DOCSLIB.ORG

Leaf-Fruit Relationship in Kiwifruit (Actinidia Deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang Et A.R. Ferguson)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Leaf-Fruit Relationship in Kiwifruit (Actinidia Deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang Et A.R. Ferguson) Copyright is owned by the Author of the thesis. Permission is given for a copy to be downloaded by an individual for the purpose of research and private study only. The thesis may not be reproduced elsewhere without the permission of the Author. LEAF-FRUIT RELATIONSHIP IN KIYIFRUIT (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson) A thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Plan t Phy iology s at Massey University, Palmers ton North New Zealand Robert Lai 1987 TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Abs tract . vii Acknowledgements x List of Tables . xi List of Figures . xv List of Plates . xx GENERAL INTRODUCTION . 1 1. GENERAL MATERIALS AND METHODS. 4 1.1 Plan t Ma terial 4 1.2 Plant Growth Envi ronment and Cultural Conditions . 6 1.3 Collection of Leaf Data . 8 1.4 Collect ion of Fruit Data. 11 4 1.5 1 C Me thod ... 13 1.6 Data Analysis 20 2. KIWIFRUIT LEAF PHYSIOLOGY . 21 2.1 Introduction. 21 2.2 Experiment 2A 27 2.2.1 Introduction 27 2.2.2 Materials and Methods . 27 2.2.3 Results. 28 2.3 Experiment 2B . 33 2.3.1 Introduction 33 2.3.2 Materials and Methods . 34 2.3.3 Results. 37 2.4 Experiment 2C . 53 2.4.1 Introduction 53 2.4.2 Materials and Methods . 53 2.4.3 Results ....... 54 ii Page 2.5 Discussion . 56 2.5.1 Kiwifruit Leaf Growth. 56 2.5.2 Light Responses and Shade Effects. 58 2.5.3 Temperature Responses . 60 2.5.4 Light and Temperature Interactions 62 2.5.5 Acclimation to Temperature . 64 2.5.6 Male and Female Photosyn thesis . 66 2.5.7 Effect of Frui t Sinks on Leaf Photosynthesis 67 3. FRUIT DEVELOPMENT . 69 3.1 Introduction. 69 3.2 Experimen t 3A 73 3.2.1 Introduction 73 3.2.2 Materials and Methods . 73 3.3 Results 76 3.4 Discussion . 84 3 ... 1 Kiwifruit Growth Pattern 84 3.4.2 Fruit Growth Stages . 86 3.4.3 Frui t Dry \Jeight . 86 4. FACTORS AFFECTING FRUIT SINK STRENGTH . 88 4.1 Introduction. 88 4.2 Experimen t 4A 94 4.2.1 Introduction . 94 4.2.2 Materials and Methods. 95 4.2.3 Results. 99 4.3 Experiment 4B 109 4.3.1 Introduction 109 4.3.2 Materials and Methods . 109 4.3.3 Results. 112 4.4 Experiment 4C 123 4.4.1 Introduction 123 4.4.2 Materials and Methods . 123 4.4-: 3 Results. 125 iii Page 4.5 Discussion ......... 131 4.5.1 Interfruit Competit ion 131 4.5.2 Long and Short Shoots. 133 4.5.3 Fruit Pedicel Diameter 136 4.5.4 Effect of Time of Flower Anthesis. 136 5. ASSIMILATE SUPPLY FROM SOURCE LEAVES ON A FRUITING SHOOT 141 5.1 Introduction . 141 5.2 Experiment 5A 147 5.2.1 Introduction 147 5.2.2 Materials and Methods . 147 5.2.3 Results. 148 5.3 Experiment 5B . .. 150 5.3.1 Introduction . 150 5.3.2 Materials and Methods . 151 5.3.3 Resul ts. 151 5.4 Experiment 5C . 153 5.4.1 Introduction 153 5.4.2 Materials and Methods. 154 5.4.3 Results. 157 5.5 Discussion . 163 5.5.1 The Source Leaf. 163 5.5.2 Direction of Assimilate Translocation. 164 5.5.3 Sectorised Transport in the Fruit ing Lateral 165 5.5.4 Effects of Pruning on Assimilate Distribution. 166 6. SOURCES OF ASSIMILATE SUPPLY OUTSIDE THE FRUITING SHOOT . 168 6.1 Introduction. 168 6.2 Experiment 6A 171 6.2.1 Introduction 171 6.2.2 Materials and Methods . 171 6.2.3 Results. 174 6.3 Experimen t 6B ; . ' . ' 182 6.3.1 Introduction . 182 6.3.2 Materials and Methods. 183 6.3.3 Results ....... 