DOCSLIB.ORG

Communal Individuals, Communities and the Lebanese System Tesis Doctoral Re

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI RECLAIMING THE COMMUNITY PUBLIC SPHERE: COMMUNAL INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES AND THE LEBANESE SYSTEM Massimo di Ricco ISBN:978-84-691-9475-1/DL:T-2208-2008 Ph.D. Thesis Reclaiming the Community Public Sphere: Communal Individuals, Communities and the Lebanese System Tesis Doctoral Reclamando la Esfera Publica Comunitaria: Individuos, Comunidades y el Sistema Libanés Tesi Doctoral Reclamant l’Esfera Pública Comunitària: Individus, Comunitats i el Sistema Libanés Massimo Di Ricco Director: Enric Olivé Serret (Universitat Rovira i Virgili) Co-Director: Laura Feliu Martinez (Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona) Doctorate Programme in MEDITERRANEAN CULTURAL STUDIES European Doctorate UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI (URV) TARRAGONA UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI RECLAIMING THE COMMUNITY PUBLIC SPHERE: COMMUNAL INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES AND THE LEBANESE SYSTEM Massimo di Ricco ISBN:978-84-691-9475-1/DL:T-2208-2008 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI RECLAIMING THE COMMUNITY PUBLIC SPHERE: COMMUNAL INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES AND THE LEBANESE SYSTEM Massimo di Ricco ISBN:978-84-691-9475-1/DL:T-2208-2008 BHPYTOΣ UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI RECLAIMING THE COMMUNITY PUBLIC SPHERE: COMMUNAL INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES AND THE LEBANESE SYSTEM Massimo di Ricco ISBN:978-84-691-9475-1/DL:T-2208-2008 An Abstract of the Thesis: Reclaiming the Community Public Sphere: Communal Individuals, Communities and the Lebanese System The Lebanese confessional system, besides the continuous reshapes as- sisted since its establishment, finds its peculiarity in the institutional rec- ognition of various confessional communities and in its structure based on the idea of the power-sharing. Each recognized Lebanese community enjoys of political quotas in the national Parliament, and the system pro- vides them with prerogatives in managing the personal status law of their own members, making the community autonomous from state interfer- ence on such issues. Such prerogatives sanction the Lebanese communi- ties as political entities. This research assumes that first the confessional system, as a consequence of such prerogatives, institutionally sanctions the role of the community as a necessary and fundamental intermediary between the individual and the state. The community, and its informal clusters, represents the structure of the Lebanese system. Therefore, I sug- gest here the creation of multiple publics, that for the span of this study have they to be identified with the various Lebanese confessional com- munities, although it is not excluded the presence of other publics that are not strictly related with the communities, but here not taken into consideration. Such multiple communal publics, along with the national public sphere, together shape the general Lebanese public sphere. Leba- nese individuals are indeed recognized as citizens through a compulsory communal affiliation, and such condition makes extremely important the role they play within the community sphere. Due to these reasons the focus is moving here from the analysis of the national sphere to the almost neglected communal one, and specifically to the analysis of the internal dynamics of public sphere within three 4 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI RECLAIMING THE COMMUNITY PUBLIC SPHERE: COMMUNAL INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES AND THE LEBANESE SYSTEM Massimo di Ricco ISBN:978-84-691-9475-1/DL:T-2208-2008 chosen communities: Druze, Shiite and Greek-Orthodox. Such commu- nities have been analyzed through various variables extrapolated from the literature on public sphere and the peculiar Lebanese case. This exploratory thesis aims to show that the the community public sphere is an important sphere which functioning relies almost on the role played by what I called “communal individuals”, briefly described as those figures that work, or “have a say”, within the community sphere. It is possible to define these individuals as “activist”, the term in its wid- est meaning, of the community sphere. The role of the communal indi- viduals highlights for its importance as actors of the community public sphere, also in consideration of the fact that on many issues the state is left out from mingling within such sphere. Therefore, the community public sphere remains still neglected and it represents a sphere where critical attitude and autonomy are difficultly shown. Such considerations bring to promote a culture of activism that attempts to extend and develop a community public sphere that still lacks of control and where self-proclaimed authorities can easily appear. This thesis is grounded on the idea of the importance of the com- munity publics dynamics in order, on