Pennies for Your Thoughts Coins, and Their Purchasing Power in the Streets of Victorian Whitechapel

MARCH 10 , 2019 WILLIAM E. HART

Pennies for Your Thoughts: Coins, and Their Purchasing Power in the Streets of Victorian Whitechapel By William E. Hart

On many occasions, I have shown friends a set of four of my 1888 British Pennies, and explained to them how important those four coins, which could pay for a bed in a Doss House for a night, would have been to the “Homeless Unfortunates” who lost their lives trying to beg, borrow, steal or earn them through two-Penny to four-Penny sex; and, I was also able to explain how much Beer or Gin those same coins could buy.

But, I really didn’t know much more about the value and purchasing power of Pennies in the streets of Whitechapel in 1888; so, I started looking for more information, initially for my own education.

What I found surprised me, and, became a much greater undertaking than I ever imagined it would be! That’s also when I realized I had to share what I uncovered with everyone else interested in the topic.

Most of the official information collected on the price of goods in Victorian London, relates to household weekly or annual expenditures; and has very little to do with the products, services, and entertainment purchased, and the prices paid, by those living “on the street,” or sleeping in Doss Houses; so I had to search wherever I could for any mention of the prices paid for individual items.

This list grew, little by little, from my initial plan of a very simple list of Farthing, Half Penny and Penny items, into a far more extensive, two-part list; the first part organized by prices, and the second part, listing everything, fully organized alphabetically for ease in finding items.

One thing became abundantly clear while working on this information, the price and quality for Bathing, a Bed or place to sleep for the night, Beer, Bread, Butter, Coffee, Meals, Meat, Milk, Potatoes, Sex, Soup, and even Tea varied greatly from place to place, and time to time.

Filthy conditions, watered-down drinks, stale bread, old meats, rotten produce, and desperate sex for Doss money could all lower the prices greatly; while much better conditions, undiluted drinks, fresh bread, meats and produce, and far nicer accommodations could easily raise the prices.

It's Human Nature to always try to get the most for the least effort; so, it is easy to imagine that everyone on the streets of Whitechapel knew where and when to get the best deal for anything they needed or wanted at the lowest price. And, they would have stretched their Pennies as far as they could, on a daily basis.

On the topic of Sex, as you will see in this list, I found no new information to add to the well- discussed two-Pence to four-Pence prices; but I must add a personal opinion on the matter. I can’t help believing that most “Working Girls,” those working the streets of Whitechapel in 1888, would have bargained for as much as they could get for their services; and if alcohol was involved, it would have made it even easier to get more money out of their “Clients.” I also believe, that, with Mary Jane Kelly’s youth, private room, and much higher weekly rent than the Doss Houses, she must have been trying to charge higher rates than the four-Pence maximum we usually discuss as being the “normal” full-price for sex. I know that Mary’s rent was 4 Shillings and Six Pence (54 Pence) per week, and that she was 29 Shillings (348 Pence!) in arrears at the time of her death; which means, she, more than anybody else in her position, would truly need to have a higher than average price for her services to pay for her room; if she ever hoped to get out from under the debt that she and Joseph Barnett had accrued before he left her on October 30th..

Please Note: This is intended to be a living document, so, all additions and corrections are welcome. Please send your notes to me at willhart*@*roadrunner*.*com without the asterisks; and I will update this for future releases.

Will Hart 10-March-2019

======Part 1. Penny Items Available to the Inhabitants of Whitechapel in 1888.

Organized by Price:

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For a Farthing (1/4 of a Penny) “a Farthing’sworth”:

Books, Farthing: In Liverpool Street (1 Food: As low as (a Farthing) at the Salvation Farthing). Army West India Dock shelter.

Bread: A one-pound Loaf of Bread for a Matches (1 Farthing). Farthing. Milk (1 Farthing). Butter: A “Farthing’sworth of Butter” (1 Farthing). Plum-cakes: (a Farthing) or (a Half Penny).

Cats Meat: Pieces of Horse Flesh on a Soap: A “Farthing’sworth of Soap” (1 Skewer, two ounces (a Farthing). Farthing).

Farthing Books: In Liverpool Street (1 Sugar: A “Farthing’sworth of Sugar” (1 Farthing). Farthing).

Farthing Dip Candle, A (1 Farthing). Tea: A “Farthing’sworth of Tea” (1 Farthing). Flare-cakes, stuck over freely with Currants, (a Farthing) or (a Half Penny). Vinegar (1 Farthing).

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For a Half Penny, “Halfpenny,” “Ha’pence,” “Ha’Penny,” or “Happence”:

Apples: Sold in “Halfpennys-worth” (Half Candle, A: A “Half Penny Candle” (a Half Penny) or “Penny-worths," at three for a Penny). Penny (1 Penny), and six for (1 Penny). Carnations: Each (a Half Penny). Baked Potato, A: (a Half Penny). Cats Meat: Pieces of Horse Flesh on a Boiled Puddings: Meat and Currant, in the Skewer, four ounces (a Half Penny). form of a round ball (a Half Penny).

Boot-Laces: Cotton, per pair (a Half Penny). China Roses: Per bunch of (a Half Penny).