189 iv Page 6.4 Experiment 6C .. .. .. 194 6.4.1 Introduction .... 194 6.4.2 Materials and Methods. 194 6.4.3 Results. 195 6.5 Discussion ... 200 6.5.1 Effect of Vege tative Shoots. 200 6.5.2 Leaf-Fruit Ratios .. 201 6.5.3 Effect of Sink Strength on Assimilate Translocation. 203 6.5.4 Dependence on Curren t Photosynthesis . 204 7. LEAF EFFECTS ON FRUIT GROWTH 205 7.1 Introduction . 205 7.2 Experimen t 7A . 208 7.2.1 Introduction 208 7.2.2 Materials and Methods . 209 7.2.3 Results. 214 7.3 Experimen t 7B . 239 7.3.1 Introduction 239 7.3.2 Materials and Methods . 239 7.3.3 Results. 240 7.4 Discussion . 244 7.4.1 Vine Performance 244 7.4.2 Leaf Inhibitory Effect 246 7.4.3 Time of Pruning .... 249 7.4.4 Effect of Shoot Regrowth 250 7.4.5 Shoot Fruit Numbers and Fruit Size 251 8. LEAF-FRUIT RATIO AND FRUIT GROWTH . 253 8.1 Introduction. 253 8.2 Experiment 8A 255 8.2.1 Introduction 255 8.2.2 Materials and Methods . 255 8.2.3 Results ....... 256 v Page 8.3 Experiment 8B ....... 268 8.3.1 Int roduction .... 268 8.3.2 Materials and Methods . 268 8.3.3 Results. 269 8.4 Discussion ... 274 8.4.1 Effect of Girdling 274 8.4.2 Leaf-Fruit Ratios .. 276 8.4.3 Interfrui t Competition 278 9. GENERAL DISCUSSION ............. 280 9.1 Canopy Establishmen t and Photosynthesis 280 9.2 Shade and Temperature Effects on Pho tosynthesis . 282 9.3 Effects of the Presence of Frui ts on Photosynthesis 283 9.4 Sources of Assimilate Supply to Fruits . 284 9.S Flexibili ty in Assimilate Translocation . 286 9.6 Fruit Development and Seed Number ..... 287 9.7 Effects of Pre-An thesis Factors on Fruit Size 288 9.8 Leaf-Fruit Ra tios .......... 290 9.9 Leaf Inhibitory Effects on Fruit Growth 292 9.10 Interfruit Competition. 293 CONCLUSION . 296 BIBLIOGRAPHY 299 vi ABSTRACT Net photosynthe tic rates of kiwi fruit (Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev. ) C.F. Liang et A.R. Ferguson) leaves were lowered by as much as 50 % of ligh t saturated rates when the vines were shaded to half the ligh t satura ting level (280 uE m-2 S-1). The pho tosynthetic response also showed a broad temperature optimum around 20 C. Vines wh ich were grown in 10 or 30 C conditions acclimatised rapidly when they were transferred to a 20 C growth temperature, and adjusted their photosynthetic rates within 24 days . Fruit growth in the kiwifruit was dependen t on current phot osynthates . Only negligible amounts of 1 4 C-label, which accumulated in the stems and roots of the vines from the previous season, were remobilized to support fruit growth. Kiwifruit leaves exported 1 4 C-assimilate when they were 60 % of full expansion , or 40 days from emergence . The principal source leaves which supplied the frui ts were the leaves which sub tended the fruits. On an intact shoot system , each subtending leaf supplied as much as 62 % of their total 1 4 C-assimilate exclusively to its own fruit. The fruit also received smaller amounts of 1 4 C-assimilate from some distal leaves via vascular connections wh ich linked at vii least, the n, n+5 , and n+8 nodes . However , this pat tern of 1 4 C translocation was altered when the frui ting shoot was pruned. Each fruit then received supplies of 1 4 C-assimilate from every distal leaf, plus an increased amount (78 % of total leaf 1 4 C) from its subtending leaf . The minimum leaf-fruit ratio to support normal fruit growth lies between 0.83:1 (86 cm2 ) and 1.7:1 (173 cm2 ). A shortfall in the supply of assimilate wi thin a fruiting shoot below this ratio was readily me t by surplus 14 C-assimilate from source leaves on adj acent fruit