EFFECT OF BIODIESEL BLENDS AND NANO-PARTICLES ON ENGINE PERFORMANCE 1Dr. A.K.S. Ansari, 2 Dr. Karthikeyan P, 3 Mrs. J. Sudhapallavi, 4 Mr. J. Chandrasekhar 1Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Malla Reddy College of Engineering, Sec-100 2Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malla Reddy College of Engineering, Sec-100 3Asst. Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malla Reddy College of Engineering, Sec-100 4Asst. Professor,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malla Reddy College of Engineering, Sec-100 Performance Abstract- Nanofluids are new kind of colloidal solutions with particle size smaller than one billionth of a meter (1-100 nm) 1. INTRODUCTION suspended in base fluid to enhance The diesel engine is one of the preferred prime thermophysical properties of diesel. They are movers in all the application which are designed used in number of commercial applications to run with diesel fuel. Combustion of diesel fuel like engineering, medical sciences, is one of the major sources of greenhouse gas biotechnology, agriculture, transportation emission to the atmosphere resulting in severe etc. Recently few experimental works using environmental problems like global warming nanosized metallic, non-metallic, organic and and unnatural climate change. Biodiesel has mixed particles in base liquid fuel for diesel gained popularity as replacement for diesel fuel engine have been widely used. The results are due to their advantageous properties i.e. effective due to enhancement in thermo biodegradable, non-toxic, eco-friendly, sulphur physical and chemical properties of modified free, higher oxygen content, etc. and these fuels fuel. Despite having all superiorities, can be used in the same diesel engine with little somewhat unclear and contradictory results or no engine modification [1-2]. It also has the are found in literature. Experimental results potential to reduce the engine exhaust emission of di erent researchers are not generalized so such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon-di-oxide far as to reach at common consensus about (CO2), hydrocarbons (HC), particulate matters this ff new approach of fuel modification. (PM) and smoke. Usage of renewable energy has Keeping all these facts in mind, an attempt is not been limited to study of Biofuels only. made to summarize the important published Renewable source of energy like solar energy work on combustion and stability aspects of has found its application in many fields. Kumar nanoparticle laden diesel, biodiesel fuels and and Prasad [3-5] has used three sides instead of their blends, and its e ects on fuel and engine one side roughened solar duct & found that overall characteristics with the objective to augmentation in Nu & f was respectively to be provide a pathwayff to conduct further 21-86 % & 11-41 %. They also reported research in this area for utilizing maximum augmentation in thermal efficiency of three sides potential of nanoparticle fuel emulsion over one side roughened duct to be 44-56 % for technology and to provide a promising future varying p/e and 39-51 % for varying e/Dh. fuel for diesel engine. Kumar 2018 derived correlations for Nusselt Keywords: Nanoparticles: Diesel; number and friction factor applicable for three Biodiesel; Emission; Combustion; Stability; sides dimple roughened solar duct and studied

