Low Assessment

% Non-revenue water % 62.2 Calculated Low

Unbilled authorised % 0.5 Estimated Low

Apparent losses % 10 Estimated Low

Target loss factor 3.0 Estimated Low

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 6 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

Litres/ m3/ Demand Key performance % Water capita/ household/ % NRW ILI reduction indicators losses 3 day month m /annum

Current 109 16 62.2 61.7 6.4

Target 99 14 32.1 31.6 3.0 102 038

The current estimated unit consumption of 109 l/c/d is above the level of service but the area is characterised by intermittent and inequitable supply. There is potential for reduction in non-revenue water (NRW), water losses and system input volume. An estimated 0.102million m3/annum or 9.1% reduction in system input volume is expected but most savings will be redistributed to areas currently without water. There is very little management information available and the WSA must prioritise getting accurate non-revenue water (NRW), water loss and system input volume figures.

The growth scenario, with WC/WDM initiatives included, is presented in Figure 4-1 (please note the y-axis of this graph does not start at 0 for illustrative purposes).

1.58

1.52 /a) 3 1.46

1.40

1.34

1.28

1.22

Annual Requirements (million Requirements (million Annual m 1.16

1.10 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 2031 2033 2035 Year

High Scenario Requirements Low Scenario Requirements High Scenario with WCWDM

Figure 4-1: Water Requirement Projections

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 7 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

5 WATER RESOURCES 5.1 Surface water resources

5.1.1 Water allocation/s

With a total current domestic allocation of 3.24 million m3/a from the Xikundu Weir, 1.069 million m3/a is thus shared as 0.214 million m3/a (20%) to Lambani and 0.855 million m3/a (80%) to the Tshifudi cluster. According to the Luvuvhu Government Water Scheme: Water Resources Review that was conducted in 2010, the total volume that has been committed to this area since the implementation of the Nandoni Dam has increased to 1.610 million m3/a, with 0.322 million m3/a to Lambani and 1.288 million m3/a to the Tshifudi cluster.

5.1.2 Other water users from the same source

There are two other clusters who obtain water from the same weir (Xikundu Weir) namely the Lambani Thulamela and North Malamulele East clusters.

The Lambani Thulamela cluster has a current allocation of 0.214 million m3/a from the Xikundu Weir. According to the Luvuvhu Government Water Scheme: Water Resources Review (2010), the total volume of water committed to the Lambani Thulamela cluster, since the implementation of Nandoni Dam has increased to 0.322 million m3/a

The North Malamulele East cluster is supplied with water from the Xikundu (remaining 67% allocation) and Mhinga Weirs that are situated in the Levuhu River as well as from a number of boreholes. The cluster includes the Mhinga, Matiani, Gonani, Joseph, Maphophe, Mabiligwe, Makuleke, Makahlule, Botsoleni, Nkavele, Ntlhaveni D, Saselemani, Magomani, Xikundu, Nhlengani, Manghena and Phaweni villages.

The current allocations from Xikundu and Mhinga Weirs are 2.171 million m3/a (67% of the total allocation from Xikundu Weir i.e. 3.24 million m3/a) and 0.730 million m3/a respectively. According to the Luvuvhu Government Water Scheme: Water Resources Review (2010), the total volume of water committed to the North Malamulele East cluster, since the implementation of Nandoni Dam has increased to 3.970 million m3/a.

The stock watering at Xikundu and Mhinga Weirs needs to be taken into account. Due to lack of information, the impact of stock watering was not assessed as part of this study.

5.1.3 Quality

Not available. 5.2 Groundwater

According to the groundwater investigations conducted as part of the DWA Study Development of a Reconciliation Strategy for the Luvuvhu and Letaba Water Supply System groundwater is currently underutilised in the Tshifudi Cluster area.

The Harvest Potential is defined as the maximum volume of groundwater that is available for abstraction without depleting the aquifer systems, and takes into account recharge, storage and drought periods. It is however not always practically possible to extract all the groundwater available due to economic and/or environmental consideration. The Harvest

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 8 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

Potential was then reduced by an exploitation factor, determined from borehole yield data, to obtain an exploitation potential, i.e. the portion of the Harvest Potential which can practically be exploited.

