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Estudo Taxonômico De Leptogium (Ach.) S.F. Gray (Collemataceae, Fungos Liquenizados)

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Estudo Taxonômico De Leptogium (Ach.) S.F. Gray (Collemataceae, Fungos Liquenizados) 1 UNESP – UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA CAMPUS BOTUCATU INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS ESTUDO TAXONÔMICO DE LEPTOGIUM (ACH.) S.F. GRAY (COLLEMATACEAE, FUNGOS LIQUENIZADOS) MARCOS JUNJI KITAURA Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências, Câmpus de Botucatu, UNESP, para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica); Área de concentração: Morfologia e Diversidade de Plantas; Linha de pesquisa: Taxonomia, Florística e Ecologia. BOTUCATU – SP - 2012 - 2 UNESP – UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA CAMPUS BOTUCATU INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS ESTUDO TAXONÔMICO DE LEPTOGIUM (ACH.) S.F. GRAY (COLLEMATACEAE, FUNGOS LIQUENIZADOS) MARCOS JUNJI KITAURA DR. MARCELO PINTO MARCELLI ORIENTADOR Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências, Câmpus de Botucatu, UNESP, para obtenção do título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica); Área de concentração: Morfologia e Diversidade de Plantas; Linha de pesquisa: Taxonomia, Florística e Ecologia. BOTUCATU – SP - 2012 - 3 FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA ELABORADA PELA SEÇÃO DE AQUIS. E TRAT. DA INFORMAÇÃO DIVISÃO TÉCNICA DE BIBLIOTECA E DOCUMENTAÇÃO - CAMPUS DE BOTUCATU - UNESP BIBLIOTECÁRIA RESPONSÁVEL: ROSEMEIRE APARECIDA VICENTE Kitaura, Marcos Junji. Estudos taxonômicos de Leptogium (Ach.) S.F. Gray (Collemataceae, fungos liquenizados) / Marcos Junji Kitaura. – Botucatu : [s.n.], 2012 Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Instituto de Biociências Orientador: Marcelo Pinto Marcelli Capes: 40101002 1. Lichens. 2. Taxonomia vegetal. Palavras-chave: Córtex; Liquens gelatinosos; Paraplectênquima; Taxonomia. i Dedico Ao Sr. Satoru Fujimoto (in memorian) ii Agradecimentos À Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP n° do protocolo 2008/51072-3) pela bolsa concedida; À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) pela bolsa concedida durante os três primeiros meses do doutorado; Ao Dr. Marcelo Pinto Marcelli pela orientação e por todo o incentivo nos estudos dos liquens “gelatinosos”; À Profª. Drª. Agnes Elisete Luchi que sempre esteve presente na minha formação e por disponibilizar o seu tempo para boas discussões e conversas; À Profª Drª. Silvia Rodrigues Machado pela ajuda na aquisição de material de consumo, disponibilizar equipamentos de microscopia e coordenar o estágio docência; Aos curadores dos herbários de B, BM, CANL, COLO, DUKE, E, F, FI, FLAS, G, GB, H, L, M, MEL, MICH, NY, OSC, OXF, S, TUR, U, UPS, W, WIS, WTU, que gentilmente enviaram o material para o estudo; Ao curador de liquens Dr. Anders Nordin por me receber e disponibilizar uma sala de estudo na Universidade de Uppsala; Ao curador Dr. Seppo Huhtinen por disponibilizar os equipamentos e o herbário da Universidade de Turku; À curadora Drª. Lenna Myllys e ao Dr. Teuvo Ahti pela cordialidade e simpatia durante a visita no Herbário de Helsinki; Aos curadores do Herbário FH, LINN e FI pelas imagens enviadas dos tipos que foram solicitados; Às Profª Drª. Silvia Rodrigues Machado e Profª Drª. Carmen Silva Fernandes Boaro por acreditarem nos estudos de liquens no curso de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Botânica); Aos professores Dr. Jefferson Prado, Drª. Anne Lígia Dokkedal Bosqueiro, Dr Robert Lücking, Dr. Rodrigo Augusto Santinelo Pereira, Dr. Tarciso S. Filgueiras que muito comtribuiram na minha formação de botânico e taxonomista; Aos pesquisadores e funcionários do Núcleo de Pesquisa em Micologia, Drª. Adriana M. Gugliotta, Drª. Carmem L. A. Pires-Zotarelli, Drª. Iracema H. Schoenlein-Crusius, Dr. José Ivanildo de Souza, Drª. Marina Capelari, Dr. Michel N. Benatti e Drª. Rosely A. Piccolo Grandi, Drª. Vera M. V. Vitali, Sra. Rose, Sra. Marli, Marcela e Cecília pelos bons momentos de convivência. iii Aos colegas da Seção de Micologia, M. Sc. Fernanda K., M. Sc. Maíra, Jadison, Poliana, Camila, Drª. Carolina e M. Sc. Nelson Jr. pela companhia durante os almoços e os momentos de descontração; Aos responsáveis pelo Parque Nacional do Itatiaia, Parque Nacional do Caparaó, Reserva Particular de Patrimônio Natural do Santuário do Caraça, Reserva Municipal de Monte Verde e das propriedades particulares visitadas de Lima Duarte e São Thomé das Letras, que permitiram a coleta de material botânico; Ao Instituto Florestal, que permitiu a coleta no Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão e Parque Estadual dos Mananciais de Campos do Jordão; Aos amigos do Instituto de Botânica, Drª. Juçara Bordin e M. Sc. Priscila Silva, Dr. Denilson Peralta, Drª Regina Hirai pelos momentos felizes que passamos juntos; Aos amigos do Grupo de Estudos Liquenológicos, Drª Patrícia Jungbluth, M. Sc. Iane