Bottles: A deposit on Ginger-Beer Bottles (a Christmas Cards: For as little as (a Half Half Penny). Penny).

Bread: A "Halfpennyworth," or a Roll, or a Cocoa: A Half-Mug, or a Cup or Mug of (a Slice, or a Slice with Butter, or a one-pound Half Penny). Loaf (a Half Penny). Coconuts “Cokernuts”: The interior sold in Buns: Divided into three classes and prices; “Halfpenny-worths” (a Half Penny). Half Penny Stale (a Half Penny), Penny (1 Penny), and Bath or Two Penny (2 Pence). Coffee: A Half-Mug, or a Small Cup, Cup or Mug of (a Half Penny). Butter: A "Halfpennyworth of", or with Pickles, or with a Slice of Bread (a Half Cooling Drinks: A glass of (a Half Penny). Penny). Cough Drops: In the form of sticks (a Half Cabbages: Each (a Half Penny). Penny).

Cake, Currant: A slice (a Half Penny). Curds and Whey: A "Halfpennyworth," about a sixth of a pint (a Half Penny).

Currant Cake: (a Half Penny). Hot Wine: A glass of (a Half Penny).

Currant Puddings, Boiled: In the form of a Jam: (a Half Penny). round ball (a Half Penny). Jellied Eels, Hot: Halfpenny “Cupfulls” (a Deposit on Ginger-Beer Bottle: For one Half Penny). bottle (a Half Penny). Kite: A “Half Penny Kite” (a Half Penny). Dough, Plum (or Plum Duff): Sold by each Slice (a Half Penny to one Penny). Lemonade: An effervescing draught of (a Half Penny). Drinks, Cooling: A glass of (a Half Penny). Lilies of the Valley: Per bunch of (a Half Drops, Cough: In the form of sticks (a Half Penny). Penny). Liquor, Preserved Pineapple: The liquid left Eels, Hot Jellied: Halfpenny “Cupfulls” (a in the tin after the slices of fruit have been Half Penny). taken out): "A halfpenny a small glass" (a Half Penny). Elderberry “Elder” Wine: A “Halfpennysworth” (a Half Penny). Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper: On Sundays (a Half Penny). Flare-cakes: Stuck over freely with Currants, (a Farthing) or (a Half Penny). Loaf Sugar: A "Halfpenny’sworth" of (a Half Penny). Ginger-Beer Bottle Deposit: (1/2 Penny). Lollipops: Each (a Half Penny). Gingerbread, Hot Spiced: oblong flat cakes (a Half Penny each). Looking-Glass: A piece of, in Petticoat Lane

(a Half Penny). Gooseberries: Per half-pint (a Half Penny).

Ham Sandwiches: Each (a Half Penny). Marmalade: (a Half Penny).

Ha’Penny Roll, A or Bread Roll: Each (a Half Marrows, Vegetable (A thin-skinned, Penny). tender summer squash): Each (a Half Penny). Hot Green Peas: A "Halfpennyworths;" about a quarter of a Pint (a Half Penny). Meat Puddings, Boiled: In the form of a round ball (a Half Penny). Hot Spiced Gingerbread: Oblong flat cakes, each (a Half Penny).

Milk, Rice: A "Halfpennyworth," a half cup Pineapples “Pine Apples”: Slices (a Half (a Half Penny). Penny).

Milk, Skim: A Half Pint (a Half Penny). Pinks (Flowers): Each (a Half Penny).

Moss Roses: Per bunch of (a Half Penny). Plum-cakes: (a Farthing) or (a Half Penny).

Muffins: Each (a Half Penny). Plum Dough (or Plum Duff): Sold by each Slice (a Half Penny and 1 Penny). News of the World Newspaper: On Sundays (a Half Penny). Potato, A Baked: (a Half Penny).

Newspaper for a Half Penny every day: The Preserved Pineapple Liquor: The liquid left Star (a Half Penny). in the tin after the slices of fruit have been taken out): "A halfpenny a small glass" (a Newspapers, Half Penny Sunday: News of Half Penny). the World, Reynold’s Newspaper, and Puddings, Boiled: Meat and Currant, in the Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper (a Half Penny). form of a round ball (a Half Penny).

Nuts: A "Halfpennyworth" from a Reynold’s Newspaper: On Sundays (a Half Greengrocer (a Half Penny). Penny).

Onions: In Spring (a Half Penny). Rice Milk: A "Halfpennyworth" Half of a Cup (a Half Penny). Pawn Ticket: A charge for one (a Half Penny). Roll: A “Ha’Penny” Roll (Bread Roll) (a Half Penny). Pea Soup: A Half Pint to a Pint (a Half Penny). Roses, China: Per bunch of (a Half Penny).

Peas, Hot Green: A "Halfpennyworths;" Roses, Moss: Per bunch of (a Half Penny). about a quarter of a Pint (a Half Penny).

Sandwiches, Ham: Each (a Half Penny). Peppermint Water: A glass of (a Half

Penny). Sheep's Trotters: Average size (a Half

Penny). Piccalilli: A “Halfpennysworth” of (a Half

Penny). Soap: A “HalfPennyWorth” of, about 2

ounces (a Half Penny). Pickles and Butter: (a Half Penny).