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (IJCESR) the effects of three sides concave dimple large agglomeration, etc. occurs which requires geometry on artificially roughened solar air longer burning time due to slow combustion heaters [6-8]. rates including prolonged ignition delays. 1.1 Nano particles as fuel additive Nanofluid fuels are exceptionally suitable fuel Despite having many advantages, diesel for engine and may find its commercial engine is known to emit large quantity of application in near future. Despite this fact, a pollutants (NOx, CO2, CO, VOCs, soot, PM, limited number of studies are available in public acrolien and formaldehyde) which causes domain. An attempt has been made to serious health and environmental degradation consolidate the research findings on the above [9]. According to the IEA (International Energy issues with the objective to make significant Agency) the global energy demand is expected contribution towards fundamental understanding to increased by 53% by 2030 [10]. Modifications of combustion and stability aspects of various of fuels by using energetic nano particle as nanoparticles inclusion with diesel and biodiesel additives, i.e. Nano fuels, are broadly adopted by fuels and its e ect on overall diesel engine many researchers to improve the performance characteristics. with reduction in NOx emission of diesel engine. 2. RECENT CHANGESff IN NANOFLUID Several researchers have found that nanoparticle FUELS inclusion shows better properties over micron Nanofluid fuels refer to fuels derived from size particles such as availability of high reactive nanoparticles inclusion which originated from surface area responsible for more complete di erent sources such as metal oxides, non combustion due to reduction in ignition delays organic materials, ferro material and carbon [11-12]. Berner et al. [13] indicated that use of nanotubes.ff With continuous improvement in nanoparticle helps in e ective mixing of nanoparticle synthesis and preparation method components and providing close contact possibilities of producing various nanofluid fuels between them, which facilitatesff di usion of from di erent nano- particles are explored. reactants to the surface and increase their Diesel combustion emits harmful pollutants reactivity. Jones et al. [14] investigatedff the which ffare responsible for environmental combustion behavior of nanoscale metal and degradation as well as human health. Biodiesel is metal oxide particles of aluminum (n-Al and considered as viable alternative to diesel. n-Al2O3) in ethanol. They concluded that during Recently in di erent combustion studies it was combustion of a stable suspension of n-Al in found that like hydrocarbon fuel combustion, ethanol, amount of heat released increases metal particlesff when oxidized releasing large almost linearly with n-Al concentration, but that amount of heat, which are even quiet higher than trend was observed only when n-Al diesel, biodiesel fuels. Beside these, some concentration was kept above 3%. Guru et al. researchers have attempted to use nanofluid fuels [15-16] observed that diesel blended with directly in diesel engine to improve ignition and magnesia additives shows appreciable reduction combustion properties of conventional diesel in flash point, viscosity, freezing point and and biodiesels fuel and also investigated its pollutant emissions. Many researchers have overall e ect on engine characteristics [19-20]. attempted to explore the combustion, ignition Though di erent nanometallic particles have and vaporization characteristics of liquid fuel been proposedff (Fe, Al, B etc.) as an additive to embedded with various micro and nanoscale various hydrocarbonff fuels and biofuels for particles [17], while others have focused their combustion in conventional engines, few direct studies on performance and pollution emissions combustion studies of nanomaterials have been [18]. Initial studies were conducted with micron performed for evaluating the magnitude of heat size metal additives like aluminum (AL), carbon released by them. Few metal particles like boron (C), boron (B) etc to explore the burning due to their high vaporization temperature characteristics of slurry droplets with a high require addition of iron and aluminum particles particle loading (40–80%). It was found that few which due to its early ignition would rapidly problem like rapid settlement, poor stability and increase the temperature and facilities the

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (IJCESR) combustion of conventional boron particles Risha et al. [29] have investigated the [21-22]. Recently researchers are attempting to combustion behavior of nanoaluminum with use combination of di erent nanoparticles like water and without any gelling agent for di erent cerium oxide-zirconium dioxide nanoparticle operating pressure, mixture composition and (CeO2-ZrO2), carbonff nanotubes-ceria particle size and reported that n-Al waterff quasi (CNT-ceria), samarium-doped ceria (SDC) homogenous mixture ignited with linear burning mixed with hydrocarbon fuel as a novel fuel for rates. Dreizin et al. [30-33] performed lot of use in diesel engine [23]. Researchers are trying research work on nanoscale Al combustion in to produce such nanofluid fuels which should be presence of air and oxygen environment during stable and having long shelf life during storage, combustion aimed to explore phenomenon of having minimum negative health impact and micro explosion and variation in speed of should be technically as well as economically burning droplets at nanoscale metal combustion. viable for use in commercial applications. Parr et al. [34] in their experimental work on n-Al with post combustion gases of 3. COMBUSTION ASPECTS OF H2/O2/argon di usion flame to investigate the NANOPARTICLE LADEN FUEL ignition temperatures and burning times at Due to some desirable combustion feature as stoichiometric mixtureff ratio found that above 10 high heat of combustion and high energy µm the combustion process from di usive densities, various metal particles are considered controlled process get changes to kinetically as possible additives for conventional fuels in CI controlled process. The author reported thatff for engines. Though very limited theoretical and particle size less than 10 µm, combustion and experimental work is available on combustion burning rates are highly temperature dependent. aspects of various nanoparticle inclusion with Beckstead et al. [35] proposed a correlation from diesel and biodiesel fuels, an e ort has been various experimental data on burning time of made to review its literature and assimilate the aluminum particle combustion considering facts related to the combustion, beforeff this it is pressure, temperature, particle size and oxidizer necessary to take an overview on some concentration as: important finding of several researches on various aspects of metallic nanoparticle (1) combustion. where P is pressure, T is surrounding 3.1. Combustion aspects of metallic temperature and do is particle diameter. The nanoparticles results obtained from this study show a large Metal particle additives have been used in deviation from the experimental results number of combustion systems which includes considering same parameters for both theoretical nanofluid, gelled propellant [24], thermits and and experimental studies. Bazyn et al. [36] solid propellants [25-26]. The combustion of performed shock tube experiment on 10 µm metal particles are classified as homogeneous aluminum particles in the presence of O2,CO2 (both oxidizer and metal in gaseous phase) and and H2O in air to study the e ect of pressure on heterogeneous (both oxidizer and metal reaction combustion time. The authors reported a weak in condensed phase). Glassman et al. [27] increase in burning rates withff H2O, CO2 and revealed that due to very high boiling point of decrease in burning rates with O2 when pressure metal oxides the flame temperature is limited as was increased. The possible explanation for the energy required to decompose the oxide layer is changed trend in burning times of CO2,H2O and much more than energy actually available for oxygen is mainly attributed to the availability of rise in temperature of condensed phase oxide. two oxygen atoms to react with Al when O2 Levenspiel [28] defined three important molecule di uses at Al Surface, where as for processes which control burning rates of metal H2O and CO2 the available oxygen atom to react particles namely; Di usion of mass through gas with Al is one,ff thus two times faster di usion is phase mixture, Di usion of mass through oxide required with H2O and CO2 to produce same layer of the particleff and Chemical reactions. oxygen atoms. Hence kinetics mode dominatesff ff

