A LISTED BUILDING ASSESSMENT for DAIRY COTTAGE

Prepared for D. H. Tupper Farms

By

In association with: FRED ALDSWORTH BA FSA MCIfA IHBC

JUNE 2021

______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment

Contents 1. SUMMARY ...... 1 2. INTRODUCTION ...... 1 Dairy Cottage ...... 1 Setting ...... 1 Proposals ...... 1 Purpose and Compliance ...... 1 Format ...... 3

3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND ...... 4 Sources ...... 4 LITTLETON: 1610 ...... 4 LITTLETON FARM: ...... 5 Tithe Map: 1840 ...... 5 JAMES SHEPPERD: ...... 7 JOHN SHEPPERD: ...... 8 ALFRED BARNARD: ...... 10 Ordnance Survey: 1875 ...... 10 RICHARD TULLETT: ...... 11 JAMES THORPE: ...... 11 Ordnance Survey: 1896 ...... 11 THOMAS DENYER: ...... 12 Ordnance Survey: 1910 ...... 12 Henry Heater: ...... 13 P.HOBGEN: ...... 14 W.WADEY: ...... 14 M.TUPPER: ...... 14 Ordnance Survey: 1976 ...... 14 Aerial photograph: 2001 ...... 15 Planning history: ...... 15

4. STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT ...... 16 INTRODUCTION ...... 16 Ground Floor Plan ...... 17 First Floor Plan ...... 17 PHASE 1: ...... 19 PHASE 2: ...... 20 PHASE 3: ...... 21 PHASE 4: ...... 22

5. DESCRIPTION ...... 24 EXTERNAL ELEVATIONS ...... 24 GROUND FLOOR ...... 27 Room G1: ...... 27 Room G2: ...... 28 Room G3: ...... 28 Room G4: ...... 28 Room G5: ...... 29 Room G6: ...... 29 Room G7: ...... 29 Room G8: ...... 30 Room G9: ...... 30 Room G10:...... 30

______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment FIRST FLOOR ...... 31 Room F1: ...... 31 Room F2: ...... 32 Room F3: ...... 32 Room F4: ...... 32 Room F5: ...... 32 ATTIC FLOOR ...... 33 Room A1: ...... 33 Room A2: ...... 34 Room A3: ...... 34

6. PROPOSALS ...... 35

7. HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...... 36 DEVELOPMENT SUMMARY...... 36 SIGNIFICANCE ...... 36 Listed status ...... 37 SUMMARY ...... 37 Curtilage listing ...... 38 HERITAGE IMPACT ...... 38 CONCLUSION ...... 39

______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment

1. SUMMARY

This buildings assessment has been prepared on behalf of Mr Edward Tupper, of D.H.Tupper Farms, by the Douglas Briggs Partnership, with assistance from Fred Aldsworth in order to obtain a full understanding of the fabric and history of the building known as Dairy Cottage, which forms part of Littleton Farm, , and thereby advise proposals to alter the house, which is Listed at Grade II and lies within the South Down National Park. 2. INTRODUCTION

Dairy Cottage A two storey building under a pitched roof of tiles which is gabled at both ends and has a cat slide roof to the rear that joins with the tile roof slope of a detached single storey outbuilding.

It has a large chimney stack in the centre of the ridge and a chimney stack on the rear wall of the cat slide outshot.

The house was first listed at Grade II in 1986 and is described in the listing as follows:- “C17. Two storey. Three windows. Plastered front. Half-hipped tiled roof. Casement windows. C19 gabled porch”

The curtilage of the dwelling includes a small walled garden to the front and an enclosed grassed side garden accessed from steps leading up from a narrow passage way dug into the steep hillside to the rear (North West)

Setting The cottage is within the South Downs National Park and located adjacent to the farmyard at Littleton Farm, to the North of the village of Upwaltham .

Apart from the single storey outbuilding attached to the rear and a small greenhouse, there are no adjacent domestic outbuildings within the domestic curtilage of the cottage.

20m to the North is the South Downs Way, a footpath and bridle way heading East-West. 15m to the East is a flint faced barn and 20m to the South are a range of modern steel framed farm buildings and covered yards.

Proposals Planning consent is being sought from the local planning authority to bring the existing structure up to 21st Century living standards see section 6 for details.

Purpose and The assessment has been prepared to provide historical and Compliance architectural information pertaining to the existing structure in order to inform and advise discussions and decisions concerning the likely impacts of the proposals and is in compliance with the South Downs National Park’s Policies SD12, SD13, SD14 and SD15 which set out the local authority’s approach to Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas.1

1 The South Downs Local Plan, adopted in July 2019, currently forms the Development Plan for the area.

1 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment These read as follows:

Strategic Policy SD12: Historic Environment 1. Development proposals will only be permitted where they conserve and enhance the historic environment, including through the safeguarding of heritage assets and their setting. 2. Applicants will be required to provide a Heritage Statement sufficient to allow an informed assessment of the impact of the proposed development on the significance of the heritage asset(s). 3. Development proposals which affect heritage assets (whether designated or non-designated) or their setting will be determined with regard to the significance of the asset, including the long-term conservation and enhancement of that asset. 4. Development proposals will be permitted where they enhance or better reveal the significance of heritage assets, particularly where they are considered to be at risk of irreversible harm or loss. 5. Development proposals which appropriately re-use redundant or under-used heritage assets with the optimal viable use, which secures their long-term conservation and enhancement, including of their setting, will be supported. 6. Development proposals for enabling development that would otherwise conflict with other planning policies but which would secure the future conservation of a heritage asset will be permitted provided: a) The proposals will not materially harm the heritage values of the asset or its setting; b) It can be demonstrated that alternative solutions have failed; c) The proposed development is the minimum necessary to protect the significance of the heritage asset; d) It meets the tests and criteria set out in Historic guidance Enabling Development and the Conservation of Significant Places50; e) It is subject to a legal agreement to secure the restoration of the asset; and f) It enables public appreciation of the saved heritage asset.