Soup, Pea: A Half Pint to a Pint (a Half Vegetable Marrows (A thin-skinned, tender Penny). summer squash): Each (a Half Penny).

Stamps: A Half Penny Stamp for Cards (a Violets: Per bunch of (a Half Penny). Half Penny). Wallflowers: Per bunch of (a Half Penny). Star Newspaper, The – Daily (a Half Penny). Water, Peppermint: A glass of (a Half Stocks (a wonderfully fragrant Flower): Per Penny). bunch of (a Half Penny). Watercress: A bunch of (a Half Penny). Sugar, Loaf: A "Halfpenny’sworth" of (a Half Penny). Whelks: Sold according to size, from each (a Half Penny), to a plate of three or four (1 Tea: A “Pinch of Tea,” or “Tea-Dust,” Penny). enough for a Cup or two (a Half Penny). Wine, Elderberry “Elder”: A Trotters, Sheep's: Average size (a Half “Halfpennysworth” (a Half Penny). Penny). Wine, Hot: A glass of (a Half Penny). Urinettes (Urinals) Access: For women in Victorian/Edwardian dress to piddle into whilst standing up (a Half Penny).

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For 3/4 of a Penny (3 Farthings):

Hazel Nuts: Per half pint (3/4 Pence). Tea: A “Pinch of Tea,” enough for a Cup or two (3 Farthings or 3/4 of a Penny). Nuts, Hazel: Per half pint (3/4 Pence).

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For a Penny:

Admission Fee: To view the spot where Bayonets, Old: Each could be bought in Annie Chapman’s body was found at 29 Petticoat Lane, at the old iron stalls there, Hanbury Street (1 Penny). for about (1 Penny).

Almonds, Shell: Twenty for a Penny (1 Beef Pies, Hot: Each (1 Penny). Penny). Beer: A half or full Pint of, or one Quart (1 Alum, Powdered: A Pennyworth (1 Penny). Penny).

Apple Fritters: A Bag of (1 Penny). Beer, Ginger: A bottle of (1 Penny).

Apples: Sold in (Half Penny) or “Penny- Bible, A New Testament: Each (1 Penny). worths," at three for a Penny (1 Penny), and six for (1 Penny). Bloater, A: A Herring or a Mackerel cured by being salted and briefly smoked and Aquafortis (Aqua fortis / Nitric Acid): A dried; two for (1 Penny), or one for (1 "Pennyworth" from an Oil Shop (1 Penny). Penny).

Bagwashes, Laundry: Clothes washing at Boot-Laces: Three or four pairs (1 Penny), several places (1 Penny). or Silk, per pair (1 Penny),

Barardo’s Shelter Houses, Doctor: Young Brandy-Balls: A "Penny'sworth" (1 Penny). Girls could stay a night at either of for (1 Penny. Brazil Nuts: Fifteen (1 Penny).

Bath: A Cold one in the second-class Bread: With a cup of Coffee or Tea, or with cubicles of the Goulston Street Baths, a Tea and Butter, or two thick slices and “Penny Dip,” or a Warm one, at Victorian Butter, or a Loaf and a Lump of Cheese, or a Working Men’s Home (1 Penny). slice with a Little Fried Fish (1 Penny).

Brick Dust: A Quart of (1 Penny). Cheese: A Loaf of Bread and a Lump of Cheese (1 Penny), or two ounces of Cheese Broccoli: Per head (1 Penny). based upon the one-pound price of 8 Pence (1 Penny). Bullocks’ (Steer) Livers and Tripe: Cuttings tied up in bunches (1 Penny). Chelsea Buns: "One a Penny, two a Penny” (1 Penny). Buns: Divided into three classes and prices; Half Penny Stale (a Half Penny), Penny (1 Cherries: A pound of (1 Penny). Penny), and Bath or Two Penny (2 Pence). Chestnuts: Fifteen to sixteen for a Penny (1 Buns, Chelsea: "One a Penny, or two a Penny). Penny” (1 Penny). Cigarettes, Tobacco: Five cheap Cigarettes, Buns, Hot-Cross: Two (1 Penny), or one (1 called "Fags" (1 Penny). Penny). Cigars: From a Penny upwards (1 Penny). Butter: With Tea and Bread, or with two thick slices of Bread (1 Penny). Classical Concerts: Per Admission ticket (1 Penny). Carrots: One Penny’s worth (1 Penny). Clay Pipes: Two a Penny (1 Penny).” Casual Wards, Common Lodging Houses, and Doss Houses, Bed or Sleeping Cockles: A plate of (1 Penny). Arrangement for a Night: A clean and well- warmed bed at the Salvation Army West Cocoa: A Mug of (1 Penny). India Dock shelter (1 Penny). Coconuts “Cokernuts”: The interior sold in Catherine Pears: "Six a penny!" (1 Penny). “Penny-worths” (1 Penny).