The groundwater investigations confirmed that confirmed the following for the Lambani Cluster:

 Harvest Potential: 1.21 million m3/a  Exploitation Potential: 0.847 million m3/a

The capacity of equipped boreholes in the Tshifudi RWS Scheme is given as 0.27 million m3/a in this study, and this volume was assumed as the existing groundwater use for the Tshifudi Cluster. This means that further groundwater resources of 0.577 million m3/a is available for this Cluster.

5.2.1 Water allocation/s

There is currently no registered groundwater use in the Tshifudi Cluster Area.

5.2.2 Quality

Groundwater quality is one of the main factors restricting the development of available groundwater resources. Although there are numerous problems associated with groundwater quality, some of which are relatively easily remediated, high concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS), nitrates (NO3 and NO2) and Fluoride (F) are considered to be the most common and serious problems associated with water quality on a regional scale.

Eater quality data was obtained from boreholes in the study area and classified using the DWA’s potable water quality standards for domestic consumption in terms of nitrates and total dissolved solids. The potable portion of groundwater was considered , as that water that was classified as ideal, good and marginal according to DWA (1998) domestic water quality standards (Class 0,1 and 2). Groundwater classified as poor or unacceptable was considered not to be potable.

The groundwater in the Tshifudi Cluster area confirmed as good quality water and confirmed as 96% potable from TDS and Nitrates perspective. 5.3 Water re-use

Not applicable.

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 9 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

6 WATER BALANCE WITHOUT RECONCILIATION OPTIONS 6.1 Tshifudi Cluster Water Balance

The available supply and the domestic water requirement projections for both the low and high scenarios as well as the projected surplus/shortfalls are summarised in Table 6-1. The results are illustrated graphically in Figure 6-1.

It was assumed that the allocation from Xikundu is now 1.288 million m3/a (Luvuvhu Government Water Scheme: Water Resources Review: 2010). The capacity of equipped boreholes in the Tshifudi RWS Scheme is given as 0.27 million m3/a currently. The domestic water use in 2011 was assumed to be equal to the previous allocation from the Xikundu Weir of 1.125 million m3/a. The new surface water allocation combined with the current groundwater abstraction seems to be adequate to supply the requirements for the Tshifudi Cluster up to around 2033 for the High Scenario, after which a shortfall is predicted to be experienced. The overall treatment capacity also seems sufficient for almost the entire projection period, but since the Xikundu WTW is a regional treatment works, a regional water balance is required. The current operating capacity of Xidundu WTW, which treats water from the Xikundu Weir, is 4.855 million m3/a (12.0 Ml/d).

Table 6-1: Water Balance (Urban/Domestic only)

2011 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Description Source Million m3/a Xikundu Weir and Nandoni 1.288 1.288 1.288 1.288 1.288 1.288 Commitment

Available Supply Groundwater 0.270 0.270 0.270 0.270 0.270 0.270

Total 1.558 1.558 1.558 1.558 1.558 1.558

Water Low Growth 1.125 1.185 1.303 1.406 1.430 1.454 Requirement (No reconciliation options) High Growth 1.125 1.185 1.333 1.467 1.522 1.579

Low Growth 0.433 0.373 0.255 0.152 0.128 0.104 Surplus/ Shortfall High Growth 0.433 0.373 0.225 0.091 0.036 -0.021

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 10 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

/a) 3

1 Annual Requirements (million Requirements (million Annual m

0 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 2031 2033 2035

Xikundu Weir and Nandoni Commitment Groundwater use Water Use Allocation (Surface)

WTP Capacity (Allocated to Tshifudi) High Scenario Requirements Low Scenario Requirements

Figure 6-1: Total Water Balance for Tshifudi Cluster

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 11 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

6.2 Regional Water Balance

The water balance for the total Xikundu Weir supply area (Lambani, Tshifudi and North Malamulele East Clusters) is summarised in Table 6-2 and illustrated graphically in Figure 6-2.

