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1750 Shad and Salmon Were Spawning in the Rocky Bottomed Stoney (Farm) River Before the First White Settlers Harnessed Its Waters in Northford

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1750 Shad and Salmon Were Spawning in the Rocky Bottomed Stoney (Farm) River Before the First White Settlers Harnessed Its Waters in Northford 2003-014-003 \ FROM DUST TO DUST THE EVOLUTION OF A SMALL NEW ENGLAND VILLAGE 1700 TO 1900 PIONEERING 1700 - 1750 Shad and salmon were spawning in the rocky bottomed Stoney (Farm) River before the first white settlers harnessed its waters in Northford. From that early time of about 1700, when a very few families began to plow the rocky soil and dam the river, and for the next 200 years, the tiny village of what is now called Northford experienced an incomparable blossoming of an educated elite, an industrial economy producing products of national significance and an ultimate return to the soil for sustenance. Northford, ten miles from New Haven, has never been incorporated. From 1644 to 1725 it was the northern extremity of Branford. In 1725, what is now North Branford, became the Second Ecclesiastical Society of Branford and in 1746, what is now Northford, became the Third Society of Branford. In 1831 North Branford and Northford incorporated as a town separate from Branford with Northford remaining as a village within the township of North Branford. Life for those earliest settlers was isolated and harsh. They had moved inland to the very outskirts of Branford where fresh, raw land was available, while their families and church leadership remained hours away in Branford center. According to Reverend Elijah C. Baldwin's Branford Annals. "Men, women and children came three, six and even eight miles on foot or on horseback, over wretched roads to attend all day services ---. John Barnes, Stephen Foote, Daniel Barker, John Frisbie and Edward Frisbie, of the Northern part of town, erected theirs (Sabbath-day houses) between 1703 and 1707." 1 These houses were built near the Meetinghouse and provided shelter during the Sunday mid-day break between services. Alternatively, "Mr. Russell and others occasionally preached for them in their own locality, worship being held in private houses. But this only had the effect of strengthening the desire to have a minister of their own at 'North Farms'''. 2 By 1715 the North Farmers "felt the distance to the Branford church was too great and that their own community was large 1. Baldwin, 301. 2. Rockey, 83. Page 1 enough to support --" 3 separate preaching for themselves. The North or Second Ecclesiastical Society was formed in 1725, and in 1727, Jonathan Merrick became its first minister. He was a busy man. Aside from managing a large farm, his responsibilities included the residents of the remote Northford area, as well as the area of North Branford and, as a Fellow of Yale College, he was obliged to participate in directing the college's affairs. The Northford residents ultimately experienced the same ambitions to have their own minister as had the people of the North (i.e. North Branford) Ecclesiastical Society. The Third Ecclesiastical Society was therefore gathered in 1746, and on June 30, 1750 Warham Williams was ordained and joined with 19 other men in membership in the Northford Congregational Church. At that time three, possibly four, saw mills, one grist mill, one blacksmith, and farming sustained the small community. Grains, mastlin flour, fruits, vegetables, bayberries, flax and barrel staves were the basis of an extensive export trade with Maine, England, the Southern colonies and the West Indies. But the harvesting of the earth's bounty was not without cost. Volume I of the Northford Congregational Church Records reveals a variety of deaths due to the usual illnesses and accidents of the times such as consumption, whooping cough, lung fever, rattles and dropsy among others. Accidental causes were recorded as killed, "by a log at a saw mill" 4 , "by a stone falling upon him in a well" 4, "killed by an accident Cut of a Scythe" 4, "by a fall from a mow of hay" 4, "by an accidental discharge of a gun" 4. Yet, there is clear evidence that locally, at least, living conditions improved substantially during the 1760's. 5 Herbert Miller's History of North Branford and Northford makes the point that between 1750- 1779 and 1780-1809 life expectancy for those 70 years old or over increased from 4.6% of the population to 22.2%. 6 In 1809 the Reverend Matthew Noyes recorded the first of many subsequent causes of death as being simply "old age". 3. Simonds, 58 4. Northford, Vol. I, 64, 68, 69, 70 and 72. 