Cats Meat: Pieces of Horse Flesh on a Coffee: A Cup, Mug, or Large Cup of, or a Skewer, eight ounces (1 Penny). Cup or Mug at a Coffee House, or a Cup with Bread (1 Penny). Cauliflower: Two Heads (1 Penny), one Head (1 Penny). Concerts, Classical: Per Admission ticket (1

Penny). Chamber of Horrors, The: Admission (1

Penny). Cooling Drinks: A glass of (1 Penny), Cooling Drink Nectar was never less than (1 Penny).

Cough Drops: Six-a-penny drops (1 Penny).

Cream, Raspberry: A glass of (1 Penny). Food: As high as a Penny at the Salvation Army West India Dock shelter (1 Penny). Cream, Strawberry: A glass of (1 Penny). Fish, Fried, A Little: With a slice of Bread (1 Crumpets: Four (1 Penny). Penny).

Cucumbers: Each (1 Penny). Fritters, Apple: A Bag of (1 Penny).

Curds and Whey: A "Pennyworth," "the full Gallery of Varieties, The: Admission (1 of one," about a third of a pint (1 Penny). Penny).

Currants, Black, Red or White: A pint (1 Gin: Ordered by the quarter of a Pint (1 Penny). Penny).

Damsons (Damson Plums): A half pint (1 Penny). Ginger-Beer: A bottle of (1 Penny).

Dolls, Penny: Each (1 Penny). Greens: A bunch of (1 Penny).

Dough, Plum (or Plum Duff): Sold by each Haddock, Smoked: Each (1 Penny). Slice (a Half Penny) and (1 Penny). Ham Sandwiches: Each (1 Penny). Drinks, Cooling: A glass of (1 Penny), Cooling Drink Nectar was never less than (1 Herring, A: A “Bloater,” cured by being Penny). salted and briefly smoked and dried, (1 Penny), “Yarmouth Herrings—three a- East London Advertiser Newspaper (1 penny!” (1 Penny). Penny). Herrings, Red: Four of (1 Penny). East London Observer Newspaper (1 Penny). Hot-Cross Buns: Two (1 Penny), one (1 Penny). Eel Pies, Hot: Each (1 Penny). Hot Eel Pies: Each (1 Penny). Eels, Hot Jellied: Penny “Cupfulls” (1 Penny). Hot Jellied Eels: Penny “Cupfulls” (1 Penny).

Eggs: One Egg, or one Boiled (1 Penny). Ice: A “Pennysworth” (1 Penny)

Elderberry “Elder” Wine: The regular Ice Cream: A slab or shallow glassful of “Pennysworth” size, a half-quartern, or the greenish-ice, Ice Cream (1 Penny). eighth of a pint (1 Penny). Ices, Raspberry: Each (1 Penny).

Ices, Street: A glass of (1 Penny). Milk, Rice: A Half Pint (1 Penny).

Illustrated Police News, The: - Daily (1 Mince Pies: Each (1 Penny). Penny). Moss: A Bundle (1 Penny). Ink: A bottle of (1 Penny). Mussels: A plate of (1 Penny). Inland Revenue Stamp: Each (1 Penny). Mustard Tin, A Penny: Each (1 Penny). Kidney Pudding: Each (1 Penny). Mutton Pies, Hot: Each (1 Penny). Kipper, A: A Fish, especially a Herring, that has been cured by splitting, salting, drying, New Sprats: A plate of (1 Penny). and smoking (1 Penny). New Testament, A: A Bible (1 Penny). Laundry Bagwashes: Clothes washing at several places (2 Pence). Newspapers for 1 Penny: The Illustrated Police News, The Pall Mall Gazette, The Lavender: One to Six bunches (1 Penny) Penny Illustrated, Women’s Penny, East London Observer, and East London Lemonade: An effervescing draught of (1 Advertiser (1 Penny). Penny). Nitric Acid (Aqua fortis): A "Pennyworth" Lemons: Two (1 Penny). from an Oil Shop (1 Penny).

Lettuce: Three heads (1 Penny). Notepaper: A Penny and upwards (1 Penny). Mackerel, A: A “Bloater” cured by being salted and briefly smoked and dried (1 Nuts, Brazil: Fifteen (1 Penny). Penny).

Old Bergamie Pears: "Three a penny!" (1 Matches: Six bunches (1 Penny). Penny).

Meat: Enough to cover a slice of Bread (1 Onions: A quart of (1 Penny). Penny).

Oranges: Two (1 Penny). Mignonette (A 'Little Darling' of a Flower):

Per bunch of (1 Penny). Oysters on the Barrow: A “Pennysworth” (1

Penny). Milk: A "Pennyworth of" or 8 Ounces (1

Penny).

Pall Mall Gazette, The, Newspaper – Daily Plum Dough (or Plum Duff): Sold by each (1 Penny). Slice (a Half Penny and 1 Penny).

Peaches: Each (1 Penny). Plums, Ripe: A half pint (1 Penny), or a pint of (1 Penny). Pears, Catherine: "Six a penny!" (1 Penny). Potatoes (including Mashed): (1 Penny). Pears, Old Bergamie: "Three a penny!" (1 Penny). Powdered Alum: A Pennyworth (1 Penny).

Pears, Williams': "Four a penny!" (1 Penny). Pudding: Each (1 Penny).