ing or non-fruiting shoots, up to 8 nodes distance away . It Vas probably because of this flexibility in the translocation of assimilate that kiwifruit leaves did not show any photosynthetic response to increased fruit demand for carbohydrate. Bo th fruit ing and non-fruit ing shoots had similar maxi mum photosynthetic rates - 2 - 1 of about 657 ugC02 m S . The fruit growth of a kiwifrui t, as determined by fruit volume or fresh weight, followed a double sigmoid pattern. Increases in frui t dry weight however were linear throughout the growth period . Final fruit sizes were partly determined by pre-anthesis fac tors , although vine management practices and pollination also had a significant influence on fruit growth. Fruits which developed from early flowers were as much as 31g larger than those from late flowers . The early viii flowers had bigger ovaries and were found on strong, vigorous shoots, which were mostly long shoots. It was also found that fruits produced on long shoots contained more viable seeds so tha t they carried larger fruits than those on short shoots, even though both developed from flowers with the same day of anthesis . The early stage of fruit growth on a fruit ing shoot was inhibited by large leaf numbers greater than 8 distal leaves , but this effect was diminished on vines older than 5 years . However, there was no effect of frui t number on fruit size wi thin a frui t ing shoot. Frui ts wi th similar numbers of seeds developed in synchrony wi th each other , whereas fruits with lower seed numbers were inhibited by those with higher seed numbers at adj acent positions .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • No Slide Title
    Birds Netting is an effective Sunburn of Clusters way to protect against bird damage Usually caused by clusters suddenly Early sunburn becoming exposed to sun due to loss (or Late sunburn removal) of leaves during hot weather Kiwiberries & kiwifruit Kiwiberries Actinidia arguta • Adapted to most regions of Oregon • Cold hardy; does need protection from frost in spring • Fruit vine ripen • Small fruit with tropical flavor notes • Skin is edible • Separate male and female plants (except some self- fertility for ‘Issai’) • Prune using same methods as kiwifruit Kiwiberry cultivars “Fuzzy” Kiwifruit Actinidia deliciosa Hayward Issai Ananasnaya • Adapted to warmer regions of western Oregon • Vine needs 225 to 240 frost-free days • Only hardy to 10o F • Very late (doesn’t vine ripen) • Pick just before heavy fall frost Ken’s Red • Large fruit. Skin covered with brown “fuzz” • Good, sweet flavor when ripened • Prune using same methods as kiwiberries Unripe vine ripe Dr. Bernadine Strik, Oregon State University 31 Cordons and Canes Cane Trunk & head of vine • Cordons are permanent parts of the vine • Plants are naturally supporting spurs or vining and are ideally fruiting canes trained to a single • Two cordons per vine trunk Cordon common in all training Head • Kiwifruit vines live for a systems long time so the trunk • Canes are “one-year-old” can get very large in – shoots that grew last diameter Trunk year • The “head” of the vine • Buds will be evident on is at the top of the these one-year-old canes trunk • Canes are selected and Dormant
    [Show full text]
  • Techniques for Detecting Actinidia Resistance to Leafrollers