one side, to understand the general functioning of the Lebanese public sphere and, on the other side, as a way to understand the role played by the communal individuals in extending and developing it. The active role played by the communal individuals results to be the base for what is possible to define as an “extended citizen- ship”, a form of control of a sphere out of the hands of the state and that makes individuals oscillating between the national and the communal sphere. Such extended feature becomes more and more urgent especially in ages of strong sectarianism, as occurred in the years this study was carried out, when communities developed the tendency to withdraw on themselves and the struggle for the repartition of power staged at national level almost occupied the whole public discourses. 5 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI RECLAIMING THE COMMUNITY PUBLIC SPHERE: COMMUNAL INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES AND THE LEBANESE SYSTEM Massimo di Ricco ISBN:978-84-691-9475-1/DL:T-2208-2008 Resumen de la tesis: Reclamando la Esfera Publica Comunitaria: Individuos, Comunidades y el Sistema Libanés El sistema confesional libanés, no obstante los continuos remodelami- entos en que incurrió desde su establecimiento, mantiene su mayor pecu- liaridad en el reconocimiento institucional de varias comunidades confe- sionales y en su estructura de power-sharing. Cada reconocida comunidad libanesa disfruta de unas cuotas políticas en el parlamento nacional, y el sistema les provee prerrogativas en la administración de las leyes de estatuto personal de sus propios miembros, lo que supone la autonomía de la comunidad respecto al Estado sobre estos asuntos. Dichas prerroga- tivas sancionan las comunidades libaneses como entidades políticas. Este estudio asume que el sistema confesional, como consecuencia de estas prerrogativas, sanciona institucionalmente el rol de la comunidad como intermediario necesario entre el individuo y el estado. La comunidad va a representar la verdadera base del sistema político libanés. Sugiero así en este estudio la creación de múltiples públicos que hay que identificar con las varias comunidades, que de todas formas no excluyen la presencia de otros públicos que aquí no han sido tomados en consideración. Estos múltiples públicos comunitarios, junto con la esfera publica nacional, moldean la general esfera publica libanesa. Los individuos libaneses son de hecho reconocidos como ciudadanos a través de una afiliación obliga- toria comunitaria, lo que supone que el rol que ellos juegan dentro de la esfera comunitaria resulte de extrema importancia. El enfoque de la tesis se mueve desde el análisis de la esfera na- cional hacia la casi invisible esfera comunitaria, específicamente a través del análisis de las dinámicas internas de esfera pública entre tres comu- nidades elegidas: drusa, chiíta y griego ortodoxa. Estas comunidades 6 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI RECLAIMING THE COMMUNITY PUBLIC SPHERE: COMMUNAL INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES AND THE LEBANESE SYSTEM Massimo di Ricco ISBN:978-84-691-9475-1/DL:T-2208-2008 han sido analizadas a través de algunas variables sacadas de la literatura sobre la esfera pública y el específico y peculiar caso libanés. Esta inves- tigación exploratoria pretende demostrar la importancia de la esfera pub- lica comunitaria, y como el funcionamiento de dicha esfera depende en gran parte del rol ejercitado por parte de los “individuos comunitarios”, que es posible aquí definir como unas figuras que trabajan dentro de la comunidad o asumen una posición pública sobre los acontecimientos que conciernen la comunidad. Es posible configurar estos individuos como “activistas”, en sentido ancho, de la esfera comunitaria. El rol de los indi- viduos comunitarios destaca por su importancia como actores principales de la esfera pública comunitaria, también en consideración del hecho que varios asuntos están fuera del alcance directo del Estado, que se exime de interferencias en la esfera comunitaria. Sin embargo la esfera pública comunitaria disfruta de muy poca visibi- lidad y representa una esfera pública donde la actitud crítica y autonomía de visión, difícilmente se hacen visibles. Estas consideraciones llevan a la necesidad de una cultura de activismo que tenga como intento lo de ex- tender una esfera pública comunitaria que todavía sigue fuera de control, negligente y donde autoridades informales pueden fácilmente aparecer. Esta tesis tiene come base la idea de la importancia de las dinámicas públicas comunitarias, por un lado para entender el funcionamiento de la esfera pública libanesa y, por otro lado, como modo de entender el papel jugado por parte del individuo comunitario en extender y desarrollar la misma. El rol activo jugado por los individuos comunitarios resulta ser la base para lo que es posible definir como una “ciudadanía extensa”, una forma de control de una esfera que está fuera del alcance del Estado,
Recommended publications
  • Constitutional Patriotism in Lebanon