Pencils, Black Lead: Each (1 Penny). Pudding, Kidney: Each (1 Penny).

Penny Dolls: A Penny each (1 Penny). Radishes: Three bunches (1 Penny).

Penny Gaff Shows Admission: The cheaper Raspberry Cream: A glass of (1 Penny). seats (1 Penny). Raspberry Ices: Each (1 Penny). Penny Illustrated Newspaper, The - Daily (1 Penny). Red Herrings: Four of (1 Penny).

Penny Pies: At a Penny Pie Shop (1 Penny). Rice: About a third of a pound (1 Penny).

Penny Sit Up, A: Sleeping all night upright Rice Milk: A Cup, Half a Pint (1 Penny). on a bench (1 Penny). Salmon: According to the Bill of Fare (1 Penny Trumpet, A: Each (1 Penny) Penny).

Penny Whistle, A: Each (1 Penny). Saloop: Each Dish of (1 Penny).

Periwinkles (Winkles, a small edible whelk Sandwiches, Ham: Each (1 Penny). or sea snail): A “Pennysworth from a Winkle

Stand” (1 Penny). Sausage: A “Pennyworth” (1 Penny) Pies: Beef, Eel, Mince or Mutton (1 Penny). Sheep's Trotters: Larger than average size Pineapples “Pine Apples”: Slices (1 Penny). (1 Penny).

Pipes, Clay: Two a Penny (1 Penny).” Shell Almonds: Twenty for a Penny (1 Penny). Playbill, A: Each (1 Penny).

Shoe Shine, A: By a Shoeblack (1 Penny). Turnips: A bunch of (1 Penny).

Shooting Galleries: Three-shots-a-penny, or Violets: A Bunch (1 Penny). six-throws-a-Penny (1 Penny). Walnuts: Eight to twenty (1 Penny). Song Sheets for Street Ballads: Each (1 Penny). Water Closets Access: Adjacent to the Half Penny “Urinettes” (1 Penny). Soup: A Bowl of, or a Large Bowl of, or a “first-rate quality” bowl of (1 Penny). Waxworks Show Admission (1 Penny).

Sprats, New: A plate of (1 Penny). Whelks: Sold according to size, from (a Half Penny) each, to a plate of three or four (1 Stamp, Inland Revenue: Each (1 Penny). Penny).

Stamps: from a Penny upwards (1 Penny). Whistle, Penny (1 Penny).

Strawberries: A Pottle of (a little less than a Williams' Pears: "Four a penny!" (1 Penny). quart) inferior berries (1 Penny). Wine, Elderberry “Elder”: The regular Strawberry Cream: A glass of (1 Penny). “Pennysworth” size, a half-quartern, or the eighth of a pint (1 Penny). Street Ices: A glass of (1 Penny). Winkles: Periwinkles, a small edible whelk Sugar: Penny Packets of (1 Penny). or sea snail: A “Pennysworth from a Winkle Stand” (1 Penny). Tea: A “Pennyworth” of, or Penny Packets of, or a Cup or Mug of, or a large Cup of, or Women’s Penny Newspaper – Daily (1 a Cup with Bread, or a Cup with Bread and Penny). Butter, or at a Coffee house (1 Penny). Zinc Ointment: One Penny’s worth of (1 Testament, A New, Bible (1 Penny).. Penny).

Toffee: A “Pennyworth” of (1 Penny).

Trotters, Sheep's: Larger than average size

(1 Penny).

Trumpet, Penny, A: Each (1 Penny).

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For a Penny and a Half (A “Penny Ha’Penny” 1-1/2 Pence):

Barrelled Cod: Each (1-1/2 Pence). Meal at an Irish Ordinary, A: Where a Meal of Meat and Broth and Beer was available Beer: With a Meal of Meat and Broth (1-1/2 for the advertised price (1-1/2 Pence). Pence). Oysters on the Barrow: Three Halfpence Boot-Laces: Leather, per pair (1-1/2 Pence). worth (1-1/2 Pence).

Bread: A slice with Butter, or a chunk with Shaves at the Barber’s, Two: For a “Penny Soup, or a slice with two Little Pieces of Ha’Penny” (1-1/2 Pence). Fried Fish (1-1/2 Pence). Sheep's Trotters: Two a little larger than Bullace (a variety of plum): Per half pint (1- average, or four a little smaller than 1/2 Pence). average (1-1/2 Pence).

Butter: With a Slice of Bread (1-1/2 Pence). Soup with a Chunk of Bread, A Big Bowlful of (1-1/2 Pence). Cocoa, A Cup of (1-1/2 Pence). Tea: A Cup of (1-1/2 Pence). Cod, Barrelled: Each (1-1/2 Pence). Trotters, Sheep’s: Two a little larger than Coffee: A Cup of, or a Pint (1-1/2 Pence). average, or four a little smaller than

average (1-1/2 Pence). Fish, Fried, a Little: When two pieces are sometimes given (1-1/2 Pence). Turnips: One dozen (1-1/2 Pence).

Gin, “Three Ha’pence of” (or 1-1/2 Pence).

Greengages: Per half pint (1-1/2 Pence).