Development Management Policy SD13: Listed Buildings 1. Development proposals which affect a listed building or its setting will only be permitted and listed building consent granted where: a) They preserve and enhance the significance of the listed building and its setting by demonstrating that loss of historic fabric and detail of significance, including internal features, floor plans and the integrity of the rooms, is avoided; or b) Harm to the significance of the listed building or its setting is considered to be outweighed by public benefits by the Authority, when appropriate mitigation measures will be expected, including archaeological investigation (including a written report) or recording. 2. Development proposals will be refused planning permission and/or listed building consent where they cause substantial harm to a listed building or its setting.

Development Management Policy SD14: Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation of Historic Buildings 1. Development proposals will be permitted, and where relevant listed building consent granted, for works to heritage assets to adapt to, or

2 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment mitigate the effects of, climate change where it can be clearly demonstrated that this is consistent with all of the following: a) The preservation and enhancement of the heritage asset’s significance, character and appearance; b) The preservation and enhancement of the heritage asset’s special architectural or historic interest; c) The long-term preservation of the historic built fabric; and d) The setting of the heritage asset.

Development Management Policy SD15: Conservation Areas 1. Development proposals within a conservation area, or within its setting, will only be permitted where they preserve or enhance the special architectural or historic interest, character or appearance of the conservation area. Sufficient information to support an informed assessment should be provided on the following matters: a) The relevant conservation area appraisal and management plan; b) Overall settlement layout and relationship to established landscape setting; c) Historic pattern of thoroughfares, roads, paths and open spaces, where these provide evidence of the historic evolution of the settlement, and the historic street scene; d) Distinctive character zones within the settlement; e) Mix of building types and uses, if significant to the historic evolution of the settlement; f) Use of locally distinctive building materials, styles or techniques; g) Historic elevation features including fenestration, or shop fronts, where applicable; h) Significant trees, landscape features, boundary treatments, open space, and focal points; and i) Existing views and vistas through the settlement, views of the skyline and views into and out of the conservation area. 2. Within a conservation area, development proposals which involve the total or substantial demolition of buildings or structures will only be permitted where it is sufficiently demonstrated that: a) The current buildings or structures make no positive contribution to the special architectural or historic interest, character or appearance of the conservation area; and b) The replacement would make an equal or greater contribution to the character and appearance of the conservation area.

Format The assessment comprises a historical background to the property (Section 3) by Fred Aldsworth and this is followed by an account of the structural development of the house (section 4) and a description of the house as it is currently arranged and used (Section 5) by Douglas Briggs. There is then a brief account of the proposals (Section 6) and a heritage impact assessment and Conclusion (Section 7)2.

2 Section 3 by Fred Aldsworth, Sections 4-7 by Douglas Briggs 3 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment 3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

The purpose of this part of the assessment is to consider the documentary evidence that is available which helps to throw light on the history of the dwelling now known as Dairy Cottage, which forms part of Littleton Farm, Duncton, particularly its date of construction and alteration, occupiers, and uses.

It is based on documentary research at the West Record Office, in , and is for the most part based on old maps and plans, population census returns, and directories.

The next part of the assessment deals with the physical evidence (Section 4).

Sources Until the late twentieth century, Littleton Farm was located on the very edge of Upwaltham parish, at its junction with the adjoining parishes of Duncton and Barlavington to the north, and the parish boundary between Upwaltham and Duncton actually passed through the house at Littleton Farm at least until 1976 (see below under Ordnance Survey: 1875 and later). It now passes across the Chichester- road about 400 metres to the south of the farm. Just to confuse the issue, the cottage or cottages associated with the farm, but on the east side of the road, were until recently located in Barlavington parish.

The Record Office holds copies of the Duncton Tithe Map of 1837; the Upwaltham Tithe Map of 1840; and the Barlavington Tithe Map of 1840, as well as their respective Apportionments which have been digitised and transcribed. The Record Office also holds copies of the first three editions of the Ordnance Survey twenty five inch-plan, the surveys for the first edition of which were undertaken in 1875, as well as a copy of the National Grid 1:2500 plan for which the revisions were undertaken in 1976.

The Population Census Returns were prepared and are readily available for each ten-year interval between 1841 and 1911. However, there can be problems in using this material as individual properties can be difficult to identify, but this is not so here as it is referred in most of the returns as Littleton Farm or Littleton Farm House.

The Directories are selective in their choice of entries within residential and business sections, so these have to be used with care, and in this particular case the property was often not named although individual farmers were sometimes named and these can to some extent be correlated with the Census Returns.

The property evidently formed part of the Petworth Estate in the nineteenth century but the extensive Petworth House Archives, for which there are three volumes of indexes in the West Sussex Record Office and a fourth index online, have not been fully consulted during the production of this assessment.

There can also be a general difficulty amongst the documentary sources in distinguishing between owners, tenants, sub-tenants, and occupiers.

LITTLETON: 1610 The Victoria County History for Sussex has not yet been extended to cover the area, but the place was shown on John Speed’s Map of 4 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment Sussex, which was published in 1610, between ‘Upwaltham’ and ‘Downton’ – presumably now Duncton.

Extract from Speed’s map of 1610.

There are maps of Duncton dating to 1608 and 1625 in the Petworth House Archives, but these have not been consulted.3

LITTLETON FARM: The farm was shown on Yeakell and Gardner’s map of 1778. 1778 From the 1760s, Charles Lennox, the third Duke of Richmond had commissioned the distinguished cartographers Thomas Yeakell and William Gardner to prepare a series of estate maps and manorial surveys which covered properties held by the Goodwood Estate and surrounding areas.