    Horticultural Insects 51 TECHNIQUES FOR DETECTING ACTINIDIA RESISTANCE TO LEAFROLLERS C.E. MCKENNA1, S.J. DOBSON1 and P.G. CONNOLLY2 1HortResearch, No. 1 Rd., RD2, Te Puke, New Zealand 2HortResearch, Private Bag 92169, Auckland, New Zealand Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Hayward and Hort16A kiwifruit are susceptible to attack by the brownheaded leafroller (BHLR), Ctenopseustis obliquana, but the incidence and severity of damage to Hayward can be twice that of Hort16A. Three bioassay techniques were tested for their ability to detect differences in the relative susceptibility of the two kiwifruit cultivars to BHLR larvae. No differences were detected when larvae were reared on artificial diets containing Hayward or Hort16A plant material. Signifi­ cantly more larvae survived when reared on Hayward versus Hort16A leaf discs. Caging larvae onto leaves and fruit resulted in significantly more damage to Hayward compared with Hort16A. Measuring larval survival after 21 days on leaf discs, or the incidence and severity of damage caused by larvae caged on leaves or fruit, are both potential techniques for screening Actinidia plant material for resistance to leafrollers. Keywords: leafrollers, kiwifruit, host plant resistance, selection tools. INTRODUCTION Leafroller caterpillars (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) are the most damaging pests of kiwifruit in New Zealand. At least six species of leafroller can be found on kiwifruit vines including the brownheaded leafrollers (BHLR), Ctenopseustis obliquana (Walker) and C. herana (Felder and Rogenhofer); the greenheaded leafrollers (GHLR), Planotortrix excessana (Walker) and P. octo Dugdale; the black­lyre leafroller (BLLR), Cnephasia jactatana (Walker); and the lightbrown apple moth (LBAM), Epiphyas postvittana (Walker). All species are endemic with the exception of LBAM.
    [Show full text]
  • Actinidia Deliciosa (Fuzzy Kiwifruit, Mangüeyo) Kiwi Grows on a Climbing Vigorous Fast Growing Vine
    Actinidia deliciosa (Fuzzy Kiwifruit, mangüeyo) Kiwi grows on a climbing vigorous fast growing vine. The plant has a hairy large cordate leaf. Female and male plants are separate so for fruit production both have to planted for pollination. General the ratio is 1 male to every 5 female . The vine need special trellises , arbors or any other object to climb on. Many time they use an other tree as a trellis. In order to receive fruit the plant needs a minimum of 500 chilling hour. Landscape Information French Name: Kiwi, Groseille de Chine ﻛﻴﻮﻱ (ﻧﺒﺎﺕ) :Arabic Name Plant Type: Vine Origin: China Heat Zones: 7, 8, 9 Hardiness Zones: 7, 8, 9 Uses: Espalier, Edible, Facade, Trellis Size/Shape Growth Rate: Fast Tree Shape: Spreading Canopy Symmetry: Irregular Plant Image Canopy Density: Open Canopy Texture: Coarse Height at Maturity: 5 to 8 m Time to Ultimate Height: 5 to 10 Years Actinidia deliciosa (Fuzzy Kiwifruit, mangüeyo) Botanical Description Foliage Leaf Arrangement: Alternate Leaf Venation: Pinnate Leaf Persistance: Deciduous Leaf Type: Simple Leaf Blade: 5 - 10 cm Leaf Shape: Cordate Leaf Margins: Terminal Spine, Ciliate Leaf Textures: Hairy Leaf Scent: No Fragance Color(growing season): Green Color(changing season): Brown Flower Image Flower Flower Showiness: True Flower Size Range: 7 - 10 Flower Type: Solitary Flower Sexuality: Diecious (Monosexual) Flower Color: White Seasons: Spring, Summer Fruit Fruit Type: Berry Fruit Showiness: True Fruit Size Range: 7 - 10 Fruit Colors: Green, Brown Seasons: Spring, Summer Actinidia deliciosa
    [Show full text]
  • Actinidia Deliciosa