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For Two Pence, “TwoPenny,” “Tu'pence,” “Tu’Penny,” or “TupPenny”:

Bacon: One quarter of a pound (2 Pence). Cards, Playing: Per unstamped pack (2 Pence). Bagwashes, Laundry: Clothes washing at Casual Wards, Common Lodging Houses, several places (2 Pence). and Doss Houses, Bed or Sleeping

Arrangement for a Night: At the Mile End Beer: A Pint of (2 Pence). Casual Ward, or sleeping back-to-back

against a rope in a Doss House, or a Brandy: A glass of (2 Pence). “TwoPenny Hangover” or “Lean-To” slumped over a rope in a crowded room of Bread: A Meal of a Pint-and-a-Half of Tea or a Doss House (2 Pence). Coffee and a Slice of Bread weighing six ounces, covered with Butter, or Marmalade, Cats Meat: Pieces of Horse Flesh on a or a “Tu’Penny” order, “Two slices an’ a Cup Skewer, one pound of (2 Pence). of Tea!” two Slices with Butter and a Cup of Tea, or Sausage and Bread in a Bag, or a Cherries: A pound of (2 Pence). slice with an “extrasized” piece of Fried Fish (2 Pence). Cigarettes, Tobacco: A packet of cheap Cigarettes (2 Pence). Buns: Divided into three classes and prices; Half Penny Stale (a Half Penny), Penny (1 Cod, Dried Salt: Each (2 Pence). Penny), and Bath or Two Penny (2 Pence). Coffee: A Meal of a Pint-and-a-Half of Tea Butter: A “Tu’Penny” order, “Two slices an’ or Coffee and a Slice of Bread weighing six a Cup of Tea!” with two Slices of Bread with ounces, covered with Butter, or Marmalade Butter and a Cup of Tea, or a Meal of a Pint- (2 Pence). and-a-Half of Tea or Coffee and a Slice of Bread weighing six ounces, covered with Crabs: Each (2 Pence). Butter, or Marmalade (2 Pence).

Doss House residents Sleeping back-to- Cachous: Packets of (2 Pence). back Against a Rope (2 Pence).

Dried Salt Cod: Each (2 Pence). North Metropolitan Tramways – Red Line - Aldgate and Hackney, every l0 minutes (2 Elephant Man, The, Joseph Merrick: Pence). Admission to see him at the Penny Gaff at 259 Whitechapel Road (2 Pence). North Metropolitan Tramways – Yellow Line - Aldgate and Poplar. Every 4 minutes Figs: A pound of (2 Pence). (2 Pence).

Fish, Fried, a Little, An “extrasized” piece Omnibus Fare: Running between with bread (2 Pence). Hammersmith station and Turnham Green every 15 minutes (2 Pence). Gin: Ordered by the Half Pint (2 Pence). Omnibus Fare: From Mile-End to the Haddock, A: Each (2 Pence). London Hospital on the London General Omnibus (2 Pence). Ham Sandwiches: Each (2 Pence). Oysters on the Barrow: For “Big Ones” (2 Knocking-Up Service: A wake-up knock on Pence). the window or door by the Police (2 Pence). Penny Gaff Shows Admission: A seat in the Laundry Bagwashes: Clothes washing at more aristocratic gallery or "balcony stalls" several places (2 Pence). (2 Pence).

Marmalade: A Meal of a Pint-and-a-Half of Playing-Cards: Per unstamped pack (2 Tea or Coffee and a Slice of Bread weighing Pence). six ounces, covered with Butter, or Potatoes: Five pounds of (2 Pence). Marmalade (2 Pence).

Prunes: A pound of (2 Pence). Meal, A: A Meal of a Pint-and-a-Half of Tea or Coffee and a Slice of Bread weighing six Raisins: A pound of (2 Pence). ounces, covered with Butter, or Marmalade

(2 Pence). St. John’s Working Men’s Club: Weekly

Subscription (2 Pence). Meat: One quarter of a pound of Bacon (2

Pence). Salmon: According to the Bill of Fare (2

Pence). Mile End Casual Ward, One night at the:

Sleeping (2 Pence). Sandwiches, Ham: Each (2 Pence).

Milk: One Pint (2 Pence). Sausage and Bread in a Bag (2 Pence).

Sex: A “TupPenny Upright” (2 Pence). Tobacco Cigarettes: A packet of cheap Cigarettes (2 Pence). Strawberries: A Pottle of (a little less than a Tramways, North Metropolitan – Red Line quart) better berries (2 Pence). – Aldgate and Hackney, every l0 minutes (2 Pence). Tea: A Cup of, or a Pint of, or a “Tu’Penny” order, “Two slices an’ a Cup of Tea!” Two Tramways, North Metropolitan – Yellow slices meaning two slices of Bread with Line – Aldgate and Poplar. Every 4 minutes butter (2 Pence). (2 Pence).

TwoPenny Hangover or TwoPenny rope lean-to, A: Sleeping slumped over a rope for a night in a Doss House (2 Pence).

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For Two and 1/2 Pence:

Carrots: One dozen (2-1/2 Pence). holders of their tickets with a substantial meal to the value of 2-1/2 Pence for each Meals or Dinners: The “Metropolitan ticket (2-1/2 Pence). Destitute Workmen’s Aid Society” supplies

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For Two and 3/4 Pence:

Bread: A Loaf of (2-3/4 Pence).