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O2 due to presence of more oxygen atoms to Al results revealed that there has been an surface for reaction, where as for H2O and CO2 enhancement in combustion performance of di usion mode is important. Metal properties are biofuels with faster ignition at lower combustion regarded as size dependent properties; hence a temperatures, thus releasing large amount of reductionff in particle size increases the chemical heat during combustion [47-48]. reaction due to more participation of surface atoms. Several studies reveal the fact that at 3.2. Combustion aspects of various nanolength scale various thermo-physical nanoparticle doped liquid fuels properties shows strong particle size dependence Previous discussion related to combustion due to large exposed surface areas with aspects of metallic nanoparticles provides the enhanced reactivity. Eckert et al. [37] conducted basis for utilizing their possible benefits when experiments with nanoparticle size ranging from dispersed in liquid fuels as an alternative fuel for 13 to 40 nm. Similar studies were also performed combustion in diesel engine. Very limited by Alavi et al. [40] and Puri et al. [38-39] to experimental studies on combustion aspects of analyze the melting behavior of n-Al. It was nanoparticle laden liquid fuels are available in found that the melting temperature of n-Al is the open literature, and almost no review work is highly influenced by particle diameter. The available. In this work key findings of available available results depicts a gradual reduction in work on combustion aspects of various melting point temperature of metal particles up nanoparticle doped liquid fuel are summarized. to 10 nm particle size whereas below this particle Metal particles are known to have better thermal size value the melting temperature decreases properties when they are suspended in micro or drastically. This clearly indicates that particle nanoscale length in di erent concentration with size defines the combustion and ignition the base fluids. Several researches in their mechanism as during small size particle experimental findings reportedff a 20% increase in combustion, the burning mechanism of particles thermal conductivity with a lower particle are governed by kinetically controlled condition, concentration ( < 5%) [49]. The same whereas larger size particles combustion may be incremental trend was observed in the heat governed by di usion controlled condition. transfer coe cient. Based on these above Several researches based on their experimental fascinating facts researches are attempting to use work have attemptedff to develop correlations in these energeticffi materials with liquid fuels in order to predict the melting and combustion diesel engine for obtaining better combustion parameters of aluminum as a function of particle charactertics in terms of higher heating value. In size. The important correlation is summarized in order to gain fundamental understanding of Table 1 [37,42-45]. Another prospective combustion behavior some experimental studies candidate considered for fuels and propellant related to single droplet, and some in the bulk inclusion is boron. It can be found to be best base fluid with micro and a nanoscale additives suited for volume limited propulsion, due its have been performed. Each study has its own highest heating value [46]. It was found from the significance. Mono droplet combustion studies literature that high vaporization temperature of provide an insight on general burning and range of 4000 K and the presence of natural vaporization characteristics and how di erent oxide film causes the delay in ignition process physical and chemical processes involved in it. plays a very crucial role in combustion of boron Tyagi et al. [50] found that with a veryff small systems. Several studies have been conducted to volume fraction (1–5% by weight) of n-Al and understand the combustion and ignition of boron Al2O3 blended with diesel fuel, there has been a particles at micron size scale but very limited significant enhancement in the ignition studies are available on combustion of boron probability compared to pure diesel fuel. This is particles at nanoscale. Few experimental studies due to better radiative heat & mass transfer have been conducted to evaluate the thermal properties which causes reduction in droplet contributions of boron nanoboron particles when ignition temperature. mixed with low energy density biofuels. The

