OSIRIS-Rex: Sample Return from Asteroid Bennu

OSIRIS-REx: Sample Return from Asteroid Bennu

Ann Nguyen and Nicole Lunning NASA JSC Where did we come from?

What’s out there?

Can we use it for fuel?

Can we prevent an impact?

Let’s bring samples home!

How did the Sun’s family of planets and minor bodies originate? What are the characteristics of the Solar System that led to the origin of life? How did life begin and evolve on Earth and has it evolved elsewhere in the Solar System? How did the Solar System evolve to its current diverse state? What are the hazards and resources in the Solar System environment that will affect the extension of human presence in space? 3 THE ASTEROID BELT

4 NEAR-EARTH ASTEROIDS

5 TELESCOPES ON EARTH AND IN SPACE

6 ASTEROID BENNU IS VERY WELL CHARACTERIZED

Earth-based Radar data Pre-arrival Predicted Shape

Size = ~500 m Shape = spheroidal “spinning top” Rotation state = 4.3 hr period

7 Student Briefing - November 22, 2016 8 CHARACTERISTICS: Proximity to Earth, orbit, and size

COMPOSITION: Bennu is primitive and carbon-rich (expected to have organic compounds and water-bearing minerals like clays)

POTENTIAL FOR ORGANICS: We hope to find organic molecules on Bennu like those that may have led to the origin of life on Earth!

9 Osiris – The Mythology

• Osiris was an Egyptian god- emperor, son of the sky and Earth • He brought agriculture, and therefore life, to the world

• Likewise, OSIRIS-REx seeks to return samples of an asteroid that may contain organics that led to the origin of life on Earth Asteroid (101955) 1999 RQ36 is now . . .

• Bennu! The name was selected in an international contest run by the Planetary Society • Bennu is an Egyptian mythological bird that was born from the heart of Osiris • It is associated with the Sun, creation, and renewal Mission Timeline

• Selection: May 25, 2011 • Confirmation: April, 2013 • Spacecraft Assembly: February, 2015 • Launch: September, 2016 • Bennu Arrival: August, 2018 • TAG!!! October 20, 2020 • Bennu Departure: March, 2021 • Sample Return: September, 2023 • End of Mission and Sample Analysis: September, 2025 12 Building the Spacecraft! Length: 20.25 ft with solar panels deployed Width: 8 ft Height: 10.33 ft ~Size of 15 passenger van Weight:1940 lbs without fuel EXTENSIVE CHARACTERIZATION AT GLOBAL AND SAMPLE-SITE-SPECIFIC SCALES

REXI S maps the surface elemental abundances

SamCamimages the sample site, sample acquisition, and TAGSAM to evaluate sampling success SRC

OTES and OVIRSspectrometers obtain chemical, mineral, and temperature information maps the asteroid shape and surface topography

TAGSAMTouch-and-Go Sampl e TAGSAM Acquisition Mechanism Launch – September 8, 2016 First Images – August 17, 2018

16 Here the spacecraft is 15 miles away from Bennu!

PolyCam Image Mosaics December 2, 2018 33 centimeters/pixel

OSIRIS-REx mapped Bennu all of 2019, which allowed scientists to make lots of interesting observations

What observations can you make about Bennu? LIST YOUR OBSERVATIONS IN THE CHAT. 17 Surprise! Bennu is very rocky!

• Scientists expected Bennu’s surface to be fine-grained, like a sandy beach… • Instead OSIRIS-REx was greeted by a rugged world littered with boulders – the size of cars, the size of houses, the size of football fields • The largest boulder on Bennu is called BenBen – as tall as 6 story building • This makes sample collection more challenging

18 Surprise! Bennu is active!

This is the first time plumes have been observed on an asteroid

19 Surprise! Bennu contains material from another asteroid!

The bright boulders were analyzed using the OVIRS spectrometer to get clues to their composition 20 Rubble pile video

21 CHOOSING THE SAMPLE SITE:

What considerations do you think went into choosing a sample site on Bennu?

PUT YOUR ANSWERS IN THE CHAT. 22 How did we choose the sample site?

Sampleability: The sample Deliverability: The site must have rocks and spacecraft must be easily debris 2 cm or smaller so maneuvered in and out of the TAGSAM head can the site capture it

Safety: When the Touch and Science Value: The sample Go Sample Acquisition site should have pristine Mechanism (TAGSAM) head regolith with carbon-rich, contacts the surface, the diverse and primitive spacecraft must avoid any materials, and hydrated damage minerals

23 24 https://it-it.facebook.com/OSIRISREx/videos/463578204487051/

25 Which sample site would you choose as the primary sample site & WHY?

PUT YOUR ANSWERS IN THE CHAT. 26 27 • Site is as big as a few parking spots or a tennis court and is surrounded by building-sized boulders

• Nightingale contains mostly fine- grained, dark material • Nightingale also has the highest color variation, which suggests diverse materials

• We have the site, now how do we get the sample?

28 Touch-and-Go Sample Acquisition Mechanism (TAGSAM)

29 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NjlGYHJ2560&feature=youtu.be

30 31 Touch And Go rehearsals!

Two rehearsals April 14 and August 11, 2020 View of TAG from the SAMCAM

32 A big international team Sample analysis by scientists at NASA JSC

Chemistry Organic mapping Isotopes Crystallography Sample extraction Organics 34 Curation at NASA JSC is the first step!

35 JSC OSIRIS-REx Curation Team

1 JSC OSIRIS-REx Curation Team

What does an Astromaterials Curator do? PUT YOUR ANSWERS IN THE CHAT.

2 Astromaterials Curation at NASA JSC 1969 1978 1981 2004 2006 2011 2021 2023

6 Apollo Mission US Antarctic Stratospheric GENESIS STARDUST HAYABUSA 1 Lunar Rocks Meteorites Cosmic Dust Hayabusa2 OSIRIS-REx

Various sites on Moon Asteroids/ Moon /Mars Comets / Asteroids Solar wind @ L1 point Comet Wild2 Asteroid Itokawa Ryugu Bennu

microtomy Hayabusa 2

anterooms entry OSIRIS-REx JSC Curation Role in OSIRIS-REx

Phase B Phase C/D Phase E Phase F CY

1) Archiving for contamination control and knowledge

“CSI” in reverse 2) Establish new cleanroom (ISO5 / Class 100)

3) Sample Recovery

4) Preliminary Examination & 2 yrs Curation Contamination Control & Knowledge

Pre-flight OSIRIS-REx Spacecraft

Witness plates from cleanrooms Al foils Si wafers

One of each immediately analyzed and the rest archived Materials Archive and Witness Plates: Contamination Control & Contamination Knowledge

More Witness Plates Sample Return Capsule

Collect contamination knowledge during flight operations Recovery in Utah – Curation scientists working with Lockheed

Portable Cleanroom Recovery rehearsals at UTTR at UTTR – Genesis 2004

Stardust capsule entry 2006

Stardust SRC on ground Transport to Houston, JSC Bulk sample

Material that will be inside of the TAG-SAM head Contact pad samples

Contact Pads • Collect top layer of surface material • Will be useful for space weathering, exposure, and regolith studies Currently testing – Christopher Snead @ JSC Clean labs currently under Construction! New OSIRIS-REx cleanroom will be adjacent to new Hayabusa 2

microtomy Hayabusa 2

anterooms

entry OSIRIS-REx

Curation clean lab construction What will happen first in this new lab?

Outfitting and Rehearsals

Sample storage, processing and handling in nitrogen gas glove boxes • Disassembly first What will happen next in this new lab?

Characterization of returned material

Build a catalog of the returned material