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For Three Pence, or Thru'pence:

Bath: A Cold Bath in the first-class cubicles Dinners or Meals: A small plate of Cold of the Goulston Street Baths (3 Pence). Meat, Potatoes, and a Salad of either Cucumber or Lettuce with Tomatoes, or a Beer: A pot of Threepenny (3 Pence). Meal of Meat and Broth and Beer was available from a Three Penny Ordinary (3 Cachous: Packets of (3 Pence). Pence).

Cards, Playing: Per unstamped pack (3 Filberts: A pound of (3 Pence). Pence). Gin: A (Very) Large Glass of (3 Pence). Casual Wards, Common Lodging Houses, and Doss Houses, Bed or Sleeping Gooseberries: A quart of (3 Pence). Arrangement for a Night:: In a Doss House bed (3 Pence). Herbs: Each bundle of (3 Pence).

Celery: Per bundle (3 Pence). Kerosene (Parafin): A half-gallon of (3

Pence). Coconuts “Cokernuts”: A whole Coconut for

(3 Pence).

Potatoes: A small plate of Potatoes, Cold Meat, and a Salad of either Cucumber or Lobsters: Each (3 Pence). Lettuce with Tomatoes (3 Pence).

Meat: Cold Meat, or Cold Joints of Meat (3 Pudding, Steak (3 Pence). Pence). Sex: A “Three Penny Knee-Trembler,” or a Newspaper for 3 Pence: The Times (3 “ThruPenny Kneetrembler” of Sex against a Pence). wall (3 Pence).

North Metropolitan Tramways – Blue Line Steak Pudding (3 Pence). – Aldgate and Stratford Every four minutes (3 Pence). Threepenny Beer: A pot of (3 Pence).

Parafin (Kerosene): A half-gallon of (3 Times Newspaper, The (3 Pence). Pence). Tramways, North Metropolitan – Blue Line Playing-Cards: Per unstamped pack (3 – Aldgate and Stratford Every four minutes Pence). (3 Pence).

Workman's Return Ticket, A: Each (3 Pence).

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For Three and 1/4 Pence:

Milk: A Half-Tin of condensed (3-1/4 Pence).

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For Four Pence, or a Groat (Four Pence Piece):

Baked Potato and a Drink, A (4 Pence). Grapes, White, One pound of (4 Pence). Beef: One pound of (4 Pence). Meat, Hot Joints of (4 Pence). Beef, Roast: (4 Pence). Milk: A Quart of lower quality (4 Pence). Casual Wards, Common Lodging Houses, and Doss Houses, Bed or Sleeping Play in Yiddish, A: Admission to watch in a Arrangement for a Night:: In a Doss House local theatre (4 Pence). bed, or in a “FourPenny Sleep-Over” slumped over a rope in a lower class Doss Potato, A Drink and a Baked (4 Pence). House (4 Pence). Roast Beef (4 Pence). Dinners or Meals: A Dinner with Vegetables (4 Pence). Sex: A “Fourpenny Knee Trembler” (4 Pence). Doss House, Bed for One Night in a, A (4 Pence). Vegetables, A Dinner with (4 Pence).

Flour: One half Gallon (4 Pence). Yiddish Play Admission to watch in a local theatre (4 Pence). FourPenny Sleep-Over, A: Slumped over a rope for a night in the numerous lower class Doss Houses (4 Pence).

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For “Fourpence-HalfPenny” (4-1/2 Pence):

Meals or Dinners: Dickens dined at a Cooking Depôt for the workers in the district (4-1/2 Pence).

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For Five Pence:

Casual Wards, Common Lodging Houses, Milk: A Quart of “the better sort” (5 Pence). and Doss Houses, Bed or Sleeping Arrangement for a Night: A “Cabin” for a Potatoes: A Dinner of Potatoes, a Bowl of night in a Common Lodging House or Doss Soup, quarter of a pound of Cooked Meat, House (5 Pence). and a block of Pudding at The Victoria Home (5 Pence). Dinners or Meals: A Dinner of a Bowl of Soup, quarter of a pound of Cooked Meat, Soup: A Dinner of a Bowl of Soup, quarter Potatoes and a block of Pudding at The of a pound of Cooked Meat, Potatoes and a Victoria Home (5 Pence). Block of Pudding (5 Pence).

Eggs: Six could be bought for 5 or 6 Pence. Steak: A Five-Penny Steak (5 Pence).

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For Six Pence:

Barcelona Nuts: Per quart (6 Pence). Mulberries: A Pottle of; a little less than a quart (6 Pence). Bath, A Warm: In the first-class cubicles of the Goulston Street Baths (6 Pence). Mutton: Mutton and Not So Young Peas, sold as a Large Plate of Lamb and Young Candles: A box of (6 Pence). Peas (6 Pence).