    Constitutional Patriotism in Lebanon

    Sonderdrucke aus der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg MAURUS REINKOWSKI Constitutional Patriotism in Lebanon Originalbeitrag erschienen in: New perspektives on Turkey 16 (1997), S. [63] - 85 CONSTITUTIONAL PATRIOTISM IN LEB ON Maurus Reinkowski* In this paper I will discuss the options of political identity the Lebanese have at their disposal against the background of the German experience. Germany and Lebanon, states at first glance completely different from each other, show some similarity in their historical experience. In the context of this comparison I will discuss constitu- tional patriotism, a political concept in circulation in Germany over the last fifteen years or so, and its potential application in the Lebanese case. Constitutional patriotism, unlike many other concepts originating in the West, has yet not entered the political vocabulary of the Middle East. The debate on democracy and the civil society is widespread in the whole of the Middle East, including Lebanon. Lebanon's political culture, polity and national identity, however, show some peculiar traits that might justify the introduction of the term constitutional patriotism into the Lebanese political debate. As democracy and civil society are both closely linked to the concept of constitutional patriotism they will be treated in the first chapter. The second chapter will be devoted to the question of whether and to what extent Lebanon differs from the mainstream of the modern Middle East's political history. I will venture to draw a parallel with the German "sonderweg" (deviant, peculiar way). The third section will present briefly the German discussion of constitutional patriotism and its innate link to the sonderweg.
  • Increasing Enterprise Growth and Jobs in Lebanon

    Increasing Enterprise Growth and Jobs in Lebanon

    INCREASING ENTERPRISE GROWTH AND JOBS IN LEBANON OPTIONS TO INCREASE SME GROWTH AND JOBS ASIA & MIDDLE EAST ECONOMIC GROWTH BEST PRACTICES PROGRAM Students at a Lebanese vocational school learn how to create garment patterns through a specialized training program in Beirut. 1 MAY 2015 Students at a Lebanese vocational school learn how to create garment patterns through a Thisspecialized publication training was producedprogram in for Beiru reviewt. by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by Douglas Muir, Janet Gohlke-Rouhayem, and Craig Saltzer of Chemonics International, Hayley Alexander of Banyan Global, and Henri Stetter of the Pragma Corporation for the Asia & Middle East Economic Growth Best Practices Program contract no. AID-OAA-M-12-00008. INCREASING ENTERPRISE GROWTH AND JOBS IN LEBANON OPTIONS TO INCREASE SME GROWTH AND JOBS ASIA & MIDDLE EAST ECONOMIC GROWTH BEST PRACTICES PROGRAM Contract No. AID-OAA-M-12-00008 Contracting Officer Representative, William Baldridge [email protected] (202) 712-4089 The author’s views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect the views of the United States Agency for International Development or the United States Government. CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................ 1 SECTION I: INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... 6 A. Purpose of Assessment..............................................................................................
  • The New Lebanese Government