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4. EFFCT OF INCLUDING thermo physical properties of biofuels and make NANOPARTICLES WITH DIESEL them comparable to that of conventional diesel BIODIESEL FUEL BLENDS ON ENGINE fuel. With the continuous improvement in diesel PERFORMANCE Among various types of internal combustion engine diesel engine is considered as most prominent and e cient energy conversion device because it directly converts heat into mechanical energy ffiwith minimum heat out from the tail pipe as other engines do. Regarding diesel engine this statement is very true that diesel engine performance resembles the performance of workhorse slower, stronger and enduring rather than fiery, fast and high stung. The above features of diesel engine make them the preferred choice for use in commercial applications. As mentioned earlier that with the scarcity of diesel fuel, further with strict environmental norms, biofuels present themselves as an alternative fuel despite some issues such as lower calorific value and inferior cold flow properties etc. as compared to diesel fuel. To overcome this problem, biofuels are modified by adding various nano particles in it, which provides significant improvement in Table 1 Developed correlations of aluminum nanoparticle combustion parameters.

Sr. Authors Parameters Correlation Range of Applicability Terminology No 1 Glassman et Time of ρPd 2 Used to find com. time in tb,di =Combustion time in al. [41] combustion 0 diffusion and kinetically di usion controlled region. tb, diff = ff 8ρD ln( 1+∞ iY 0, ) controlled com. regime do= initial particle diameter. t ff =Combustion time in ρ b,kin Pd0 kinetically controlled region. tb,kin = 2MWpkPX 0,∞ 2 Ecret et Melting point 13≤D40nm Xo,∞=oxidizer mole fraction. TDm =97704 − 1920 / al.[37] temperature, 13≤D40nm MWp=molecular weight of latent heat Oxide layer thickness 2–5nm particle. LDfus =14.705 − 177.49 / of fusion

3 Jiang et Melting point Based on linde- mann criterion for ρp=particle density.  2Lbfus ,/  al.[42] temperature, −  nearly ρD=product of gas density & Liang et latent heat = all nano sized particles di usivity. TTm mb exp 3RTu mb, al.[43] of fusion  iYO, ∞=oxygen mass fraction in /Dl /6− 1 ambient.ff 4 Zhang et al. latent heat of LR() Ro=0.9492, α=1.9186 Tm=melting point Temp. K fus TRm ,( ) 1 [44] fusion =1 − Lfus=latent heat of fusion (kJ/ Lfus ,( b ) Tm ,( b ) RR /u − 1 mol)

5 Panda et al. Vapor pressure Vaporization tem. can be D = particle diameter (nm) PDB= P01exp( 4σ v / k TD) [45] calculated iteratively by these Tm,b=Bulk melting temperature 36373 three equations at a given ambient Lfus,b=Bulk heat of fusion P =exp 13.7 − 0 atm pressure & particle diameter l=Length of Al-Al atomic bond. ( T ) Ru =Universal gas constant. σ =948 − 0.202TDyne / cm =Materialconstant PD= Vapor pressure. ∝