In 1778 they published their ‘First Sheet of an Actual Topographical Survey of the County of Sussex…’ which covered the Downs and coastal plain at the west end of the county. The map was quite detailed and depicted Littleton Farm and the area known as ‘Dog Kennel’ to the north. Much of the surrounding area was still open downland at that time.

Extract from Yeakell and Gardner’s map of 1778, showing Littleton Farm (arrowed). Not reproduced to original scale.

Tithe Map: 1840 The Upwaltham Tithe Map of 1840 depicted the property on its northern edge, but it also appeared on the very southern edge of the

3 WSRO References PHA 3569 and PHA 3575.

5 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment Duncton Tithe Map of 1837, as the parish boundary passed through the house at that time.4

Extracts from the Coldwaltham Tithe Map (above) and the Duncton Tithe Map (right), showing the property now known as Littleton Farm. Not reproduced to original scales.

Under the Tithe Commutation Act of 1836, all tithes which had previously been paid in kind were to be converted into cash payments, and in order for these payments to be calculated accurately it was decreed that every parish in the land should be mapped, with the exact area of each landholding measured and its value assessed. A Tithe Commission was set up to supervise this immense undertaking with the intention that it should be carried out by civilian surveyors, as opposed to the military surveyors of the Ordnance Survey, under the strict supervision of the Commission, with every map to a uniform scale of 1 inch to 3 chains (66yards), ie 1:2376. In the event these criteria were relaxed, and the maps produced varied both in scale and quality, and in some cases even pre-existing maps were used.

The Tithe Maps were complemented with hand written Apportionments, which listed all the plots of land in the parish and gave information concerning their owners, occupiers, uses and areas.

The Upwaltham Tithe Map, of which a copy is held in the West Sussex Record Office, is dated 1840, and the Apportionment must have been completed shortly afterwards. For the purposes of this assessment the scanned copy of the Map and the Record Office’s own transcriptions from the Apportionment have been used.

4 WSRO Refs TD W132 and TD W41. 6 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment JAMES SHEPPERD: The property was identified on the Tithe Map as Plots 6 and 7 and, 1840- 1845 according to the Apportionment; these were owned by George Wyndham, then Earl of Egremont and owner of the Petworth Estate5 and occupied by James Sheppard. The plots were described as ‘House Buildings and Yards’ and ‘Gardens’.

The Upwaltham Population Census Returns for 1841, had an entry for James Shepperd, aged 60 and a farmer, living with his wife, Sarah aged 60; sons James and John, aged 30 and 25, both agricultural labourers; and two servants - John Bridger and Ellen Wackford, both aged 15.

Extract from the Upwaltham Population Census Returns for 1841.

The 1841 Returns included a few names which seemed to re-occur ten years later and amongst these were entries for two persons who were living at Lyttelton Cottages in 1851- William Haylor, aged 45 and an agricultural labourer, with his wife and their seven children and Rachel Tailor [recorded as Tyler in 1851], who was aged 60 and of independent means.

Extracts from the Upwaltham Population Census Returns for 1841.

5 Presumably George Wyndham, 4th Earl of Egremont (1785-1845), successor to George Wyndham, 3rd Earl of Egremont (1751-1837).

7 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment The 1845 edition of Kelly’s Directory for Sussex had an entry under Upper Waltham for James Shepperd, farmer.

JOHN SHEPPERD: The 1851 edition of the Directory of Sussex had an entry under Upper 1851- 1861 Waltham for John Shepperd, farmer – presumably the second son of James and Sarah.

In the Upwaltham Population Census Returns for 1851 there were two, quite separate, entries for Lyttleton Farm.

The first (28) had John Hopkins, aged 59 and a farmer of 160 acres employing 9 labourers, living with his wife, Sarah, aged 55; two daughters - Frances aged 22 and Jane aged 20; one grandson – Thomas Newman aged 12; and two servants – William Newman aged 41, and George Carver aged 23, who were both farm labourers

Extract from the Upwaltham Population Census Returns for 1851.

The second (74) had John Shepperd, aged 32 and a farmer of 400 acres employing 5 labourers, living with Ann Collins, aged 18 and a housekeeper; Caroline Scutt, aged 17 and a servant; and George Cobby, aged 22 and a farm labourer.

Extract from the Upwaltham Population Census Returns for 1851.

The 1851 Returns Upwaltham also had an entry (68) for Lyttleton Cottage occupied by George Dean, aged 32 and an agricultural labourer, living with his wife, Mary aged 29; son David aged 11; and two daughters – Barbara aged 7 and Fanny aged 7 months.

Extract from the Upwaltham Population Census Returns for 1851.

8 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment In the Barlavington Population Census Returns for 1851 there were two entries (Nos 23 and 24) for Lyttleton Cottages. They were then occupied by William Hayler, aged 56 and an agricultural labourer, living with his wife, Ruth aged 55; and daughter, Elizabeth aged 17, and Rachel Tyler, aged 67 and a widow, living with her son, George, aged 35; daughter-in-law, Elizabeth, aged 23; and granddaughter, Eliza Tyler, aged 2.

Extract from the Barlavington Population Census Returns for 1851.

The 1855 edition of the Sussex Directory and the 1859 edition of Kelly’s Directory for Sussex both had entries under Upper Waltham for John Shepperd, farmer.

The Upwaltham Population Census Returns for 1861 had an entry (1) for Littleton Farm House occupied by John Shepperd, aged 45 and a retired farmer, living with his wife, Martha aged 40; sons John aged 8, Arthur aged 5, and Alfred aged 3; daughter Lucy aged 7; Lucy Barns, aged 70 his mother-in-law who was retired clothier; Harriet Elms, aged 19 and a nurse maid; and Thomas Bridgewater, aged 33 who was a lodge and agricultural labourer.

Extract from the Upwaltham Population Census Returns for 1861.