    The New Lebanese Government

    The New Lebanese Government Assessment Report by the Lebanese Information Center July 2011 www.licus.org cleared for public release /D1 Nearly five months after his appointment as Prime Minister, Najib Mikati finally formed the Lebanese Cabinet on June 13, 2011. The 30-member cabinet, in which Hezbollah and its allies hold a majority, was formed following arduous negotiations between the new majority, constituted of the March 8 parties, and their allies. The March 14 alliance had announced that it will not take part in the Mikati cabinet following the forced collapse of Hariri’s unity government. Furthermore, appointed Druze Minister of State, Talal Arslan, announced his immediate resignation from the government to protest not being given a portfolio. Despite clearly [and exclusively] representing the Pro-Syrian camp, Prime Minister Mikati announced that his government is “a government for all Lebanese, no matter what party they support, be it the majority or the opposition.” Contents The New Government – Statistics in Brief ..................................................................................................2 Cabinet Members .................................................................................................................................... 2 Composition by Party Affiliation ........................................................................................................... 3 Composition by Coalition ......................................................................................................................
  • Public Transcript of the Hearing Held On

    Public Transcript of the Hearing Held On

    20150325_STL-11-01_T_T135_OFF_PUB_EN 1/104 PUBLIC Official Transcript Procedural Matters (Open Session) Page 1 1 Special Tribunal for Lebanon 2 In the case of The Prosecutor v. Ayyash, Badreddine, Merhi, 3 Oneissi, and Sabra 4 STL-11-01 5 Presiding Judge David Re, Judge Janet Nosworthy, 6 Judge Micheline Braidy, Judge Walid Akoum, and 7 Judge Nicola Lettieri - [Trial Chamber] 8 Wednesday, 25 March 2015 - [Trial Hearing] 9 [Open Session] 10 [The witness takes the stand] 11 --- Upon commencing at 10.01 a.m. 12 THE REGISTRAR: The Special Tribunal for Lebanon is sitting in an 13 open session in the case of the Prosecutor versus Ayyash, Badreddine, 14 Merhi, Oneissi, and Sabra, case number STL-11-01. 15 PRESIDING JUDGE RE: Good morning. We will continue with the 16 evidence of Mr. Siniora today. 17 And good morning to you, Mr. Siniora. We trust you are 18 refreshed. 19 THE WITNESS: Good morning. 20 PRESIDING JUDGE RE: I just note the appearances. We have 21 Mr. Cameron appearing for the Prosecution. For the Legal Representative 22 for the Victims, we have Mr. Mattar and Ms. Abdelsater-Abusamra. For the 23 Defence we have Mr. Aoun for Mr. Ayyash; Mr. Korkmaz for Mr. Badreddine; 24 Mr. Hassan for Mr. Oneissi; Mr. Young for Mr. Sabra; and Mr. Khalil, who 25 is halfway through his cross-examination we hear, for Mr. Merhi. And Wednesday, 25 March 2015 STL-11-01 Interpretation serves to facilitate communication. Only the original speech is authentic. 20150325_STL-11-01_T_T135_OFF_PUB_EN 2/104 PUBLIC Official Transcript Witness: Fouad Siniora –PRH108 (Resumed) (Open Session) Page 2 Cross-examination by Mr.
  • Lebanon: Managing the Gathering Storm

    Lebanon: Managing the Gathering Storm

    LEBANON: MANAGING THE GATHERING STORM Middle East Report N°48 – 5 December 2005 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS................................................. i I. A SYSTEM BETWEEN OLD AND NEW.................................................................. 1 A. SETTING THE STAGE: THE ELECTORAL CONTEST..................................................................1 B. THE MEHLIS EFFECT.............................................................................................................5 II. SECTARIANISM AND INTERNATIONALISATION ............................................. 8 A. FROM SYRIAN TUTELAGE TO WESTERN UMBRELLA?............................................................8 B. SHIFTING ALLIANCES..........................................................................................................12 III. THE HIZBOLLAH QUESTION ................................................................................ 16 A. “A NEW PHASE OF CONFRONTATION” ................................................................................17 B. HIZBOLLAH AS THE SHIITE GUARDIAN?..............................................................................19 C. THE PARTY OF GOD TURNS PARTY OF GOVERNMENT.........................................................20 IV. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 22 A. A BROAD INTERNATIONAL COALITION FOR A NARROW AGENDA .......................................22 B. A LEBANESE COURT ON FOREIGN
  • The Oral History and Memory of Ras Beirut: Exceptional Narratives of Co-Existence