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P0= Vapor pressure over a flat surface. σ = Surface tension. technology for overall enhancement in engine improvement in combustion e ciency of operating characteristics, researchers are nanofluid fuels a reduction in fuel consumption attempting experimental studies on engine and emission level leads to the augmentationffi in performance, emission and combustion the overall e ciency of Cl engines. Where as in parameters which prove to be the real an experimental work carried out by Keskin et performance indicators. Limited experimental al. [53] whenffi tested tall oil biodiesel which was studies have been performed on diesel engine to doped by Co based additive in a CI engine, investigate the engine performance parameters reported no appreciable increase in the values of using nanofluid fuels. In this section the power output and engine torque compared to that discussion have been made to observe the e ect of diesel fuel. To have some more insight about of various nanoparticle inclusions with base fuel nanoparticle mixed diesel, biodiesel fuel blends, as diesel, biodiesel and its blend on engineff Mirzajanzadeh et al. [54] performed performance parameters such as brake power experimental work with hybrid nanoparticle of (BP), brake thermal e ciency (BTE) and brake cerium oxide and multiwall carbon nanotubes specific fuel consumption (BSFC). (MW-CNT) in a diesel biodiesel fuel blend (B5 4.1. E ect on brake ffipower and B20) on heavy duty 6 cylinder diesel engine. Net power available after the deduction of The results revealed that at 1500 rpm and at full frictionalff losses from indicated power is termed load condition there exist a linear relationship as brake power (BP). Kumar et al. [51] between power output and amount of performed experiential studies on CeO2 nanoparticle doping levels with diesel biodiesel nanoparticles emulsion fuel for Compression fuel blend. This trend can be readily viewed ignition (CI) engine with variable load ranging from Fig. 1 It is evident from the Fig. 1 that for from 2.1 to 15.9 kg. The authors reported an B5 blend with 30, 60, 90 ppm nanoparticle increase in brake power under all operating doping level an increase in 0.58%, 1.79% and conditions when the load on engine increase. All 3.52% whereas for B20 blend with 30, 60, 90 the tests have been conducted at constant engine ppm an increase in 2.28%. 5.72% and 7.81% was speed where engine produced equivalent brake observed power at similar loads. Researchers like Nadem et al. [52] performed experiments on variable speed engine to analyze the e ect of engine speed on brake power. It was observed that BP of the engine increases with increaseff in engine speed, up to certain speed limit, which further depends on engine rating and number of cylinders. In addition to that, a slight increase in BP has been observed with emulsified and nanoparticle mixed biodiesel, diesel fuel blends as compared to diesel fuel alone under same operating conditions. According to them a slight Fig. 1: Variation of maximum power of di erent increase in BP, might be due to optimized fuel blends of (B5-B20) with ignition delay and increase temperatures which ff causes signi cant improvement in combustion process and heat release rates. Furthermore with engine power as compared to diesel biodiesel work studied the e ect of titanium oxide (TiO2) fuel blend without nanoparticles. nanoparticle additives with palm biodiesel in an Fangsuwannrak et al. [55] in their experimental indirect injection ff diesel engine (IDI). The

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (IJCESR) authors have reported that higher brake power nanoparticles in waste cooking oil biodiesel at from engine were achieved for any fraction of di erent dosing quantities of FeCl3 biodiesel fuel mixed with 0.1% TiO2 additives nanoparticles within the range of 0.01–0.2 gm (5 as compared to biodiesel fuel without addition of mol/Lff to 50 mol/L). It is evident from the Fig. 3 TiO2 nanoparticles. Furtherinvestigations that at di erent break mean e ective pressures performed with B100-0.1% TiO2 sample in a (BMEP), addition of FeCl3 nanoparticle to speed range of 1600–3000 rpm provides a biodiesel fffuel, gives higherff brake thermal maximum increment of 1.56% in average brake e ciency (BTE) as compared to that of power. It can be easily seen from Fig. 2 that at all biodiesel without FeCl3. The available results speeds in the range of 1500–4000 rpm the brake depictsffi that, owing to the highly catalytic e ect, power output of the engine increased by adding addition of FeCl3 nanoparticles to biodiesel fuel, 0.1% TiO2 nanoparticles for any fraction of provides enhancement in combustion processff biodiesel fuel blend. Recently an study which significantly improves the brake thermal performed by Ramadhas et al. [56] on theoretical e ciency. modeling of CI engine performance parameters whose results were further verified by ffi experimental work, provides a e ective methodology to model the problem when 5. CHALLENGES FACED IN THE FIELD working with diesel, biodieselfuels blendedff with OF BIODIESEL nanoparticles. Due to some inferior physical and chemical properties of biodiesel fuels, addition of di erent CeO2+MWCNT at full load and at constant nanoparticles found to be suitable for modifying speed of 1500 rpm [54]. biodiesel properties and make them comparableff with that of diesel fuels. These nanoparticles can be mixed with biodiesel, diesel biodiesel blends without any requirement of engine design modifications. From the overview of available literature in this area, somewhat inconsistent information supported by limited experimental findings along with supply constraints, food security and cost issues hindered their usage as commercial fuel for automobiles and other Fig. 2: Variation in brake power of di erent energy sectors. However some specific issues fuel blends of Palm oil biodiesel (B2-B100) concerned with the application of nanoparticle with 0.1TiO2 for various engine speeds [55].ff blended diesel biodiesel fuel in CI engines must be addressed with utmost care, these are: 1. Colloidal solution of diesel-biodiesel blends with prolonged suspension with various nanoparticles causes agglomeration, settling and precipitation problem. In order to achieve better stability of nano- fluid fuels detailed chemical analysis and identification of more e ective surfactant must be required. 2. The addition of nanoparticles to liquidff fuels Fig. 3: Variation of brake thermal e ciency have shown significant e ect on drop burning with BMEP of di erent diesel fuel blends behavior and on bulk fuel combustion ffi with and without FBC [57]. characteristics, howeverff the combustion ff 4.2. E ect on brake thermal e ciency characteristics strongly influenced by the shape Experimental studies carried out by Kannan et and size of nanoparticles. ff ffi al. [57] with metal based additives FeCl3 3. Nanofluids possessed better heat and mass