    Actinidia deliciosa Actinidia deliciosa, Fuzzy Kiwifruit or mangüeyo is a fruiting vine native to southern China, the fruit of which has been declared the national fruit of that country. Other species of Actinidia are also found in China and range east to Japan and north into southeastern Siberia. This species grows naturally at altitudes between 600 and 2,000 m. 1 Description and ecology Actinidia deliciosa is a vigorous, woody, twining vine or climbing shrub reaching 9 m.[1] The black-lyre leafroller moth (“Cnephasia” jactatana) is one of the few commercially significant pests of this plant. 1.1 Leaves Flower Male and female flowers appear on different plants (dioe- cious), and both sexes have to be planted in close prox- imity for fruit set. Bees are normally used by commercial orchards, although the more labour-intensive hand polli- nation is sometimes employed. Male flowers are gathered and processed to extract their pollen. This is then sprayed back on to the female flowers. 1.3 Fruits Main article: Kiwifruit The oblong fruits are up to 6.25 cm long. The russet- Foliage Its leaves are alternate, long-petioled, deciduous, oval to nearly circular, cordate at the base, and 7.5–12.5 cm long. Young leaves are coated with red hairs; mature leaves are dark-green and hairless on the upper surface, and downy- white with prominent, light-colored veins beneath.[1] 1.2 Flowers The flowers are fragrant, dioecious or unisexual, borne singly or in threes in the leaf axils, are five- to six-petalled, white at first, changing to buff-yellow, 2.5–5 cm broad, and both sexes have central tufts of many stamens, though those of the female flowers with no viable pollen.[1] The A kiwifruit cut in cross-section flowers also lack nectar.
    [Show full text]
  • Actinidia (Mini Kiwi) Fruit Quality in Relation to Summer Cutting
    agronomy Article Actinidia (Mini Kiwi) Fruit Quality in Relation to Summer Cutting Monika Figiel-Kroczy ´nska 1, Ireneusz Ochmian 1,* , Sabina Lachowicz 2 , Marcelina Krupa-Małkiewicz 3, Jacek Wróbel 4 and Renata Gamrat 5 1 Department of Horticulture, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Słowackiego 17 Street, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland; monika.fi[email protected] 2 Department of Fermentation and Cereals Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmo´nskiego37 Street, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland; [email protected] 3 Department of Genetic, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Słowackiego 17 Street, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland; [email protected] 4 Department of Bioengineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Słowackiego 17 Street, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland; [email protected] 5 Department of Environmental Management, West Pomeranian University of Technology Szczecin, Słowackiego 17 Street, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Recently, there has been a trend towards healthy food. Consumers are looking for products that have health-promoting properties in addition to their taste. Actinidia fruit, apart from being tasty, contains valuable macro and micronutrients, vitamins, polyphenols and pectins. Tested cultivar Sientiabrskaja belong to Actinidia arguta and cultivars Geneva, Issai and Ken’s Red to A. kolomitka. Citation: Figiel-Kroczy´nska,M.; They well tolerate conditions of moderate climate with negative temperatures in winter. To improve Ochmian, I.; Lachowicz, S.; fruit quality, an additional summer pruning of the plants was performed at the time of ripening. Krupa-Małkiewicz, M.; Wróbel, J.; After the second additional cutting of Actinidia shoots, an increase in the content of N, P and K Gamrat, R.
