LandabréJOURNAL OF THE AfSSOCIATIONið OF ICELANDIC GEOGRAPHERS 25. árgangur / Volume 25 2011 SPECIAL P racticing Nature-based Tourism. Tourism. racticing Nature-based ISS UE: E dited by Gunnthora Olafsdottir LANDABRÉFIÐ 22(1), 2006 1 Landabréfið JOURNAL OF THE ASSOCIATION OF ICELANDIC GEOGRAPHERS 25. árgangur / Volume 25 2011 ISSN 1027–4049 Útgefandi / Publisher Félag landfræðinga, [email protected] Ritstjóri og ábyrgðarmaður / Editor-in-chief Dr. Karl Benediktsson, [email protected] Ritstjóri þessa heftis / Editor of this Special Issue Dr. Gunnþóra Ólafsdóttir, [email protected] Ritnefnd / Editorial Board Björn H. Barkarson, Félag umhverfisfræðinga Dr. Emil Bóasson, Félag landfræðinga Dr. Gunnþóra Ólafsdóttir, Félag landfræðinga Dr. Katrín Anna Lund, Mannfræðifélag Íslands Dr. Kristinn H. M. Schram, Félag þjóðfræðinga á Íslandi Dr. Sigríður Kristjánsdóttir, Skipulagsfræðingafélag Íslands Stefán Helgi Valsson, Félag háskólamenntaðra ferðamálafræðinga Hönnun kápu / Cover design Jón Ágúst Pálmason Umbrot / Layout Karl Benediktsson Prentun / Printing Hjá GuðjónÓ Félag landfræðinga Póstfang: Pósthólf 5391, 125 Reykjavík Netfang: [email protected] Veffang: www.landfraedi.is Umræðulisti: [email protected] Stjórn 2011–2012 Formaður: Fanney Ósk Gísladóttir Gjaldkeri: Elín Vignisdóttir Ritari: Hulda Axelsdóttir Varaformaður: Ása Margét Einarsdóttir Meðstjórnandi: Kári Gunnarsson Efnisyfirlit / Contents Frá ritstjóra / Editor’s comment 2 Special Issue: Practicing Nature-based Tourism Edited by Gunnthora Olafsdottir Greinar / Articles Practicing (nature-based) tourism: introduction 3–14 Gunnthora Olafsdottir ‘Praying the Keeills’. Rhythm, meaning and experience on pilgrimage journeys in the Isle of Man 15–29 Avril Maddrell Multi-sensory tourism in the Great Bear Rainforest 31–49 Bettina van Hoven Mobile in a mobile element 51–75 Eric Ellingsen The destination within 77–84 Hildigunnur Sverrisdóttir Umræður / Discussion Imagine being here now 85–95 Lucy Lippard FRÁ RITSTJÓRA / EDITOR’S COMMENT Fyrir nær tíu árum var Landabréfið gert að ritrýndu tímariti sem uppfyllir fræðilegar kröfur um vinnslu greina og ritstýringu. Síðan hefur útgáfan haldist með svipuðu sniði. Birtur hefur verið fjöldi greina, eftir landfræðinga og aðra, um afar fjölbreytt efni. Með þessum 25. árgangi tímaritsins verða nokkrar breytingar á efni og útliti, sem miða að því að vinna ritinu traustari sess innanlands og í hinu alþjóðlega fræðasamfélagi. Að þessu sinni er um þematengt hefti að ræða, þar sem allar greinar snúast um tiltekið viðfangsefni. Uppruni greinanna er ráðstefna um náttúrutengda ferðamennsku, sem haldin var í Reykjavík snemma á árinu 2011. Gert var samkomulag við ráðstefnuhaldara um útgáfu Landabréfsins í kjölfar ráðstefnunnar og tók dr. Gunnþóra Ólafsdóttir, landfræðingur og einn af skipuleggjendum, að sér að ritstýra heftinu. Höfundar greina í þessu hefti eru bæði íslenskir og alþjóðlegir fræðimenn, en allar greinar ritsins eru að þessu sinni á ensku. Titlar, ágrip og lykilorð eru hins vegar einnig á íslensku og áfram verður að sjálfsögðu tekið við handritum á íslensku til birtingar í ritinu. Samhliða útgáfu á pappír eru greinarnar í fyrsta sinn gerðar aðgengilegar á vef Félags landfræðinga. Þetta er ekki síst gert í þeirri vissu að mikið af efni Landabréfsins eigi erindi út fyrir landsteinana og er mikilvægt skref til að auka útbreiðslu ritsins og áhrif. En jafnframt hefur ytra útlit hins prentaða tímarits verið endurhannað. Væntir ritstjóri þess að kortið á forsíðunni gleðji hjörtu íslenskra landfræðinga, sem flestum þykir vænt um hin fallegu og rúmlega aldargömlu kort danska herforingjaráðsins. Almost a decade ago, Landabréfið – the Journal of the Association of Icelandic Geographers – was transformed into a refereed scholarly journal. The publication has been unchanged since. Diverse articles have been published, by geographers and other scholars. With this twenty-fifth volume of the journal, several changes are evident in both content and form, the aim being to secure the future of the journal as a vehicle for geographical scholarship, internationally as well as domestically. This time round, the journal’s content is centred on a certain theme. The articles originate from a conference on nature-based tourism, which was held in Reykjavík early in 2011. An agreement was made with the organisers of the conference about the publication of a special issue, and dr. Gunnthora Olafsdottir, geographer and one of the organisers, took on the task of editing it. The authors are both Icelandic and non-Icelandic, but all articles in this special issue are written in English. Titles, abstracts and keywords are provided in Icelandic, however, and manuscripts written in Icelandic will of course be welcome in future issues. Parallel to conventional, paper-based