    The Oral History and Memory of Ras Beirut: Exceptional Narratives of Co-Existence

    Middle East Studies Association (MESA) Conference Washington, DC, November 2014 The Oral History and Memory of Ras Beirut: Exceptional Narratives of Co-existence Maria Bashshur Abunnasr, PhD This paper is a very condensed version of my past dissertation research and my current project on the oral history and memory of Ras Beirut sponsored by the Neighborhood Initiative at the American University of Beirut. For those of you who do not know Beirut, Ras Beirut is the western-most extension of the city and is most renown as the location of the American University of Beirut (AUB) founded by American missionaries in 1866 as the Syrian Protestant College. To many Ras Beirut is a place famous, indeed exceptional, for its association with tolerance, education, and cosmopolitanism. And that association is largely credited to AUB. The focus of this paper, however, is not on AUB’s role in Ras Beirut. It reverses the lens to consider the local community’s role in making Ras Beirut’s past through what I term, “narratives of coexistence.” Comprised of primarily (though not exclusively) Greek Orthodox Christians and Sunni Muslims, Ras Beirut’s local community claims its foundation is based on ta’ayoush, Arabic for coexistence. They consider their history of peaceful coexistence the bedrock of Ras Beirut’s exceptionalism that distinguished Ras Beirut from other parts of Beirut, of Lebanon, and of the region. While they recognize the presence of the AUB as momentous to the future shape of Ras Beirut as a cosmopolitan hub, their narratives insist on the influence, if not the determination, of their 1 coexistence on the missionary choice of Ras Beirut as the site for the College in the first place.
  • Maternal Mortality Ratio in Lebanon in 2008: a Hospital-Based Reproductive Age Mortality Survey (Ramos)

    Maternal Mortality Ratio in Lebanon in 2008: a Hospital-Based Reproductive Age Mortality Survey (Ramos)

    MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO IN LEBANON IN 2008: A HOSPITAL-BASED REPRODUCTIVE AGE MORTALITY SURVEY (RAMOS) Salim Adib, MD, DrPH Professor of Epidemiology and Public Heath Faculty of Medicine Saint-Joseph University Beirut- Lebanon Beirut- Lebanon January 2010 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: This proposal is based on an earlier document prepared by Dr. Ziad Mansour, Technical Officer, WR Office in Beirut. Fieldwork was conducted by Drs. Tony Ghanem, Miche Fahad, Ralph Karam, Chucrallah Chamandi, and was coordinated by Dr. Samer Abi-Chaker. Mr. Elie Hobeika was instrumental in data entry, analysis and report preparation. The project was also facilitated through the intervention of Mr. Mohammad-Ali Hamandi and Mrs. Rita Rahbany-Saad on behalf of the Syndicate of Private Hospitals and Ms. Hilda Harb on behalf of the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health (MOPH). MOPH Director-General, Dr. Walid Ammar was the senior advisor on the project. Funding was provided through the WR Office in Beirut. MATERNAL MORTALITY RATIO IN LEBANON IN 2008: A HOSPITAL-BASED REPRODUCTIVE AGE MORTALITY SURVEY (RAMOS) A. INTRODUCTION A1. Rationale The complexity of ascertaining maternal deaths makes it difficult for many low income countries to measure the levels of maternal mortality, hence the lack of valid data on such avoidable deaths. A report prepared by international agencies (1) has recently assigned Lebanon to the group H of countries with “no national data on maternal mortality”. As a result, an arbitrary equation was used to determine that Lebanon’s maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in 2005 was 150 per 100,000 live births. The Lebanese government disputes this classification and its consequences.
  • Iamblichus and Julian''s ''Third Demiurge'': a Proposition