9 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment ALFRED BARNARD: The 1862, 1866, and 1870 editions of Kelly’s Directory for Sussex all 1862-1878 included an entry under Upper Waltham for Alfred Barnard, farmer, and, given the information in the 1871 Census Returns, it seems likely that he was living at Littleton Farm House at that time.

The Upwaltham Population Census Returns for 1871 had an entry (60) for Littleton Farm House occupied by Alfred Barnard, aged 43 and a farmer of 300 acres employing 5 men and 2 boys, living with his wife, Mary aged 35; daughters Sarah aged 9, Winfred aged 3, and Lily aged 7 months; sons William aged 7 and Horace aged 4; Mary Capper, aged 14 and a domestic nursemaid; Fanny Pollard, aged 29 and a servant; and Charles Clear, aged 18 and a farm servant.

Extract from the Upwaltham Population Census Returns for 1871.

The 1874 edition of Kelly’s Directory for Sussex had an entry under Upper Waltham for Alfred Barnard, farmer.

Ordnance Survey: 1875 The surveys for the first edition of the Ordnance Survey twenty five- inch plan were undertaken in 1875 and it was published shortly afterwards.6

The plans showed both Littleton Farm House and associated farm buildings (coloured red) and the farm cottages on the other side of the road in Barlavington parish. The parish boundary between Upwaltham and Duncton was shown passing through the farm house.

DUNCTON

Farm house

Farm cottages

UPWALTHAM BARLAVINGTON

Extracts from the Ordnance Survey plans of 1875, to which the parish names have been added. Not reproduced to original scale.

The 1878 edition of Kelly’s Directory for Sussex had an entry under Upper Waltham for Alfred Barnard, farmer.

6 The property falls very close to the east margin of Sheet No Sussex XXV/14, of which the West Sussex Record Office holds and coloured edition, and for the purposes of this assessment an extract from this sheet has been supplemented by an uncoloured extract from the adjoining sheet to the east – XXXV/15 which has been sourced from elsewhere.

10 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment RICHARD TULLETT: The Upwaltham Population Census Returns for 1881 had an entry (63) 1881 for Littleton Farm House, then occupied by Richard Tullett, aged 51 and a farm bailiff, living with his wife, Emily aged 47; and step daughter, Emma Turner.

Extract from the Upwaltham Population Census Returns for 1881.

Neither Littleton Farm nor Richard Tullett appear to have been included in the 1882, and 1887 editions of Kelly’s Directory for Sussex.

JAMES THORPE: The 1890 and 1895 editions of Kelly’s Directory for Sussex included an 1890-1895 entry for James Thorpe, farm bailiff to Lord Leconfield, at Littleton Farm, though this seems to conflict with the evidence in the 1891 Census Returns.

The Upwaltham Population Census Returns for 1891 had an entry (2) for Littleton Farm occupied by Thomas Thompson, aged 20, and Henry Merritt, aged 17, both farm servants and boarders; and Charlotte Bolton, aged 15 who was a servant.

Extract from the Upwaltham Population Census Returns for 1891.

The previous entry to this (1) was for Upwaltham Farm, occupied by Ralph Skinner, aged 55 and a farmer, but appears to have been no entry for James Thorpe.

Perhaps the most likely explanation was that James Thorpe was living at Littleton Farm and the other entry was Littleton Farm Cottages.

Ordnance Survey: 1896 The revisions for the second edition of the Ordnance Survey twenty five-inch plan were undertaken in 1896 and the two relevant sheets were published in 1897.

They recorded that a number of farm buildings had been added since the previous editions.

Farm house

Extracts from the Ordnance Survey plans of 1896. Not reproduced to original scale.

11 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment The 1899 edition of Kelly’s Directory for Sussex included an entry for William Fuller, farm bailiff to Lord Leconfield, at UpWaltham Farm.

THOMAS DENYER: The Upwaltham Population Census Returns for 1901 had an entry (32) 1901 for Littleton Farm, then occupied by Thomas Denyer, aged 62 and an agricultural labourer, living with his wife, Harriet aged 60; son Thomas aged 30; daughter [perhaps in law], Edith aged 24; and grandson, James Denyer, aged 7.

Extract from the Upwaltham Population Census Returns for 1901. The 1903 edition of Kelly’s Directory for Sussex still had an entry for William Fuller, farm bailiff to Lord Leconfield, at UpWaltham Farm; the 1905 edition had Walter Hedger, farmer, at Upper Waltham Farm; and the 1907 and 1909 editions had John Childs, farmer, at Upper Waltham Farm.

Ordnance Survey: 1910 The revisions for the third edition of the two Ordnance Survey twenty five-inch plans were undertaken in 1901 and they were both published in 1912.

The two sheets recorded a few changes since the previous edition.

Farm house

Extracts from the Ordnance Survey plans of 1910. Not reproduced to original scale.

12 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment Henry Heater: The Upwaltham Population Census Returns for 1911 included an entry 1911-1927 for Littleton Farm, occupied by Henry Heater, aged 49 and a farmer, living in 8 rooms with his wife, Mary aged 48; and Elizabeth Hedgecock, aged 71 and a widow, who was the mother-in-law of Henry Heater.

Extracts from the 1911 Population Census Returns for Upwaltham.

Henry Heater had evidently married into the Hedgecock family as a joint farming partnership and the 1911, 1913, 1915, 1918, 1922, 1924, and 1927 editions of Kelly’s Directory for Sussex all included entries for John Childs, farmer at Upper Waltham Farm, and for Hedgecock & Heater, farmers, who were presumably based at Littleton Farm.

The Barlavington Population Census Returns for 1911 included an entry for Littleton Cottage, then occupied by John Gale, aged 49 and farm carter, living in 6 rooms with his wife, Mary aged 45; son Frederick aged 13; daughter Jessie aged 6; and Mark Fields, aged 48 and a widower who was a farm labourer. Since the entry was under Barlavington, Littleton Cottage was presumably the dwelling on the east side of the road.