publication, the articles are for the first time made electronically accessible through the website of the Association of Icelandic Geographers. In part this is done because of our belief that much of the material published in the journal is of value for readers outside Iceland, and it is an important step for increasing the exposure and impact of the journal. But the paper version has also undergone a facelift by a professional designer. The editor expects Icelandic geographers to appreciate this move, fond as most of us are of the beautiful topographic maps that were crafted over a century ago. Karl Benediktsson 2 LANDABRÉFIÐ 25, 2011 Practicing (nature-based) tourism: introduction Gunnthora Olafsdottir* ABSTRACT Little is still known about human practices in nature or elsewhere in the context of tourism. There are however positive signs of change in this respect in the wake of the cultural and performance ‘turn’ in academia. Phenomenological perspectives have emphasised investigation of the performative and hybrid aspects of living and moment-to-moment being and allows for deep scrutiny of human practices in the context of tourism. This paper discusses this change and its meaning for tourism studies as well as giving an overview of relevant literature that has made great contributions to this development. It then introduces this special issue of Landabréfið, which stems from the conference Practicing Nature-Based Tourism, which was held in Reykjavík, Iceland, on February 5–6, 2011. The papers in this issue provide different and insightful insights into how life is currently practiced in the context of (nature-based) tourism. Keywords: Practicing and performing tourism, embodiment, subjectivity, nature-society relations, nature-based tourism ÁGRIP Að framkvæma (náttúrutengda) ferðamennsku: Inngangur Lítið er enn vitað um athafnir fólks í náttúrunni eða annars staðar í tengslum við ferðamennsku. Hins vegar eru í deiglunni jákvæðar breytingar í þessa veru í kjölfar hins aukna vægis sem menning og iðja/athafnir hafa fengið í fræðilegri umræðu. Fyrirbærafræðileg sjónarhorn hafa þýtt aukna áherslu á að rannsaka áhrifamátt og samverkandi hliðar lífsins og upplifun augnabliksins, sem býður upp á að kafa djúpt í athafnir fólks í tengslum við ferðamennsku. Í greininni eru þessar breytingar ræddar og þýðing þeirra fyrir rannsóknir á ferðamennsku reifuð. auk þess sem gefið er yfirlit yfir rannsóknir sem hafa átt stóran þátt í þessari þróun. Þar á eftir er þetta sérhefti Landabréfsins kynnt, en það er sprottið frá ráðstefnunni Practicing Nature-Based Tourism, sem haldin var í Reykjavík 5.– 6. febrúar 2011. Greinarnar sem hér birtast gefa mismunandi innsýn inn í hvernig lífinu er lifað í tengslum við (náttúrutengda) ferðamennsku. Lykilorð: Að framkvæma ferðamennsku, holdtekja, sjálfsveruleiki, tengsl náttúru og samfélags, náttúrutengd ferðamennska The acknowledgement that nature has a terms of what ‘nature’ can do for us in crucial place in the contemporary world our increasingly technological societies has resulted in increased academic and and lives (see Bennett 2001, 2010). In the political awareness of “the importance of past, increasing cultural sophistication and understanding nature-society relations as technological development, along with an integral part of the political, economic, adherence to ideologies of utilitarianism social and cultural constitution and recon- and the Enlightenment, have transformed stitution” (Jones and Cloke 2002, 1) of human-nature relationships, physically and ever-changing lives and places. Apart from ontologically distancing humans away from the obvious and urgent focus on nature nature in the name of civilisation, progress conservation as part of an intensifying and development (Gold and Revill 2004). environmental crisis, there are also many The Romantics’ answer to this was to place important questions to be addressed in nature outside the margins of the built-up * Guest Editor of this issue of Landabréfið. Corresponding address: Gunnthora Olafsdottir, Reykja- víkurAkademían, Hringbraut 121, 107 Reykjavík, Iceland. Email: [email protected] LANDABRÉFIÐ 25, 2011 3 world where its naturalness could be pre- tions that are ideologically separable from served. Accordingly, the general Western other industries and separable from our view is that ‘nature’ – especially nature to everyday lives (Franklin 2003). The busi- admire and connect to – resides where ness emphasis and getting to grips with its industrial society is not (Macnaghten and workings has been owed to “policy led and Urry 1998). industry sponsored work” (Franklin and The question of where nature resides Crang 2001, 5) aimed to gain information is intimately associated with the idea that to enable (re)adjustment of the tourism