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Communal Individuals, Communities and the Lebanese System Tesis Doctoral Re

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Communal Individuals, Communities and the Lebanese System Tesis Doctoral Re UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI RECLAIMING THE COMMUNITY PUBLIC SPHERE: COMMUNAL INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES AND THE LEBANESE SYSTEM Massimo di Ricco ISBN:978-84-691-9475-1/DL:T-2208-2008 Ph.D. Thesis Reclaiming the Community Public Sphere: Communal Individuals, Communities and the Lebanese System Tesis Doctoral Reclamando la Esfera Publica Comunitaria: Individuos, Comunidades y el Sistema Libanés Tesi Doctoral Reclamant l’Esfera Pública Comunitària: Individus, Comunitats i el Sistema Libanés Massimo Di Ricco Director: Enric Olivé Serret (Universitat Rovira i Virgili) Co-Director: Laura Feliu Martinez (Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona) Doctorate Programme in MEDITERRANEAN CULTURAL STUDIES European Doctorate UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI (URV) TARRAGONA UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI RECLAIMING THE COMMUNITY PUBLIC SPHERE: COMMUNAL INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES AND THE LEBANESE SYSTEM Massimo di Ricco ISBN:978-84-691-9475-1/DL:T-2208-2008 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI RECLAIMING THE COMMUNITY PUBLIC SPHERE: COMMUNAL INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES AND THE LEBANESE SYSTEM Massimo di Ricco ISBN:978-84-691-9475-1/DL:T-2208-2008 BHPYTOΣ UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI RECLAIMING THE COMMUNITY PUBLIC SPHERE: COMMUNAL INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES AND THE LEBANESE SYSTEM Massimo di Ricco ISBN:978-84-691-9475-1/DL:T-2208-2008 An Abstract of the Thesis: Reclaiming the Community Public Sphere: Communal Individuals, Communities and the Lebanese System The Lebanese confessional system, besides the continuous reshapes as- sisted since its establishment, finds its peculiarity in the institutional rec- ognition of various confessional communities and in its structure based on the idea of the power-sharing. Each recognized Lebanese community enjoys of political quotas in the national Parliament, and the system pro- vides them with prerogatives in managing the personal status law of their own members, making the community autonomous from state interfer- ence on such issues. Such prerogatives sanction the Lebanese communi- ties as political entities. This research assumes that first the confessional system, as a consequence of such prerogatives, institutionally sanctions the role of the community as a necessary and fundamental intermediary between the individual and the state. The community, and its informal clusters, represents the structure of the Lebanese system. Therefore, I sug- gest here the creation of multiple publics, that for the span of this study have they to be identified with the various Lebanese confessional com- munities, although it is not excluded the presence of other publics that are not strictly related with the communities, but here not taken into consideration. Such multiple communal publics, along with the national public sphere, together shape the general Lebanese public sphere. Leba- nese individuals are indeed recognized as citizens through a compulsory communal affiliation, and such condition makes extremely important the role they play within the community sphere. Due to these reasons the focus is moving here from the analysis of the national sphere to the almost neglected communal one, and specifically to the analysis of the internal dynamics of public sphere within three 4 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI RECLAIMING THE COMMUNITY PUBLIC SPHERE: COMMUNAL INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES AND THE LEBANESE SYSTEM Massimo di Ricco ISBN:978-84-691-9475-1/DL:T-2208-2008 chosen communities: Druze, Shiite and Greek-Orthodox. Such commu- nities have been analyzed through various variables extrapolated from the literature on public sphere and the peculiar Lebanese case. This exploratory thesis aims to show that the the community public sphere is an important sphere which functioning relies almost on the role played by what I called “communal individuals”, briefly described as those figures that work, or “have a say”, within the community sphere. It is possible to define these individuals as “activist”, the term in its wid- est meaning, of the community sphere. The role of the communal indi- viduals highlights for its importance as actors of the community public sphere, also in consideration of the fact that on many issues the state is left out from mingling within such sphere. Therefore, the community public sphere remains still neglected and it represents a sphere where critical attitude and autonomy are difficultly shown. Such considerations bring to promote a culture of activism that attempts to extend and develop a community public sphere that still lacks of control and where self-proclaimed authorities