Extracts from the 1911 Population Census Returns for Barlavington.

13 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment

P.HOBGEN: The 1930 edition of Kelly’s Directory for Sussex had entries for 1930 P.Hobgen at Littleton Farm and for C.Chapman & Sons at Upwaltham Farm.

W.WADEY: The 1934 edition of Kelly’s Directory for Sussex had entries for 1934 W.Wadey at Littleton Farm and for C.Chapman & Sons at Upwaltham Farm. M.TUPPER: The 1938 edition of Kelly’s Directory for Sussex had entries for 1938- C.Chapman & Sons at Upwaltham Farm and M.Tupper & Son, farmers, and it is not unreasonable to assume that the Tuppers were at Littleton Farm.

Ordnance Survey: 1976 The revisions for the National Grid edition of the Ordnance Survey 1:2500 plan were undertaken in 1976 and it was published shortly afterwards.7

It recorded a number of changes to the previous edition, including the erection of a new farm house to the north; the changing of the name of the old farm house to Dairy Cottage; and the naming of the house on the east side of the road as Littleton Farm Cottages.

Extract from the Ordnance Survey plan of 1976. Not reproduced to original scale. Ordnance Survey © Crown Copyright 2014. All rights reserved. Licence number 100020449. L i c e n c e

n u m b e r

1 0 0 0 2 0 4 4 9 .

7 As with the twenty five-inch series the property falls at the junction of two sheets which have been combined for publication as Sheet Nos SU9414-9514.

14 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment Aerial photograph: 2001 An aerial photograph taken in 2001 recorded the arrangement of buildings at that time.

Dairy cottage

Aerial photograph taken in 2001.

Planning history: Council maintains an online record of planning 2007- applications submitted since 1994, but for Littleton Farm these only commence in 2007. Briefly they are as follows:

10th October 2007 – Application submitted for the erection of a aerial for broadband for the inhabitants of Upwaltham, but this was withdrawn.8

2nd March 2009 – Application for a steel-framed agricultural building for grain storage and this was permitted.9

3rd June 2010 – Application for an agricultural building – status unknown.10

7th July 2010 – Application for an agricultural building with cantilever – no description.11

12th July 2010 – Application for change of use and alteration to existing barn from agricultural use to B1 office use and this was permitted.12

8 Application No 07/04874/FUL.

9 Application No 09/00847/FUL.

10 Application No 10/02649/PNO.

11 Application No 10/03237/PNO.

12 Application No 10/03217/COU.

15 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment 4. STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this section of the assessment is to seek to establish the form, function, and date of construction of the earliest part of the existing building known as Dairy Cottage, and to determine the extent of additions and alterations made to it down to the present day.

However, as with many historic buildings, the structure has been extended and altered on several occasions to accommodate a varying number of people and, as a result, some of the evidence for the earlier forms of the property have been removed whilst other evidence has been obscured by later additions or is currently inaccessible.

The following account is based on a preliminary examination of the structure, without any opening-up of concealed areas and without full access to the roof structure concealed by underlining.

For the purposes of the assessment, the principal phases of construction, extension, and alteration are as follows –

Phase 1: circa 1650 a two-storey timber-framed dwelling, probably of three bays, with a smaller central bay; Phase 2: circa 1700 reconstruction and extension in brick; Phase 3: circa 1800 Addition of two further fire places, widening of part of the cat-slide space, secondly a detached out building and insertion of sash windows in a brick and flint external wall; Phase 4: post 1900 Alteration to the main chimney, addition of bathroom partition and internal partition to provide independent access to the attic, new and replacement windows and external render coating to the sides of the building exposed to weather. The following coloured plans indicate the location of principal elements of each phase of each phase, Red for Phase 1, Blue for Phase 2, Green for Phase 3, Purple for Phase 4.

For each phase there is a description followed by a discussion in the form of an overview and a suggestion as to the date when the works were undertaken.

(For a description of the house as it exists and is used today see Section 5).

16 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment Ground Floor Plan

First Floor Plan

17 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment The earliest structure on the site was a two storey timber framed cottage of Box Frame construction, oriented with a 40 degree skew to North South and probably formed of 3 bays with the centre bay smaller than the other two.

Limited evidence of the original structure is visible and principal wall timbers are generally not visible on external walls.

The external face of bays 1, 2, 3 were enclosed by a Flint and brick skin to their South and East sides with a cat slide rear addition to the West and additional bay to the North East (Phase 2) that was subsequently pebble-dashed in the 20th century (Phase 4) and timber framing in these walls is no longer evident at ground floor level.

1: G3 wall framing 2: G3 wall framing

Part of the Phase 1 wall of the original house enclosed by the addition of a cat-slide roof and forth bay (Phase 2) that retains part of the timber frame, visible above ground floor door head height in room G3 (see photos 1 and 2).

3: G4 partition framing 4: G4 partition framing

Secondary partitions from the later phase 2 are evident in photos 4 and 5 in room G4, sub-dividing the 3rd bay to creating separate access to 4th Bay (see photos 3 and 4).

5: G1 carriage beam 6: G7 carriage beam

Central stop-chamfered beams supporting the first floor are evident in Bays 1 and 2 (see photos 5 and 6)

18 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment PHASE 1: The oldest part of Dairy Cottage appears as to have been a two circa 1650 storey timber framed cottage of ‘Box Frame’ construction, probably formed of 3 bays with total internal measurements of 5.6m wide and 9.7m long consisting of: Bay 1 4.3m, Bay 2 2.0m, Bay 3 3.6m

The probable arrangement of the Ground and First Floor of Phase 1 are shown in Red on the plans above.