    [Show full text]
  • Hardy Kiwi, and Actinidia Deliciosa, the Fuzzy Kiwi
    Growing kiwifruit can be an easy, exciting adventure with an abundant, delicious reward. Before embarking on this adventure, one must plan ahead for a sturdy support system and be willing to do some annual pruning. FRUIT: There are two main types of kiwi. Actinidia arguta, the hardy kiwi, and Actinidia deliciosa, the fuzzy kiwi. In general, both types require two plants of the same species, a male and a female, for pollination. Both plants produce flowers, but only the female will produce fruit. There are self-fertile varieties of each species which yield fewer, often smaller fruits. A. arguta has small, smooth skinned fruit and can withstand -25˚ F. Fruits of the hardy kiwi can ripen on the vine in late fall. A. deliciosa has larger, brown, fuzzy fruits and can withstand 10- 15˚ F (they can survive 0˚ F with freezing damage). The fruit does not ripen on the vine in our climate and should be harvested after the first hard frost in Nov. or Dec. and ripened in cool storage. There is also a third type, the Arctic Kiwi, A. kolomikta, which produces small, smooth skinned fruit and withstands –40˚ F. CARE: The first years of establishing a strong root system are critical for success. Three important elements include warm soil, soil nutrients, and ample water. A site that is full sun with well drained soil is best for arguta and deliciosa varieties. Kiwi vines are brittle so they should be kept out of strong winds. Vines should be planted 10 feet apart or trained to grow in opposite directions.
    [Show full text]
  • De Novo Transcriptome Sequencing in Kiwifruit (Actinidia Chinensis Var
    agronomy Article De Novo Transcriptome Sequencing in Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa (A Chev) Liang et Ferguson) and Development of Tissue-Specific Transcriptomic Resources Juan Alfonso Salazar 1,* , Cristian Vergara-Pulgar 2,3, Claudia Jorquera 4, Patricio Zapata 4 , David Ruiz 1, Pedro Martínez-Gómez 1 , Rodrigo Infante 4 and Claudio Meneses 2,3 1 Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box 164, E-30100 Murcia, Espinardo, Spain; [email protected] (D.R.); [email protected] (P.M.-G.) 2 Centro de Biotecnología Vegetal, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, República 217, Santiago 8370146, Chile; [email protected] (C.V.-P.); [email protected] (C.M.) 3 FONDAP Center for Genome Regulation, República 217, Santiago 8370371, Chile 4 Departamento de Producción Agrícola, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 8820000, Chile; [email protected] (C.J.); [email protected] (P.Z.); [email protected] (R.I.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis var. deliciosa (A Chev) Liang et Ferguson) is a sub-tropical vine species from the Actinidiaceae family native to China. This species has an allohexaploid genome (from diploid and autotetraploid parents), contained in 174 chromosomes producing a climacteric and fleshy fruit called kiwifruit. Currently, only a small body of transcriptomic and proteomic Citation: Salazar, J.A.; data are available for A. chinensis var. deliciosa. In this low molecular knowledge context, the Vergara-Pulgar, C.; Jorquera, C.; main goal of this study is to construct a tissue-specific de novo transcriptome assembly, generating Zapata, P.; Ruiz, D.; Martínez-Gómez, differential expression analysis among these specific tissues, to obtain new useful transcriptomic P.; Infante, R.; Meneses, C.
    [Show full text]
  • Kiwifruit, a Botany, Chemical and Sensory Approach a Review
    Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research Review Article Open Access Kiwifruit, a botany, chemical and sensory approach a review Abstract Volume 8 Issue 6 - 2018 The kiwi is a fruit with a great agricultural, botanical, and economic interest. Teresa Pinto, Alice Vilela Originally from China, this species is currently widespread in practically all the Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os- world, due to the high nutritional value of the fruits, excellent organoleptic qualities Montes and Alto Douro, Portugal besides therapeutic benefits in the health. The most common kiwifruit species grown commercially is Actinidia deliciosa even though many varieties of this fruit are Correspondence: T Pinto, University of