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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CURRENT ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH (IJCESR) transport properties, which significantly summarized as follows. improves the engine performance, emission and 1. The stability of nanofluid in liquid fuels with combustion characteristics. However due to lack reported maximum stability of 7–17 days is of of fundamental understanding of heat transfer great concern and hinders the use of and fluid flow behavior of nanoparticles with nanoparticles with diesel biodiesel blended liquid fuels, it is essential that extensive research fuels. For highly stable nanofluid fuel solutions work should be carried out in this area to explore the Zeta potential values found to be in the range its maximum potential. of 70–60 mV, and operation ph value (O.PH) 4. The wear of various engine components within the range of 3.5–10.5. Zeta potential (fuel injector assembly, cylinder and piston etc) values above 70 mV and O.PH below 3.5 which deteriorates the performance and life of provides good stability nanofluid fuels. Further, engine along with other tribological issues arises experimental results revealed that preferred due to crankcase dilution are rarely reported. value of surfactant oleic acid as 0.6 vol% in 5. Along with theoretical research and diesel with a nanoparticle loading of 10 ppm are experimental methodology adopted by the found to provide most stable blend with researchers in order to analyze the performance, minimum settling e ect. emission and combustion characteristics of 2. Nanometallic particle additives with diesel nanofluid fuels, further studies in this area biodiesel fuel blendsff increase the solution should be carried out through visual observation viscosity and make them more prone to approach via Phase Doppler Particle agglomerations and settling. Anemometry (PDPA), high sped imaging 3. In most of the previous studies and techniques (CCD Cameras) and by experimental investigations it was found that shadowgraphs. metal particles both in micron or nanolength 6. Serious efforts are to be made to evaluate scale when mixed with diesel and biodiesel fuel the unknown environmental and heath impact improves the ignition and combustion behavior. issues related to nanofluid fuels. Extensive 4. The short ignition delay, better atomization research should be required in this area before of fuel and high reactive surfaces provides rapid the commercialization of this technology. and early start of combustion reactions which in 7. It is necessary to channelize the research turn gives higher heat release rates and are found outcomes of this technology with automobile to be liable for higher cylinder pressures. manufacturing industry, to make it viable for 5. The additive e ect on nanoparticles with commercial applications, thus reduce our diesel biodiesel fuels sometimes may led to dependency on petro-products as fuel for abnormal combustionff hence proper selection of automobiles. above parameters are essentially required for 6. CONCLUSIONS AND SCOPE FOR achieving controllable combustion. FUTURE ASPECTS 6. The application of nanoparticles with In order to fill the gap in the available relevant biodiesel fuel blend was found to enhance the literature, the present study provides a detailed diesel engine performance in terms of slightly overview of some important research work and higher engine brake power, higher brake thermal recent developments in the field of nanofluid e ciency and lower engine brake specific fuel fuels which includes the combustion and consumption up to a certain dosage value of stability aspects and their potential as reactive nanoparticles,ffi beyond this limit further increase additives with diesel and biodiesel blends for use in dosage value does not provide proportional in diesel engine technology. Obvious role of enhancement in the engine performance. nanoparticles have been found to enhance 7. The additive e ect of nanoparticles with combustion characteristics of modified diesel liquid fuel found to lower most of the tail pipe fuel which led to the overall improvement in CI emission like hydrocarbonff (HC) emission, engine performance with a significant reduction smoke levels and CO except NOx emissions. in engine emissions levels. The major facts that 8. CO emission increases with addition of can be drawn from above discussion are FeCl3 nanoparticles.

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