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Download July/Aug 2013 Issue Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory July/August 2013 THE MIGHTY SEQUOIA Also in this issue: Celebrating Johnny Foster at 90 Diamond under Pressure Z-Pinch Ups the Voltage About the Cover Sequoia (shown on the cover) is Lawrence Livermore’s newest and largest supercomputer. Developed in collaboration with IBM and Argonne National Laboratory, Sequoia once again demonstrates the Laboratory’s leadership and expertise in the design, commissioning, and application of high-performance computing systems. As the article on p. 4 describes, Sequoia will execute highly complex physics simulations for the National Nuclear Security Administration’s stockpile stewardship mission as well as help the Laboratory explore and prepare for exascale, the next great milestone in computing. Cover design: Amy E. Henke. Photographer: K. Ross Gaunt. Ross K. Photographer: Henke. E. Amy design: Cover About S&TR At Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, we focus on science and technology research to ensure our nation’s security. We also apply that expertise to solve other important national problems in energy, bioscience, and the environment. Science & Technology Review is published eight times a year to communicate, to a broad audience, the Laboratory’s scientific and technological accomplishments in fulfilling its primary missions. The publication’s goal is to help readers understand these accomplishments and appreciate their value to the individual citizen, the nation, and the world. The Laboratory is operated by Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC (LLNS), for the Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration. LLNS is a partnership involving Bechtel National, University of California, Babcock & Wilcox, Washington Division of URS Corporation, and Battelle in affiliation with Texas A&M University. More information about LLNS is available online at www.llnsllc.com. Please address any correspondence (including name and address changes) to S&TR, Mail Stop L-664, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, or telephone (925) 423-3432. Our e-mail address is [email protected]. S&TR is available on the Web at str.llnl.gov. © 2013. Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC. All rights reserved. This work was performed under the auspices of the U.S. Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under contract DE-AC52-07NA27344. To request permission to use any material contained in this document, please submit your request in writing to Public Affairs Office, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Mail Stop L-3, P.O. Box 808, Livermore, California 94551, or to our e-mail address [email protected]. This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, nor any of their employees makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the Prepared by LLNL under contract United States Government or Lawrence Livermore National Security, LLC, and shall not be used for advertising or product DE-AC52-07NA27344 endorsement purposes. July/August 2013 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Contents S&TR Staff Feature SCIENTIFIC EDITOR 3 Mighty Challenges Call for Computing A. J. Simon on a Grand Scale MANAGING EDITOR Commentary by Bruce T. Goodwin Ray Marazzi 4 Reaching for New Computational PUBLICATION EDITOR Pamela MacGregor Heights with Sequoia Energy-efficient computing is driving a new WRITERS hardware and software paradigm that helps lay Rose Hansen, Arnie Heller, Ann Parker, the path for exascale computing. and Katie Walter ART DIRECTOR Amy E. Henke Research Highlights PROOFREADER Carolin Middleton 14 Celebrating the Life and Contributions of Johnny Foster PRINT COORDINATOR The Laboratory honored the 90th birthday of Charlie M. Arteago, Jr. one of its greatest leaders. S&TR, a Director’s Office publication, is 19 A Diamond Mystery produced by the Technical Information Experiments at the world’s largest laser reveal new Department under the direction of the characteristics of diamond when compressed to Office of Planning and Special Studies. extremely high pressures. S&TR is available on the Web at str.llnl.gov 22 Coming Through in a Pinch: Z-Pinch Plasma Heralds Novel Accelerator Designs Simulations and experiments at Livermore Printed in the United States of America are producing intriguing results on Available from previously not well-understood National Technical Information Service acceleration mechanisms inside U.S. Department of Commerce dense plasma focus Z-pinches. 