Trás-os-Montes and produced by other cultivars or by another kind of plants, such as Actinidia chinensis Alto Douro, Biology and Environment Department, Centre and the Actinidia kolomikta or the Actinidia argute. Although there are many varieties for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and in this species, the A. deliciosa Hayward cultivar is the most popular variety marketed Biological Sciences (CITAB), 5001 801 Vila Real, Portugal, commercially. Kiwifruits contain aromatic compounds able to attract consumers due Email to their palatability. The esters, ethyl butanoate and methyl benzoate and the aldehyde E-2-hexenal, were shown to increase “characteristic kiwifruit aroma and flavor”. All Received: July 04, 2018 | Published: November 17, 2018 these characteristics are appreciated by the kiwi-consumers. Several preservation techniques have now been used to augment kiwi shelf life, including cold storage, chemical dipping, modified atmosphere packaging and edible coatings, making it possible for the consumers to enjoin the fruit all the year.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review on Actinidia Deliciosa
    ISSN 2395-3411 Available online at www.ijpacr.com 103 ______________________________________________________________Review Article A Review on Actinidia deliciosa Tripthi Saliyan1*, Mahammad Shakheel B2*, Satish S3 and Karunakara Hedge4 Department of Pharmacology, Srinivas College of Pharmacy, Valachil, Post Parengipete, Mangalore-574143, Karnataka, India. _________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT Actinidia deliciosa is also known as chinese gooseberry, Actinidia deliciosa, yangtao, etc in China and consists of 55-60 species. The genus Actinidia plant is widely distributed on the Asian continent. Actinidia deliciosa fruit has been acclaimed for its native and medicinal values. It contains several phytoconstituents belonging to category of triterpenoids, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, quinones and steroids. It has been used as mild laxative and a rich source of vitamins. Keywords: Actinidia deliciosa, Anti inflammatory, antioxidant, hepato protective, anti cancer, anti diabetic, dermatology. INTRODUCTION Morphological Description: Botanical Description: Actinidia deliciosa is Foliage: The large, deep green, leathery leaves assigned under systematic scientific are oval to nearly circular. Its leaves are classification based on its taxonomical status1. alternate, long-petioled, deciduous, oval to nearly circular, cordate at the base, 7.5-12.5 cm Kingdom Plantae long. Young leaves are coated with red hairs; Division Magnoliophyta mature leaves are dark-green and hairless on Class Magnoliopsida the upper surface, downy-white with prominent, Sub class Magnoliidae 3 Order Ericales light-colored veins beneath. Super order Asteranae Family Actinidiaceae Genus Actinidia Species Actinidia deliciosa Botanical name Actinidia deliciosa Growth Habit: In the forests where it is native, the plant is a vigorous, woody, twining vine or climbing shrub. It is not unusual for a healthy vine to cover an area 10 to 15 feet wide, 18 to 24 feet long and 9 to 12 feet high.
    [Show full text]
  • Kiwifruit.Pdf
    RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ORGANIC FOOD PRODUCTION IN NEW ZEALAND: Part 2, Kiwifruit in the Bay of Plenty HUGH CAMPBELL JOHN FAIRWEATHER DAVID STEVEN August 1997 Studies in Rural Sustainability Research Report No. 2 Department of Anthropology, University of Otago i Published by Department of Anthropology, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin, New Zealand. 1997 Phone 03 479 8751. Fax 03 479 9095. Email: [email protected] ISBN 0-9597911-7-5 Studies in Rural Sustainability Research reports 1. Recent Developments in Organic Food Production in New Zealand: Part 1, Organic food exporting in Canterbury. H. Campbell 1996 2. Recent Developments in Organic Food Production in New Zealand: Part 2, Kiwifruit in the Bay of Plenty. H. Campbell, J. Fairweather & D. Steven 1997 ii Kiwigreen and organic fruit in the Contents marketplace ............................................................... 32 Conclusion – Kiwigreen and organics ................... 33 Authors’ Preface ....................................................... iv Chapter four: Grower Decision Making............... 34 Acknowledgements .................................................. iv Methods ..................................................................... 34 Results........................................................................ 36 Chapter one: Introduction ........................................ 1 Analysis of decision making ................................... 36 The Study Region: why Bay of Plenty? ................... 1 Grower Opinions .....................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Actinidia Deliciosa