Complete principle attic trusses on Lines A, B, C and D are absent and roof rafters are covered throughout with an underlining of composite foil based insulation fixed to the underside of rafters with modern softwood battens. 7: A2 attic At attic level on line B a part of a full truss is evident. At attic level on lines C and D a partial truss is visible, short posts at quarter span points are mortice and peg jointed to a substantial collar which give machine sawn purlins support at their ends. Common rafters span from plate to a pegged joint at ridge and bear on the purlins at mid span Section at Line D Three pole rafters in bay 4 provide evidence that the roof was probably once thatched and subject to comprehensive re-raftering before plain clay peg tiles were used for the roof.

The illustration of a four bay house with a smoke bay at Coldwatham, West Sussex enables comparison with Dairy Cottage and how a chimney could have been added in the 17th Century

The visual evidence is inconclusive and in the absence of invasive investigation works, it is not possible to determine whether bay 2 was a ‘smoke bay’ or constructed with the chimney between (see diagram above).

In the absence of conclusive evidence for a pre-existing smoke bay, the assumption is that the house is considered likely to have been built with a chimney where the 38mm tall, local clay bricks used in its base give a date circa 1650 although it is evident that this chimney was altered as part of later phases (See Phase 3). 19 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment PHASE 2: The next stage of development evident in the structure of the cottage circa 1700 are extensions to the North and West, shown in Blue on the plans above.

A two storey extension to form the 3.6m wide bay 4 on the North East side and a single storey extension to the North West under the cat- slide roof enclose what appear to have been the original exterior walls of the house.

These appear to have been added relatively soon after Phase 1, using similar bricks at their base.

The position of the means of access to the first floor on the west side of the chimney is probably original (as at Coldwaltham) but the present simple straight flight of stair (see photo 8) is constructed in softwood and a later replacement to what would have been a winding staircase.

8: G2 Staircase

The staircase to the attic (see photo 9) appears not to have changed over time, although when and what accommodation was available at the second (attic) floor level is unclear. 9: F2 Staircase The wattle and daub partition seen in A2 on lines C and D (see photos 51 and 52) indicate occupation of this space but this could have been as an upper part of the first floor room

A2 has subsequently been abandoned as habitable space and the signs of any window / ventilation to this space removed when recovered with the clay peg tiles and space A3 has been used to accommodate a water storage tank at some time in the 20th Century.

20 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment PHASE 3: There is evidence of improvements to heating and accommodation was circa 1800 provided in the 19th century.

The central chimney stack was adapted to accommodate a further two fireplaces at first floor, resulting in the cruciform chimney.

The South end of the cat-slide to bays 1 and 2 (room G3) were widened on the NW Side.

The single storey out-building to the North West is constructed in the same flint and brick and probably dates to this phase of development.

10: Rendered plinth 11: North wall with plinth

Without removal of the later render, it is not clear, but likely that the remaining parts of the original timber frame house were encapsulated with brick and flint skin with details such as a splayed brick plinth in identical bricks evident around the NE, SE and SW elevations of the cottage and only the NE half gable remaining as tile hung.

12: G7 Sash window 13: G8 Entrance door

Two sliding sash windows in splayed reveals are added to the principle rooms G1 and G7 and the entrance door at G8 is probably contemporary (photos 12 and 13) to the insertion of these windows but not the Porch structure.

21 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment PHASE 4: During the 20th Century a substantial freestanding chimney was added post 1900 to the NW Wall of the cat-slide room G3, distinct in its use of later bricks and the top of the main chimney appears to have been re-built using these same 20th Century bricks (see photo 14) with the flues to the first floor fireplaces terminated with haunches below the chimney head height.

14: Kitchen and main chimney head

The first floor partition between F1 and F2 dates from a period after the stopping up of the first floor fireplaces.

The introduction of sanitary provision was achieved with little change to the cottage fabric and imaginative use of a suspended drain on the North side of the cottage. (see photo 15)

Similarly the introduction of a galvanic water storage tank in the attic of Bay 4 was unobtrusively achieved, probably by insertion from outside when the roof covering was repaired / renewed.

15: North elevation

The front porch is constructed in modern brick, visible on the inner faces and the structure connecting the out-building to the cat-slide is also a modern addition

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16: rendered side elevation 17: rendered Front elevation

The most significant visual change introduced in around the 1960s was the application of a thick sand/Portland cement render coating with pebble dash finish to the Front (South East) and Side (South West) elevations, probably to overcome penetrating damp as these elevations are the most exposed.

18: G6 window 19: F1 window

The quality of timber windows, glazing and ironmongery is varied and there is evidence seen through the render that throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, window openings are likely to have been adjusted with new windows inserted in existing and altered openings.

A separate review of each window’s significance and condition has been commissioned by the applicant and is included with the application documents.

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5. DESCRIPTION

This section of the assessment provides additional illustrated descriptions of the building, highlighting its current layout and surviving period features. It commences with the external elevations and roof, and then provides room-by-room descriptions of the interior at ground floor and at first floor levels.

EXTERNAL ELEVATIONS These have already been described to some extent, but it is proposed to add a few comments.

20: South East (front) elevation With the exception of the Render and Porch, the Front (SE) elevation is in the same format as it was in the 19th Century with ground and first floor openings into each of the 4 bays with Sash windows inserted to serve the principal ground floor rooms of Bays 1 and 3, the entrance door and small landing window above in the small Bay 2 and 3 light cottage windows to serve the other rooms, although the window to the ground floor of Bay 4 is noticeably different.

21: South West (side) Elevation The SW side elevation with demonstrably 20th century windows including a uPVC window serving the attic room and differing window styles serving the ground and first floor.

Evidence of the plinth can be seen below the ground floor windows

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22: NW rear elevation South end 23: NW rear elevation North end

The North West (rear) elevation is cut into the hill side, is fragmented by the modern connection to the outbuilding and has been extended and altered on several occasions, encompassing a mixture of brickwork from different periods.