    Iamblichus and Julian''s ''Third Demiurge'': a Proposition

    Iamblichus and Julian”s ”Third Demiurge”: A Proposition Adrien Lecerf To cite this version: Adrien Lecerf. Iamblichus and Julian”s ”Third Demiurge”: A Proposition . Eugene Afonasin; John M. Dillon; John F. Finamore. Iamblichus and the Foundations of Late Platonism, 13, BRILL, p. 177-201, 2012, Ancient Mediterranean and Medieval Texts and Contexts. Studies in Platonism, Neoplatonism, and the Platonic Tradition, 10.1163/9789004230118_012. hal-02931399 HAL Id: hal-02931399 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02931399 Submitted on 6 Sep 2020 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Iamblichus and Julian‟s “Third Demiurge”: A Proposition Adrien Lecerf Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France [email protected] ABSTRACT. In the Emperor Julian's Oration To the Mother of the Gods, a philosophical interpretation of the myth of Cybele and Attis, reference is made to an enigmatic "third Demiurge". Contrary to a common opinion identifying him to the visible Helios (the Sun), or to tempting identifications to Amelius' and Theodorus of Asine's three Demiurges, I suggest that a better idea would be to compare Julian's text to Proclus' system of Demiurges (as exposed and explained in a Jan Opsomer article, "La démiurgie des jeunes dieux selon Proclus", Les Etudes Classiques, 71, 2003, pp.
  • Lebanon Unstable and Insecure | the Washington Institute

    Lebanon Unstable and Insecure | the Washington Institute

    MENU Policy Analysis / PolicyWatch 2266 Lebanon Unstable and Insecure by David Schenker Jun 11, 2014 ABOUT THE AUTHORS David Schenker David Schenker is the Taube Senior Fellow at The Washington Institute and former Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern Affairs. Brief Analysis Military coordination with Hezbollah may be providing a quick fix, but the country's long-term strength can only be achieved with a reconstituted March 14 coalition. uring his June 4 visit to Lebanon, Secretary of State John Kerry encouraged lawmakers to elect a new D president, pledged $51 million to help Beirut host Syrian refugees, and announced that the administration would seek additional funding for Lebanese security forces. "The bottom line," he said, "is that a secure and stable Lebanon is a prerequisite for a secure and stable region." Coming a day after the "reelection" of Syrian president Bashar al-Assad and amidst a presidential vacuum in Beirut, Secretary Kerry's visit actually highlighted Lebanon's insecurity and instability. Regrettably, it is unclear if the administration's latest initiatives will do much to prevent a further deterioration. Presidential Vacuum O n May 25, Michel Suleiman completed his six-year term as president and vacated Baabda Palace. In accordance with the Lebanese constitution, the parliament should have elected a new president by that date, but the pro- Western March 14 bloc and the Hezbollah-led pro-Syrian March 8 coalition have been unable to agree on an acceptable candidate. In the absence of consensus, the political blocs have refused to attend parliamentary sessions since the initial balloting on April 23, preventing the quorum necessary for a vote.
  • Usaid/Lebanon Lebanon Industry Value Chain

    Usaid/Lebanon Lebanon Industry Value Chain

    USAID/LEBANON LEBANON INDUSTRY VALUE CHAIN DEVELOPMENT (LIVCD) PROJECT LIVCD QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT - YEAR 3, QUARTER 4 JULY 1 – SEPTEMBER 30, 2015 FEBRUARY 2016 This publication was produced for review by the United States Agency for International Development. It was prepared by DAI. CONTENTS ACRONYMS ...................................................................................................................................3 YEAR 3 QUARTER 4: JULY 1 – SEPTEMBER 30 2015 ............................................................... 4 PROJECT OVERVIEW .......................................................................................................................................... 4 EXCUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................... 4 QUARTERLY REPORT structure ...................................................................................................................... 5 1. LIVCD YEAR 3 QUARTER 4: RESULTS (RESULTS FRAMEWORK & PERFORMANCE INDICATORS) ................................................................................................................................6 Figure 1: LIVCD Results framework and performance indicators ......................................................... 7 Figure 2: Results achieved against targets .................................................................................................... 8 Table 1: Notes on results achieved ..................................................................................................................
  • The Effect of Syrian Crisis on Lebanon Foreign Policy