Table 6-2: Total Water Balance for Xikundu Weir supply area

2011 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Description Source Million m3/a

Xikundu Weir 5.580 5.580 5.580 5.580 5.580 5.580

Available Supply Groundwater 0.380 0.380 0.380 0.380 0.380 0.380

Total 5.960 5.960 5.960 5.960 5.960 5.960

Water Low Growth 3.706 3.964 4.598 5.000 5.070 5.140 Requirements (no reconciliation options) High Growth 3.706 4.052 4.800 5.320 5.496 5.674

Low Growth 2.254 1.996 1.362 0.960 0.890 0.820 Surplus/ Shortfall High Growth 2.254 1.908 1.160 0.640 0.464 0.286

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 12 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

6 /a) 3 5

0 AnnualRequirements (million m 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 2031 2033 2035

Xikundu & Mhinga Weirs Groundwater Use Allocation (Surface Water) Allocation (Groundwater) WTP Capacities High Scenario Low Scenario

Figure 6-2: Total Water Balance for Xikundu Weir Supply Area

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 13 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

7 EXISTING WATER SUPPLY INFRASTRUCTURE

The Xikundu WTW has a design capacity of 4.855 million m3/a (13.3 M/d), which is in excess of the total existing use from the weir of 3.71 million m3/a. 8 SANITATION

Information regarding the sanitation infrastructure for this Cluster is not available. 8.1 Level of services

The Statistic SA database indicates that 2.5% of the population is above RDP level of service, 32.0% at RDP level and 65.5% below RDP level.

The current level of service is indicated in Table 8-1.

Table 8-1: Current service levels

Above RDP RDP Below RDP Septic tanks, Flush toilet digester, de- Pit latrine Service level None, chemical, (connected to sludger, effluent with bucket or pit latrine sewerage discharge to an ventilation without ventilation system) oxidation pond, (VIP) etc

Statistics SA, 1.7% 0.9% 32.0% 65.5% Census 2011

From the above tabled information it can be seen that the LOH for sanitation services is 65.5%. 8.2 Waste water treatment works (WWTW)

There are waste water treatment works in the Tshifudi Cluster.

8.2.1 Return flows

Not applicable

8.2.2 State of WWTW

Not applicable.

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 14 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

9 RECONCILIATION OPTIONS

The water allocation to the Tshifudi area from the Tshikundu Weir, as mentioned in the Luvuvhu Government Water Scheme: Water Resources Review that was conducted in 2010, of 1.288 million m3/a, in addition to the 0.27 million m3/a current groundwater use in the Cluster falls just short of the estimated demand of the area in 2035, of 1.579 million m3/a when considering the high growth scenario. The treatment capacity at the Xikundu WTW may need to be upgraded towards the end of the study period. Even though it therefore seems that there are no immediate water shortages, it does not mean that some important water management programmes should not be implemented.

A WC/WDM programme should be implemented as a matter of priority focussing on management information, leak reduction and efficient use. Consumer education and awareness will be critical to ensure efficient use as it is difficult to implement effective metering and billing systems in informal areas.

9.1 Water conservation and water demand management (WC/WDM)

9.1.1 Management Information

There is currently limited non-revenue water and water loss information available. Management information must be improved to a high level of confidence to ensure the water loss problems are properly defined and the correct WC/WDM interventions are undertaken.

9.1.2 Leakage reduction and wastage

Based on the results from the National NRW Assessment (WRC, 2012) and Development of a Reconciliation Strategy for the Luvuvhu and Letaba Water Supply System (DWA, 2012), NRW and water losses in Thulamela municipality are about 60% which is above the national average of 37% but below the average for rural scattered municipalities of 73%. There is scope for improvement through leakage reduction programmes. It is estimated that the total water demand can be reduced by approximately 0.102million m3/annum or 9% over a 5 year period but it is expected that most savings will be redistributed to areas without water.

9.1.3 Consumer water use reduction

The Tshifudi cluster is mainly informal which makes metering and billing very complex and costly but there is potential for implementing consumer water use reduction through consumer awareness and education.

9.2 Rain water harvesting

Rain water harvesting can potentially benefit individual households and the municipality by reducing the strain on the existing water resources. It is recommended that rainwater harvesting be promoted as a demand management measure and implemented as an alternative source of water, particularly for gardening and possible use for flushing of toilets.

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 15 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

9.3 Re-use

Not applicable 9.4 Transfer of water use entitlements

Not applicable / required.

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 16 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

10 WATER BALANCE WITH RECONCILIATION OPTIONS 10.1 Tshifudi Cluster Water Balance with augmentation options

The future water balance status for the total water requirements (urban/domestic and irrigation) is shown in Table 10-1. From the table it can be seen that after the implementation of WC/WDM measures, (based on the savings calculated in Section 9.1) the current water supply will not need augmentation from other sources. This water balance is also illustrated in Error! Reference source not found..