24: North side elevation The North East (side) elevation demonstrates how the house is cut into the steep hillside and where the flint work has been sheltered has not required a render finish.

The brick and flint plinth is evident below the ground floor window and tile hanging is used above the first floor to the half hip gable end.

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25: Out-building NE elevation

26: Out-building SW elevation

The Out-building cut into the bank and connected to the West side of the cottage with a modern brick infill-structure between.

The roots of the large multi-stemmed tree (see photo 25) adjacent to the outbuilding has caused significant structural damage (see picture 38) and is likely to continue to do so if the tree is not removed.

26 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment GROUND FLOOR For the purposes of the assessment, the ground floor is described as ten spaces (G1-G10).

G8 G9

G3 G4 G5

G2

G1 G7 G6

G10

Ground floor plan of the house, showing the room numbering used in the text.

Room G1: Living Room at the South East corner of the house with inglenook Living Room fireplace and wood burning stove.

27: G1 28: Wood burning stove

27 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment Room G2: Softwood staircase with carpeted treads and risers Stairwell

29: G2 Staircase 30: G3 cupboard under Stairs

Room G3: The kitchen is under the cat-slide roof and has sloping ceilings and aga Kitchen using the chimney on the NW side (see photo 31)

31: G2 Kitchen

Room G4: Lobby space with Phase 2 timber frame partition Lobby

32: G4, doors to G6 and G7 33: G4, door to G3

28 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment Room G5: Utility Room Utility Room

34: G5

Room G6: Study in the North East corner of the house with no evidence of timber Study framing to either the NE or SE walls.

35: G6 Study

Room G7: Dining Room with centre beam and sash window. Dining Room

36: G7 37: G7

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Room G8: Signs of structural movement in rear and side walls and ingress of Outbuilding foliage from tree to West side

38: G8 outbuilding 39: G8 outbuilding

Room G9: Outbuilding

40: G9

Room G10: Porch

41: G10 Porch

30 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment FIRST FLOOR For the purposes of the assessment, the first floor is described as five spaces (F1-F5).

F2 F3 F2

F1 F5 F4

First floor plan of the house, showing the room numbering used in the text.

Room F1: Bedroom F1 with part of timber framing (between first floor and cat- Bedroom slide above kitchen) visible adjacent to the cupboard over the stairs.

42: F1 Bedroom

31 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment Room F2: Landing

42: F2 East landing 43: F2 North landing

Room F3: Bathroom

44: F3 Bathroom 45: F3 Bathroom

Room F4: Bedroom F4 with part of the timber framing on line D visible Bedroom

46: F3 Bathroom 47: F3 Bathroom

Room F5: Bedroom F5 with framing on Line D visible and cupboard under attic Bedroom stairs showing stair construction

48: F5 Bedroom 49: F5 under-stair cupboard

32 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment ATTIC FLOOR For the purposes of the assessment, the attic floor is described as three spaces (A1-A3).

A1 A2 A3

Attic floor plan of the house, showing the room numbering used in the text.

Room A1: Attic room

50: A1 Attic Room

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Room A2: Attic

51: A2 Attic 52: A2 Attic

Room A3: Attic

53: A3 Attic

34 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment 6. PROPOSALS

The proposals are set out in detail in the architect’s Planning, Design, Heritage and Access Statement and the proposal drawings.

Briefly, Listed Building Consent is being sought to bring the existing structure up to 21st Century living standards and includes:-

The introduction 6 roof windows for light and ventilation in the Cat- slide roof; 2 serving the Kitchen (G3), 1 serving the Lobby (G4) 1 r serving the Utility Room (G5) and 2 serving the first floor landing (F2).

The replacement of a North East facing window with a pair of French Doors in the Study (G6)

The insertion of a South West facing pair of French Doors in the Living Room (G1)

The restoration of the out-building (G8) and insertion of sanitary accommodation.

Repair and replacement of existing windows where necessary (refer to the window assessment).

35 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment 7. HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT

This section provides an assessment of significance for the whole of the building known as Dairy Cottage, and parts of it, and then outlines the approach that will adopted to ensure that the most significant elements of the property will be protected and, where possible, enhanced during the proposed works.

DEVELOPMENT SUMMARY The property was originally built in circa 1650 as a two-storey timber- framed dwelling, probably of three bays with a small bay near the middle that may or may not have served as a smoke bay and not accommodates the main chimney stack (Phase 1). Although this building has been much altered, it retains some of its original character with some timber elements evident internally as well as two wattle-and-daub panels in the attic space (A2). In the 18th Century the cottage was extended both with an additional bay on the NE side (bay 4) and a cat-slide single storey extension on the rear (Phase 2), enclosing two of the original external walls that remain mostly in-tact within the building. In or about the 19th Century, the building was ‘improved’ with brick and flint walls that encapsulated most of the existing structure and the timber frame is not evident at ground floor level, so it is unclear whether this was removed in the 18th or 19th Century phases. The chimney was also altered to provide fire places to the upper floors and sash windows inserted to the two principle rooms (G1 and G7) on the front elevation (Phase 3). It is likely that the building had a thatched roof when first constructed and possibly when the chimney was altered (accounting for the additional height of the chimney) but by the early 20th Century the roof covering had been comprehensively replaced with a clay peg tile roof. Later in the 20th Century the most significant visual alteration was made with the application of a thick Portland cement based render with pebble-dash finish (popular in the 1960s) on the SW (side) and SE (front) elevations. SIGNIFICANCE The National Planning Policy Framework (2012) places considerable emphasis on significance and advises that this should be taken into account when assessing the likely impact of proposals which might affect a heritage asset, such as a Listed building.