can easily appear. This thesis is grounded on the idea of the importance of the com- munity publics dynamics in order, on one side, to understand the general functioning of the Lebanese public sphere and, on the other side, as a way to understand the role played by the communal individuals in extending and developing it. The active role played by the communal individuals results to be the base for what is possible to define as an “extended citizen- ship”, a form of control of a sphere out of the hands of the state and that makes individuals oscillating between the national and the communal sphere. Such extended feature becomes more and more urgent especially in ages of strong sectarianism, as occurred in the years this study was carried out, when communities developed the tendency to withdraw on themselves and the struggle for the repartition of power staged at national level almost occupied the whole public discourses. 5 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI RECLAIMING THE COMMUNITY PUBLIC SPHERE: COMMUNAL INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES AND THE LEBANESE SYSTEM Massimo di Ricco ISBN:978-84-691-9475-1/DL:T-2208-2008 Resumen de la tesis: Reclamando la Esfera Publica Comunitaria: Individuos, Comunidades y el Sistema Libanés El sistema confesional libanés, no obstante los continuos remodelami- entos en que incurrió desde su establecimiento, mantiene su mayor pecu- liaridad en el reconocimiento institucional de varias comunidades confe- sionales y en su estructura de power-sharing. Cada reconocida comunidad libanesa disfruta de unas cuotas políticas en el parlamento nacional, y el sistema les provee prerrogativas en la administración de las leyes de estatuto personal de sus propios miembros, lo que supone la autonomía de la comunidad respecto al Estado sobre estos asuntos. Dichas prerroga- tivas sancionan las comunidades libaneses como entidades políticas. Este estudio asume que el sistema confesional, como consecuencia de estas prerrogativas, sanciona institucionalmente el rol de la comunidad como intermediario necesario entre el individuo y el estado. La comunidad va a representar la verdadera base del sistema político libanés. Sugiero así en este estudio la creación de múltiples públicos que hay que identificar con las varias comunidades, que de todas formas no excluyen la presencia de otros públicos que aquí no han sido tomados en consideración. Estos múltiples públicos comunitarios, junto con la esfera publica nacional, moldean la general esfera publica libanesa. Los individuos libaneses son de hecho reconocidos como ciudadanos a través de una afiliación obliga- toria comunitaria, lo que supone que el rol que ellos juegan dentro de la esfera comunitaria resulte de extrema importancia. El enfoque de la tesis se mueve desde el análisis de la esfera na- cional hacia la casi invisible esfera comunitaria, específicamente a través del análisis de las dinámicas internas de esfera pública entre tres comu- nidades elegidas: drusa, chiíta y griego ortodoxa. Estas comunidades 6 UNIVERSITAT ROVIRA I VIRGILI RECLAIMING THE COMMUNITY PUBLIC SPHERE: COMMUNAL INDIVIDUALS, COMMUNITIES AND THE LEBANESE SYSTEM Massimo di Ricco ISBN:978-84-691-9475-1/DL:T-2208-2008 han sido analizadas a través de algunas variables sacadas de la literatura sobre la esfera pública y el específico y peculiar caso libanés. Esta inves- tigación exploratoria pretende demostrar la importancia de la esfera pub- lica comunitaria, y como el funcionamiento de dicha esfera depende en gran parte del rol ejercitado por parte de los “individuos comunitarios”, que es posible aquí definir como unas figuras que trabajan dentro de la comunidad o asumen una posición pública sobre los acontecimientos que conciernen la comunidad. Es posible configurar estos individuos como “activistas”, en sentido ancho, de la esfera comunitaria. El rol de los indi- viduos comunitarios destaca por su importancia como actores principales de la esfera pública comunitaria, también en consideración del hecho que varios asuntos están fuera del alcance directo del Estado, que se exime de interferencias en la esfera comunitaria. Sin embargo la esfera pública comunitaria disfruta de muy poca visibi- lidad y representa una esfera pública donde la actitud crítica y autonomía de visión, difícilmente se hacen visibles. Estas consideraciones llevan a la necesidad de una cultura de activismo que tenga como intento lo de ex- tender una esfera pública comunitaria que todavía sigue fuera de control, negligente y donde autoridades informales pueden fácilmente aparecer. Esta tesis tiene come base la idea de la importancia de las dinámicas públicas comunitarias, por un lado para entender el funcionamiento de la esfera pública libanesa y, por otro lado, como modo de entender el papel jugado por parte del individuo comunitario en extender y desarrollar la misma. El rol activo jugado por los individuos comunitarios resulta ser la base para lo que es posible definir como una “ciudadanía extensa”, una forma de control de una esfera que está fuera del alcance del Estado,
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