Table 10-1: Future status with reconciliation measures

2011 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Description Source Million m3/a

Xikundu Weir Available and Nandoni Supply Commitment 1.288 1.288 1.288 1.288 1.288 1.288

Groundwater 0.270 0.270 0.270 0.270 0.270 0.270

Surface Water 0.000 0.000 0.577 0.577 0.577 0.577 Augmentation

Groundwater 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000

Total Available Supply 1.558 1.558 2.135 2.135 2.135 2.135

Low Growth 1.125 1.185 1.303 1.406 1.430 1.454 Water Requirement High Growth 1.125 1.185 1.333 1.467 1.522 1.579

WC/WDM Low Growth 0.000 0.000 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.102 measures (Savings) High Growth 0.000 0.000 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.102

Low Growth 0.433 0.373 0.934 0.831 0.807 0.783 Surplus/ Shortfall High Growth 0.433 0.373 0.904 0.770 0.715 0.658

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 17 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

/a) 3

1 Annual Requirements (million Requirements (million Annual m

0 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029 2031 2033 2035

Figure 10-1: Total Water Balance for Tshifudi Cluster with Augmentation Options

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 18 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

10.2 Regional Water Balance with augmentation options

The water balance for the total Xikundu Weir supply area (Lambani, Tshifudi and North Malamulele East Clusters) is summarised in Table 10-2 and illustrated graphically in Figure 10-2.

Table 10-2: Future status with reconciliation measures

2011 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 Description Source Million m3/a

Available Supply Xikundu Weir 5.580 5.580 5.580 5.580 5.580 5.580

Groundwater 0.380 0.380 0.380 0.380 0.380 0.380

Surface Water 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Augmentation

Groundwater 1.755 1.755 2.332 2.332 2.332 2.332

Total Available Supply 7.715 7.715 8.292 8.292 8.292 8.292

Low Growth 3.706 3.964 4.598 5.000 5.070 5.140 Water Requirement High Growth 3.706 4.052 4.800 5.320 5.496 5.674

WC/WDM Low Growth 0.000 0.000 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.102 measures (Savings) High Growth 0.000 0.000 0.102 0.102 0.102 0.102

Low Growth 4.009 3.751 3.796 3.394 3.324 3.254 Surplus/ Shortfall High Growth 4.009 3.663 3.594 3.074 2.898 2.720

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 19 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

/a) 7 3

1 Annual Requirements Requirements m (million Annual

0 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021 2023 2025 2027 2029

Xikundu & Mhinga Weirs Groundwater Use Groundwater Development Allocation (Surface Water) Allocation (Groundwater) WTP Capacities High Scenario Low Scenario High Scenario with WCWDM

Figure 10-2: Total Regional Water Balance with Augmentation Options

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 20 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

11 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

 The current water requirements of the Tshifudi Cluster do not exceed the total allocation to this Cluster from the Xikundu Weir and current groundwater abstraction. The implementation of WCWDM is required in order to reduce water demands to acceptable leves, which will ensure that no augmentation measures are required until at least 2035. WCWDM measures include: o Management Information; o Leakage reduction and

o Consumer use reduction.

 The current operating capacity of the Xikundu WTW of 4.855 million m3/a seems adequate to supply in the total domestic allocation from the Xikundu weir of 3.24 million m3/a presently (2011).

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 21 RECONCILIATION STRATEGY FOR TSHIFUDI CLUSTER REPORT NO. {46}

12 REFERENCES [1] Barnard, H. An explanation of the 1:500 000 General Hydrogeological Map. (2000) Johannesburg 2526. Department of Water Affairs and Forestry. [2] Water Department of Water and Environmental Affairs (DWA). Directorate: Services Water Services Planning & Information, December 2008. DWA Water (2008) Services Reference Framework Decision Support System. Reference Framework Knowledge Base Structure, Project Process & Time Flow. Prepared by Inviromap in association with Mr S Marais, DWA National Planning and information. [3] DWA (2010) Development of Water Reconciliation Strategies for All Towns in the Northern Region: Demographic Scenario Report. Prepared by Kayamandi Development Services. Pretoria: Directorate: National Water Resource Planning, 2010. [4] StatsSA 2011 Census Results (Small Area Layer level). Statistics South Africa, (2013) released 2013. [5] Murango Levhuvhu Government Water Scheme: Water Allocation Review 2009 Consulting with specific reference to Nandoni Dam Domestic Allocation Engineers Distribution. and Aurecon (2010)

VHEMBE DISTRICT MUNICIPALITY March 2014 22