    The Effect of Syrian Crisis on Lebanon Foreign Policy

    T.R. ULUDAĞ UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES COURSE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS POST-ARAB SPRING IN MIDDLE EAST REGION: THE EFFECT OF SYRIAN CRISIS ON LEBANON FOREIGN POLICY (MASTER DEGREE THESIS) Maria Helena MOTA ESTEVES Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Tayyar ARI BURSA 2018 T.R. ULUDAĞ UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF SOCIAL SCIENCES COURSE OF INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS POST-ARAB SPRING IN MIDDLE EAST REGION: THE EFFECT OF SYRIAN CRISIS ON LEBANON FOREIGN POLICY (MASTER DEGREE THESIS) Maria Helena MOTA ESTEVES Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Tayyar ARI BURSA-2018 ABSTRACT Name and Surname : Maria Helena Mota Esteves University : Uludağ University Institution : Institute of Social Sciences Field : International Relations Branch : International Relations Degree Awarded : Master Thesis Page Number : xviii+152 Degree Date : …. /…. /2018 Supervisor : Prof. Dr. Tayyar ARI POST-ARAB SPRING IN MIDDLE EAST REGION: THE EFFECT OF SYRIAN CRISIS ON LEBANON FOREIGN POLICY This study focuses on the Lebanon position in the aftermath of Syrian conflict, including the main aspects of Lebanese Foreign Policy. It includes regional and foreign interference in Lebanese affairs that intentionally led to the instable situation in the country. Briefly includes Domestic/foreign factors longstanding by geopolitical aspects that determine Lebanon political vacuum and current sectarian division. Moreover, Refugee crisis and sectarian challenges aggravated the Lebanese crisis, since they are a consequence of Syrian conflict, our case of study. The thesis is divided in three main chapters. Firstly, the analysis of both Realism and Liberalism under the Security concept in the main theories of I.R,. From defining the security studies framework that impacted the definition of security in World politics, the conceptualization of security and securitization theory is analysed.
  • The Form of the Good in Plato's Timaeus

    The Form of the Good in Plato's Timaeus

    THANASSIS GKATZARAS | 71 One of the many philosophical problems The Form of the Good in that we face in the Timaeus is raised by the Plato’s Timaeus claim that the God who created the world (from now on we shall call him ‘Demiurge’)1 is good (Tim. 29d7-30a2). A satisfying explanation of Demiurge’s goodness is far from easy, and dif- ferent approaches have been proposed. How- ever, in this paper I’ll try to show that a clear, sufficient and relatively simple interpretation is possible, if we are based on the hypothesis that Timaeus follows the theory of causation in the Phaedo (including the distinction between ‘safe’ and ‘elegant’ cause) and the concept of the Thanassis Gkatzaras Form of the Good in the Republic.2 University of Ioannina [email protected] To be more specific, I’ll try to show that the Form of the Good of the Republic is also presupposed in the Timaeus and it plays the same role, and we should consider it as a first principle of platonic cosmology, independ- ent from the existence of Demiurge or even the Divine Paradigm (i.e. the model accord- ing to which the Demiurge creates the world). On first impression, this interpretation looks barely possible, since there is no direct refer- ence in the text to this particular Form, with the possible exception of what is said at Tim. 46c7-d1.3 In my opinion, this absence has to do ABSTRACT with specific purposes Timaeus serves, and not with the abandonment of the Good as a cause.