    OCHRONA ŚRODOWISKA I ZASOBÓW NATURALNYCH VOL. 24, NO 4(58): 51–54 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AND NATURAL RESOURCES 2013 DOI 10.2478/oszn-2013-0044 Iwona Jesion*, Maria Leontowicz**, Hanna Leontowicz**, Mikołaj Gralak**, Yong-Seo Park***, Shela Gorinstein**** The influence of “Hayward” kiwi fruit (Actinidia deliciosa) from organic and conventional cultivations on the content of some trace elements in the rat kidneys and assessment of copper, manganese and zinc bioavailability Wpływ owoców kiwi “Hayward” (Actinidia deliciosa) z upraw ekologicznej i konwencjonalnej na zawartość niektórych mikroelementów w nerkach szczura i ocena biodostępności manganu, miedzi i cynku *Dr inż. Iwona Jesion, Department of Biology of Animal Environment, ***Prof. dr hab. Yong-Seo Park, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Mokpo Faculty of Animal Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Ciszew- National University, Muan Jeonnam 534-729, South Korea, skiego 8 St., 02-786 Warsaw, Poland, Phone: +48 22 5936612, E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] ****Prof. dr hab. Shela Gorinstein, The Institute for Drug Research, School of **Dr Maria Leontowicz, prof. dr hab. Hanna Leontowicz, prof. dr hab. Pharmacy, Hadassah Medical School, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mikołaj Gralak, Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Veteri- Jerusalem 91120, Israel, E-mail: [email protected] nary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159 St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland, Phone: +48 22 5936264, +48 22 5936269, +48 22 5936245, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Keywords: “Hayward” kiwifruit, organic and conventional cultivation, copper, zinc, manganese, kidneys, bioavailability, rats Słowa kluczowe: owoce kiwi, uprawa ekologiczna i konwencjonalna, miedź, cynk, mangan, nerki, biodostępność, szczury Abstract Streszczenie The conditions of fruit cultivation may affect their content of some Warunki uprawy owoców mogą mieć wpływ na zawartość w nich mineral elements.
    [Show full text]
  • 140808 MC Recommended Plant List and Signature Trees.Xlsx
    MULLUM CREEK VERSION RECOMMENDED PLANT LIST, FRUIT TREES ENDORSED ISSUE 080814 AND PRODUCTIVE PLANTS Mature plant size1 Plant type Preferred growing conditions Botanical name Common Name Planting and cultivation notes Height Spread Evergreen Deciduous Shade Half Shade Full sun Dry site Moist site Wet site Pome fruit trees Amelanchier Serviceberry tree ● Cydonia oblonga Quince 7 - 10m ● ● Cydonia sinensis Chinese Quince 10 - 15m semi ● Malus domestica varieties Domestic Apple ● Mespilus germanica Medlar 4m ● ● ● Pyrus communis Common pear 13m ● ● ● Pyrus pyrifolia Nashi, China Pear ● ● ● Stone fruits Prunus armeniaca Apricot ● ● Prunus domestica European Plum ● ● Prunus persica Peach ● ● Prunus persica var. nucipersica Nectarine ● ● Prunus salicina Japanese Plum ● ● Citrus and similar Citrus aurantifolia Common Lime ● ● ● Citrus aurantium Bitter Orange ● ● ● Citrus latifolia Persian Lime ● ● ● Citrus limon Lemon ● Citrus paradisi Grapefruit ● Citrus reticulata Imperial Mandarin ● Citrus sinensis Sweet Orange 7m 5m ● ● ● Fortunella sp. Kumquat ● Other productive food trees Acca sellowiana Feijoa 4m 4m ● ● ● ● Carica pentagona Mountain PapayA ● Ceratonia siliqua Carob to 10m 10m ● ● Diospyros sp. Persimmon ● Ficus carica Common Fig 3m 5m ● Morus macroura Shahtoot Mulberry ● Morus nigra Black Mulberry 12m 15m ● Musa sp. BananA ● Olea europaea Olive ● Persea americana Avocado ● ● Requires excellent drainage and reliable mositure Psidium littorale var. longipes Strawberry GuavA 3m 3m ● ● ● Punica granatum Pomegranate ● Solanum betaceum Tamarillo
    [Show full text]