Cunha, Drª. Luciana Canêz, Profª Janaína Santos, Dr. Adriano Spielmann e Drª Suzana Barbosa pelas discussões, intercâmbio de bibliografias e carinho; Às amigas e colegas da Seção de Anatomia, Drª Andrea, M. Sc. Barbara, M. Sc. Fernanda T., pelas conversas nos corredores; Às pesquisadoras do Instituto de Botânico, Drª Olga Yano e Drª Célia Sant´Anna, pelo apoio e dúvidas esclarecidas que foram aparecendo durante o doutorado; Aos meus amigos do peito: Toshio Okagawa, Daniele Okuma, Fábio Nakano, Fernando Shigeno, Kely Wakue, Ricardo Nakaya, Miyuki Inoue, Claudio, Cássia e Kenzo Shigueno e Airton e Catia Fujimoto quero dizer muito obrigado. Vocês sabem que também podem contar comigo; À família Kitaura: Ricardo, Letícia, Agnes, Carlos, Teresa, Fabiana, André, Alessandra, Rodrigo Ando, Lírio, Emília (in memorian), Lilia e Guilherme, Vanessa, Kaio e Júlia Otiai muito obrigado pelo apoio; À família Fujimoto, Satoshi, Helena, Rodrigo e Fausto, que estiveram sempre torcendo por mim; À minha Sueli Inoue, por seu amor e carinho em todos os momentos. Marcos Junji Kitaura iv KITAURA, M.J. ESTUDOS TAXONÔMICOS DE LEPTOGIUM (ACH.) S.F. GRAY (COLLEMATACEAE, FUNGOS LIQUENIZADOS). 2012. 249P. TESE (DOUTORADO), INSTITUTO DE BIOCIÊNCIAS, UNESP – UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL PAULISTA, BOTUCATU. RESUMO – O objetivo inicial deste trabalho foi reconhecer as espécies de Leptogium (Ach.) S.F. Gray coletadas na Serra da Mantiqueira, grupo de Collemataceae que foi criado em 1810 como subgrupo de Collema Weber ex F.H. Wigg., antes de ser elevado a gênero em 1825. Espécies de Leptogium foram descritas desde os primeiros trabalhos sobre liquens, mas ainda não existe uma revisão das espécies. Mais de 470 nomes são citados no Index Fungorum e muitos apresentam apenas a descrição original, que na maioria das vezes é demasiadamente curta e insuficiente para distinguir as espécies atualmente existentes. Os poucos autores que estudaram o gênero se basearam em conjuntos diferentes de características e empregaram palavras diferentes para uma mesma estrutura e vice-versa e produziram; conseqüentemente, descrições que não podem ser comparadas para a distinção das espécies, o que causou grande confusão na identificação de táxons em todo mundo; entre as conseqüências desse estado de coisas está o fato de muitas espécies serem consideradas pantropicais ou cosmopolitas quando, na realidade, são de distribuição bastante restrita. Para a produção de descrições detalhadas e padronizadas que pudessem ser efetivamente comparadas e que pode diferenciar com eficiência todos os táxons de Leptogium foi, então, desenvolvido um protocolo básico de estudos que implicou na medição, análise e descrição de todas as características morfológicas e anatômicas citadas na literatura, adicionadas de várias nunca utilizadas. Isso também implicou na necessidade de padronização e criação de terminologia mais exata para a descrição das várias estruturas presentes no gênero. Foi introduzido o termo colar lamelar para descrever os lóbulos de L. mantiqueirense Kitaura & Marcelli na margem do apotécio, que apresentam as bases fundidas e se diferenciam dos lóbulos presentes na margem do apotécio de L. digitatum (A. Massal.) Zahlbr., que apresentam a base constrita e também os termos coloplectenquimático e escleroplectenquimático para descrever diferentes tipos de tecidos encontrados nos apotécios de Leptogium. A superfície do talo é influenciada pela organização e quantidade das hifas colunares presentes na matriz gelatinosa; os talos lisos geralmente apresentam hifas colunares curtas, retas a inclinadas, enquanto os talos rugosos não apresentam hifas colunares ou, quando presentes, são longas e sinuosas. Também, os talos que apresentam a superfície lisa tem uma espessa camada de tecido paraplectenquimático no anfitécio, enquanto a camada espessada de tecido paraplectenquimático é sub-himenial nas espécies com superfície rugosa. Muitos tipos foram solicitados como empréstimo para o estudo e todos descritos através do protocolo, que se v mostrou altamente eficiente e revelou que muitas das espécies encontradas no Brasil e para as quais têm sido aplicados nomes tradicionais de táxons tidos como pantropicais e são na realidade espécies novas. Também, vários nomes tidos como sinônimos tiveram que ser considerados boas espécies e alguns nomes jamais comparados passaram e ser sinônimos. No total, foram estudados 118 tipos de 87 táxons de Leptogium. Para o Brasil, Leptogium subjuressianum Marcelli & Kitaura, L. subjuressianum var. caparoense Kitaura & Marcelli e L. mantiqueirense Kitaura & Marcelli são táxons descritos como novos. Como resultado direto do estudo dos tipos, Leptogium nylanderi Kitaura & Marcelli foi proposto como nome novo; as combinações novas Leptogium dactylinoideum (Nyl.) Kitaura & Marcelli, L. dactylinoideum var. macrocarpum (Nyl.) Marcelli & Kitaura, L. microlobum (Vain.) Marcelli & Kitaura e Leptogium obscuratum (Vain.) Marcelli & Kitaura são propostas; Leptogium brasiliense
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