5285 Port Royal Road Springfield, Virginia 22161 UCRL-TR-52000-13-7/8 Departments Distribution Category UC-99 July/August 2013 2 The Laboratory in the News 26 Patents and Awards 29 Abstract The Laboratory in the News S&TR July/August 2013 Water Signature Revealed in Extrasolar Planet Zeolites are unique structures that can be adapted for many types Laboratory astrophysicist Bruce Macintosh, along with a team of gas separation and storage applications because of their diverse of international scientists, has made the most detailed examination topology. The porous materials are commonly used as commercial yet of a Jupiter-size planet’s atmosphere beyond our solar system. adsorbents. Using the OSIRIS instrument on the Keck II telescope in Hawaii, While the liquid solvents were not effective for methane the team has uncovered the chemical fingerprints of specific capture, a systematic screening of about 100,000 zeolite molecules, revealing a cloudy atmosphere containing water vapor structures uncovered a few nanoporous candidates that appear and carbon monoxide. “With this level of detail,” says Travis technologically promising. In the team’s simulations, one specific Barman, an astronomer at Lowell Observatory in Arizona, “we can zeolite, dubbed SBN, captured enough medium-source methane to compare the amount of carbon to the amount of oxygen present in convert it to high-purity methane, which in turn could be used to the atmosphere, and this chemical mix provides clues as to how the generate efficient electricity. The team’s research was reported in planetary system formed.” the April 16, 2013, edition of Nature Communications. The planet is one of four gas giants known to orbit a star called Contact: Amitesh Maiti (925) 422-6657 ([email protected]). HR 8799, 130 light-years from Earth. (See artist’s rendering; courtesy of Dunlap Institute for Astronomy and Astrophysics Moon’s Core Active Later Than Thought and Media Farm.) Although the planet’s atmosphere shows clear New evidence from ancient lunar rocks suggests that the Moon’s evidence of water vapor, that signature is weaker than would long-lived dynamo—a molten, convecting core of liquid metal be expected if the planet shared the composition of its parent that generated a strong magnetic field—lasted 160 million star. Instead, the planet has a high ratio of carbon to years longer than originally estimated. Lawrence oxygen—a fingerprint of its formation in a gaseous Livermore scientist William Cassata and a group of disk tens of millions of years ago. international collaborators analyzed two rocks As the gas cooled with time, grains of water gathered during the Apollo 11 mission and ice formed, depleting the remaining gas of found that the samples were magnetized in oxygen. Planetary formation began when a stable and surprisingly intense magnetic ice and solids collected into planetary field. The study of these slowly cooled, cores—similar to how our solar system unshocked rocks demonstrates that the formed. “This spectrum is the sharpest Moon had a core dynamo as late as ever obtained of an extrasolar planet,” 3.55 billion years ago. says Macintosh. “The exquisite resolution “The Moon possessed a magnetic afforded by these new observations has field much later than would be allowed us to begin to probe the planet’s expected for a body of its size,” says formation.” The team’s findings appeared in Cassata. The study shows that the Moon the March 22, 2013, edition of Science. likely possessed a long-lived core dynamo, Contact: Bruce Macintosh (925) 423-8129 much like the one that currently exists on ([email protected]). Earth, but generated by a different mechanism. Earth’s core dynamo is generated by thermally Scientists Find New Materials to Capture Methane driven convective motions in the liquid outer core. Scientists at Lawrence Livermore and the University of However, because of its size, the Moon was too cool to sustain California at Berkeley have discovered new materials to capture core convection as late as 3.55 billion years ago. methane, the second highest concentration greenhouse gas in our In the past, however, when the Moon was closer to Earth, its atmosphere. Methane is a substantial driver of global climate greater angle of precession would allow for mechanical stirring change, contributing 30 percent of today’s net warming. Concern of the liquid metal core by the overlying rocky mantle. These of methane is mounting because of leaks associated with rapidly motions can induce a global magnetic field. A gradual decrease expanding unconventional oil and gas extraction. In addition, as in the Moon’s precession angle as it moved further away from Arctic ice cover continues to melt, the potential exists for large- Earth and an increase in its core viscosity as it cooled may have scale release of methane from decayed material. At the same time, caused the dynamo to decline between 1.8 and 2.7 billion years methane is a growing source of energy.
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