5. Miller, Gordon S. 6. Miller, Herbert C., 101. Page 2 1768-1826 EDUCATION Williams and Noyes were the religious and intellectual pilots of Northford from 1750 to 1835. It was during their leadership that there were far more men from this Lilliputian sized village who were graduated from Yale College between 1768 and 1826 than any other community in Connecticut, based on a percent of population. Speaking before his former parishioners during the centennial year, 1876, the Reverend A. L. Pierce said, "In the matters of EDUCATION AND EDUCATED MEN, it is believed that the past of Northford will compare favorably with most communities around with most throughout New England indeed ----". 7 Continuing, he emphasized that it was the Ecclesiastical Society, not the town, that had established the school system. Further, that in spite of lacking an academy or other institution of higher learning, he stated "Few parishes in the State and perhaps none of equal population, have given to the world so large a number of liberally educated men--so goodly a number of emigrant sons, who have served their generation in the varied fields of professional labor as Northford --". 7 He then went on to state that thirty-one sons of Northford have been graduated from Yale College, four Northford men became lawyers, nineteen became doctors, fourteen ministers, one author and two female missionaries. He concludes his remarks on education by commenting on his pleasures that so many have qualified themselves for such positions. He hoped the recital of their names "---- some of them known and honored around the world" -would encourage other youths to "---- serve the age on fields broader than their native parish". 7 A contemporary of Reverend Pierce was the Reverend Elijah C. Baldwin who had been pastor of the Branford Congregational Church from 1865 to 1877. The Baldwin family had been prominent members of the Branford community during colonial times and John Baldwin was among the 19 original members of Northford's Congregational Church in 1750. On April 7, 1886 Baldwin read his Branford Annals! 1700-1800 before the members of the New Haven Colony Historical Society in which he stated, "Northford has furnished more liberally educated men and women for various professions than any other place of equal size in the State". 8 7. Pierce, 23. 8. Baldwin, op. cit. 316. Page 3 These statements of the Reverends Pierce and Baldwin applauding Northford's educated servants to society invite questioning. One must ask: (1) if there were more educated persons from Northford than other towns of equal size; (2) if so, who were they, (3) what were their accomplishments and (4) lastly, what could have been the stimulant for such conditions? A letter written in 1844 by the Reverend Jonathan Maltby identifies the graduates of Yale College from Northford between 1768 and 1826. That letter was written at the request of Dr. Jared Linsly (Y -1826). These men were cousins, had been born in Northford, graduated from Yale and were obviously quite pleased with their heritage. Maltby responded by listing 26 such graduates, some details of their professional careers, comments on the character of the town's founders, the Revolutionary War and the economy of the time. The years 1768 and 1826 frame what must have been Maltby's earliest known such Yale graduate and the year of Dr. Linsly's graduation. Using Dexter's Biographical Sketches of the Graduates of Yale College! the number of Yale graduates from each Connecticut town between 1768 and 1826 were counted and compared to Maltby's listing of 26 Northford graduates. Dexter recorded three on Maltby's list as being born in North Branford or Branford which can be misleading as Northford was the Third Ecclesiastical Society of Branford between 1746 and 1831. Two of those three were baptized in the Northford Congregational Church. Another two are listed by Dexter as being born in Wallingford and North Guilford which, though correct politically, does not account for the very close social and geographical relationship those families (Cooke and Elliot) had with the Northford community. Yet, Maltby included Increase Cooke (Y- 1793) who was born in Cheshire, probably on the basis of being a brother of Oliver Dudley Cooke (Y -1786) and the grandson of Captain Aaron Cooke, an original member of the Northford Church. Still, Maltby failed to account for John Foot (Y-1765), Calvin Tyler (Y-1787) and Roger Harrison (Y-1791). Not included in this list of 26 are four others who "--- entered college & continued for one year or more & left very reluctantly for want of health -- were destined for the ministry". 9 Whether one uses the figure of 26 from Maltby's list, Pierce's figure of 31, or 9. Maltby, A Sketch of the Pilgrims, 36. Page 4 some reasonable modification, the results of the comparison are really quite startling. The figure of 26 has been used here. Number of Yale Grads % of Grads Town Population 10 1768-1826 per population Northford 500 11 26 5.2 Norwich 4323 47 1.9 Farmington 2298 37 1.6 Lebanon 1810 28 1.6 New Haven 7580 111 1.5 Durham 1097 17 1.5 Canterbury 1884 26 1.4 Bethlehem 981 12 1.2 Stratford 2517 29 1.2 Pomfret 1878 20 1.1 Colchester 1225 12 1.0 Hadlyme 12 13 10.
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