The term ‘significance’ appears first to have been adopted as an expression of value to present and future communities in the Australian Heritage Commission Act of 1975. It was employed in the Australia ICOMOS Guidelines to the Burra Charter: Cultural Significance in April 1984 and then by James Semple Kerr in his guide to the preparation of The Conservation Plan in 1996. It was adopted as an approach by the Heritage Lottery Fund, guided by English Heritage, in its Conservation Plans for Historic Places in March 1998, and has subsequently been employed by the Department of Communities and Local Government in both Planning Policy Statement 5 (2010) and the National Planning Policy Framework (2012) where it is defined as ‘The value of a heritage asset to this and future generations because of its heritage interest. That interest may be archaeological, architectural, artistic or historic’. 36 ______DAIRY COTTAGE, UPWALTHAM Listed Building Assessment Listed status In light of this much better understanding of the history and fabric of Dairy Cottage than was evidently available in 1986, when the house was Listed, it is now possible to review the property against the criteria employed by the Secretary of State for the selection of structures for inclusion on the Statutory List of Buildings of Special Architectural and Historical Interest as set out in the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 and, in particular, to the relative importance accorded by the Grade II status afforded to it.

Age is a relevant consideration to Listing. Almost all buildings erected before 1700 and most buildings between 1700 and 1840 are included on the Statutory List although some selection is considered necessary and preference is usually given to those that are relatively complete and those that are good examples of their type.

Because of the greatly increased number of buildings erected after about 1840 and the much larger number that have survived, greater selection is exercised and only the best examples of particular building types and buildings of definite quality and character are selected for inclusion on the Statutory List.

Although much altered, the earliest part of the building dates back to at least the 17th Century and Dairy Cottage satisfies the criteria for Listing on the basis of its age. The research into the historic background (Section 3) has not identified any distinguished persons that have lived at Dairy Cottage and while the cottage and farm was listed within the ownership of the 3rd and 4th Earls of Egremont in the 19th Century, Dairy Cottage is not considered to form a historically significant part of the Petworth Estate; it has no particularly close historical associations with any other nationally important people or events; and the architect or designer of the property is not known. Nor is the house of historical interest because it illustrates important aspects of the nation’s social, economic, cultural, or military history.

The cottage is not important for its group value as comprising one element within an important architectural or historic unity or a fine example of planning as part of a square, terrace, or model settlement.

The house is not of architectural interest because it displays any particular technological innovation or virtuosity, and it is not the product of any one or more significant architects.

However, it is an example of a 17th Century timber framed 3-bay farmhouse that has evolved over time having been extended and modified in the Georgian era but without significant loss of the 17th Century fabric.

SUMMARY Therefore, in summary, the significance of the heritage asset is derived from the age of the original structure and its historic development and hence, it is the ages of the surviving elements from the 17th and 18th Centuries that are of special architectural and historical interest and warrant inclusion in the Statutory List at Grade II. The later additions, alterations, and insertions that inhibit the reading of this evolution detract from this interest.

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Curtilage listing Since the house is Listed at Grade II then it can be assumed to follow that any built structures within its curtilage that were erected before it was listed and the Town & Country Planning Act 1947 was implemented in 1948 would also be protected under the Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990.

This will apply to the out-building to the rear of the cottage but not the farm buildings as farmyards are not considered to be part of the domestic curtilage of a farmhouse.

th HERITAGE IMPACT The 17 Century fabric (Phase 1) consists primarily of the Timber Framing and main chimney stack with inglenook fireplace(s) and it has been identified in the Structural Development (section 4) that the timber framing is largely absent from the external walls of the ground floor. Therefore the proposed insertion of two new French Doors are unlikely to adversely affect the significance of the Heritage Asset. The early 18th Century Extensions (Phase 2) to the NE (side) and NW (rear) are constructed in brick and flint and enclose the surviving parts of the 17th Century timber external walls between the Kitchen (G3) and Living Room (G1) and between the Study (G6) and Dining Room (G7) that are unaffected by the proposals. The 19th Century alterations (Phase 3) include the extension of the main chimney to serve fire places within the upper floor and insertion of two sash windows on the SE (front) Elevation. The proposals seek to repair and restore the sash windows to maintain and protect the integrity of the heritage asset It is clear that some of the other window openings have been altered in the past and some windows replaced with modern types, including painted softwood lipped casements and uPVC frames with most of the windows exhibiting modern glass. The proposed repair of surviving timber frames and replacement of windows beyond repair will enhance the appreciation of the heritage asset. The original thatched roof was comprehensively replaced, after Phase 3, probably in the early 20th Century with plain clay tiles on new rafters and the insertion of the conservation style roof windows in the cat-slide roof will not adversely affect the character and significance of the heritage asset. The 18th Century out-building is in a poor state of repair with structural damage from the tree, a missing window and leaking roof, the removal of the adjacent tree is unavoidable and the proposed restoration of this building to a habitable state and sensitive provision of sanitary facilities on the ground floor will provide useful accommodation that should encourage future maintenance and prevent further decay of the historic fabric.

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CONCLUSION The proposals are unlikely to affect the historic fabric that is important to the significance of the Heritage Asset and will not have an adverse affect on the evidential, historical or communal value of the property. The external appearance of the property from the South Downs Way its setting and contribution to the landscape character will be relatively unaffected by the proposals. The proposals will preserve and enhance the significance of the heritage asset by restoring and protecting existing significant period features while allowing the history and evolution of the building to continue to be read. Restoration of elements in a poor state of repair and some regularisation of the ground floor levels will make the property more accessible and friendly to children and elderly residents alike. The introduction of non-invasive methods of thermal insulation and provision of additional sanitary facilities will bring this dwelling up to reasonable 21st Century Standards. The proposed improvements are intended to enable this heritage asset to remain in its optimum viable use as an attractive family dwelling that meets the reasonable needs, habitable and environmental standards of 21st Century Life. The continued residential use of the cottage should ensure the significance and integrity of Heritage Asset is maintained for future generations to enjoy.

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