Performance Characteristics of a Direct Injection Diesel Engine Operating on Methyl Soyoil and Methyl Tallow Esters Azmi Bin Yahya Iowa State University
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Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1988 Performance characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine operating on methyl soyoil and methyl tallow esters Azmi Bin Yahya Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Agriculture Commons, and the Bioresource and Agricultural Engineering Commons Recommended Citation Yahya, Azmi Bin, "Performance characteristics of a direct injection diesel engine operating on methyl soyoil and methyl tallow esters " (1988). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 8815. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/8815 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. 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For the Graduate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1988 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page INTRODUCTION 1 The Problem 1 Alternative Sources 3 Vegetable Oil as Fuel 5 Objectives of the Study 5 Procedures for this Study 9 REVIEW OF LITERATURE 11 Research on Vegetable Oil Fuels 11 Structural Composition and its Significance 12 Engine Performance 16 Performance of Crude Vegetable Oils 18 Performance of Vegetable Oil Blends 21 Performance of Microemulsions 24 Performance of Preheated Vegetable Oils 26 Performance of Ester Fuels 27 Engine Deposits 32 Lubricating Oil Contamination 38 Modified Engine Configuration 39 Fuel Storage Stability 42 MATERIALS, EQUIPMENT AND METHODS 46 Test Fuels 46 Test Engine 49 Physical and Chemical Characterization of Test fuels 50 Viscosity 51 Surface tension 52 Specific gravity 54 Caloric heat value 55 i i i page Dynamometer-Engine Instrumentation System 58 Engine performance measurements 62 Exhaust emission data acquisition system 68 Flame ionization analyzer 70 Infrared analyzer 73 Chemiluminescent analyzer 73 Oxygen monitor 76 Smoke meter 77 Engine pressure data acquisition system 77 Pressure transducers 79 Optical encoder 79 Digital oscilloscope 80 Determination of top-dead-center 81 Transducer calibration 83 Experimental Design 84 Data Collection and Management 88 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 93 Physical and Chemical Characterization of Fuels 93 Fuel composition 93 Kinematic viscosity 96 Surface tension 99 Specific gravity 101 Heating value 104 Cloud and pour points 104 Flash point 105 Carbon residue 106 Ash content 107 Water and sediment 107 Copper corrosion 108 Cetane number 108 Engine Performance Analysis 109 Fuel consumption and brake power (overload) 111 Brake specific fuel consumption 121 Fuel-air and fuel-air equivalence ratio 126 IV page Start of injection 134 Ignition delay 138 Cylinder peak pressure 144 Engine efficiencies 149 Exhaust temperature 158 Lubricating oil temperature 162 Energy rejected to coolant 170 Carbon dioxide and oxygen 174 Carbon monoxide 180 Unburned hydrocarbons 186 Oxides of nitrogen 191 Smoke 196 Engine Contamination 200 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 202 REFERENCES 211 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 222 . APPENDIX A. COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND SAMPLE CALCULATIONS 224 APPENDIX B. EXPERIMENTAL DATA 241 APPENDIX C. REGRESSION EQUATIONS 274 APPENDIX D. PHOTOGRAPHS OF CONTAMINATED ENGINE PARTS 293 1 INTRODUCTION The Problem Modern agriculture involves the judicious use of energy as fertilizers, pesticides, in mechanization, and in other forms to increase yields, reduce drudgery, and expedite timely field operations. Countries with advanced agricultural systems such as the United States have now became heavily dependent on petroleum products and natural gas (Stout, 1985). Adequate and continuous availability of these fuel sources has become essential in order to produce the food supply to which these countries have been accustomed. If for some reasons the availability of the fuels were interrupted or delayed during a short period of time when crops were to be planted or harvested, a whole year's crop could be in jeopardy. For the past decades, the social and economic development of most nations throughout the world was accompanied by an increase in the demand of energy. As more and more nations emerged as industrialized societies, the accompanying demand for energy resulted in a continuing tightening of available energy supplies, with a corresponding escalation of energy cost (Ryan III et al., 1980). A report from the Alternative Fuel Committee of the Engine Manufacturers Association (1979) indicated that altiiough today there were ample supplies of fuels derived from petroleum, the rate at which the world petroleum demand was increasing was such that an adequate supply could only be assured until about 1990. The report indicated that beyond 1990 it would be necessary that alternative sources of liquid 2 fuels be on-stream in increasing quantity. The world supply of petroleum fuels would become critical in the time frame of 2000 to 2025 if alternative fuels were not available in sufficient quantities to meet this demand. Stout (1985) emphasized the urgency of finding alternative fuel resources for the following reasons: 1. The Soviet Union, which was once the world's largest oil supplier, has reduced its production. 2. Consumption within the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries and the Third World has been continuously increasing. 3. The United States has been also increasing its oil imports. 4. North Sea oil production is fallen drastically in this decade. A series of embargoes, strikes, and wars that occurred reminded us how quickly the energy picture could change. Kaufman and Pratt (1981) in their recent view on energy quoted: "During the 1970s Americans had to face harsh truths about their energy future. The beginning of the decade saw declining production of domestic oil and natural gas combined with increasing oil imports. The 1973-74 oil embargo spelled an abrupt end to the era of cheap energy; petroleum supplies were cut and prices rose to what were then considered unbelievable levels. Consumers reacted by using less high priced oil and with this moderation of demand, prices eased. By the mid 1970s there again seemed to be a comfortable margin between world oil demand and potential world supply, and many felt that this margin would exist well into the 1980s. Another political shock, the Iranian revolution, erased the supply and demand balance, and prices rose sharply." The threat of extended shortages still remains a possibility although current petroleum prices are quite low. Butler (1985) stated that the low prices are not due to the exploration