Casual Wards, Common Lodging Houses, Nuts, Barcelona: Per quart (6 Pence). and Doss Houses, Bed or Sleeping Arrangement for a Night: One night in a Nuts, Spanish: Per quart (6 Pence). Bed in a Rowton House (6 Pence). Oysters on the Barrow: A dozen (6 Pence). Cocoa: One half pound of (6 Pence). Peas: A Large Plate of Lamb and Young Peas; actually, Mutton and Not So Young Eggs: Six could be bought for 5 or 6 Pence. Peas (6 Pence).

Grapes, Black, One pound of (6 Pence). Pineapples “Pine Apples”: Each (6 Pence) to (9 Pence). Lamb: A Large Plate of Lamb and Young Peas; actually, Mutton and Not So Young Raspberries: A Pottle of; a little less than a Peas (6 Pence). quart (6 Pence).

Lard: One pound of (6 Pence). Soap: One and a half pounds of (6 Pence).

Meals or Dinners: A Large Plate of Lamb Spanish Nuts: Per quart (6 Pence). and Young Peas; actually, Mutton and Not So Young Peas (6 Pence). Steak: A Six-Penny Steak (6 Pence).

Meat: One pound of poor quality (6 Pence). Tea: One half pound of (6 Pence).

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For Seven Pence:

Bacon, Raw: One pound of (7 Pence).

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For Seven and a Half Pence:

Cheese: One pound of (7-1/2 Pence).

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For Eight Pence:

Bacon: One pound of (8 Pence). Violets: A dozen Bunches (8 Pence). Cheese: One pound of (8 Pence).

Casual Wards, Common Lodging Houses, and Doss Houses, Bed or Sleeping Arrangement for a Night: An Eight Penny Double-Bed for one night for two people in a Doss House (8 Pence).

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For Nine Pence:

Pineapples “Pine Apples”: Each (6 Pence) to (9 Pence).

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For Ten Pence:

Lilies of the Valley: A Cluster (10 Pence).

Sugar: Four pounds of (10 Pence).

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For Eleven Pence:

Meat: One pound of better quality (11 Pence).

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For a Shilling (12 Pence):

Bacon: Cooked, One pound of (12 Pence). Sugar: Six pounds of (12 Pence).

Butter: One pound of (12 Pence). Tea: One half pound of (12 Pence).

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For 1 Shilling and 3 Pence (15 Pence):

Butter: One pound of (15 Pence).

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For 1 Shilling and 6 Pence (18 Pence):

Opium: One Ounce of (18 Pence).

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For 1 Shilling and 8 Pence (20 Pence):

East-End Dwelling Company, The: Let Single Rooms as low as 1s 8d per week rent (20 Pence).

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For 1 Shilling and 10 Pence (22 Pence):

Bread: 5 quarterns (22 Pence).

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For a Half Crown (or 2 Shillings and 6 Pence or 30 Pence):

Whisky: A Bottle of (30 Pence).

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For a Florin and 8 Pence or 2 Shillings and 8 Pence (32 Pence):

Bacon or other Meat: About four pounds of (32 Pence).

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For 4 Shillings and 6 Pence (54 Pence):

Miller’s Court (#13): Rent for Mary Jane Kelly’s Room for a week (54 Pence).

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Part 2.

Penny Items Available to the Poor of Whitechapel in 1888.

Organized Alphabetically:

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Admission Fee: To view the spot where Bacon: One quarter of a pound of (2 Pence), Annie Chapman’s body was found at 29 a pound of raw (7 Pence), a pound of (8 Hanbury Street (1 Penny). Pence), one pound of Cooked (a Shilling or 12 Pence), four pounds of Bacon or Other Almonds, Shell: Twenty for a Penny (1 Meat (2 Shillings and 8 Pence or 32 Pence). Penny). Bagwashes, Laundry: Clothes washing at Alum, Powdered: A Pennyworth (1 Penny). several places for (1 Penny) or (2 Pence).

Apple Fritters: A Penny a Bag (1 Penny) Barcelona Nuts: Per quart (6 Pence).

Apples: Sold in “Halfpennys-worth” (Half Barrelled Cod: Each (1-1/2 Pence). Penny) or “Penny-worths," at three for a Penny (1 Penny), and six for (1 Penny). Bath: A Cold one, in the second-class cubicles of the Goulston Street Baths, “a Aquafortis (Aqua fortis / Nitric Acid): A Penny Dip” (1 Penny), a Warm one, at "Pennyworth" from an Oil Shop (1 Penny). Victorian Working Men’s Home (1 Penny), a Cold one in the first-class cubicles of the Goulston Street Baths (3 Pence), a Warm

34 one in the first-class cubicles of the Goulston Boiled Puddings: Meat and Currant, in the Street Baths (6 Pence). form of a round ball (a Half Penny).

Bayonets, Old: Each could be bought in Books, Farthing: In Liverpool Street (1 Petticoat Lane, at the old iron stalls there, Farthing). for about (1 Penny). Boot-Laces: Cotton, per pair (a Half Penny), Bed or Sleeping Arrangement for a Night: In three or four pairs (1 Penny), Silk, per pair (1 Casual Wards, or Doss Houses or Common Penny), Leather, per pair (1-1/2 Pence). Lodging Houses: At the Salvation Army West India Dock shelter (1 Penny), or Young Girls Bottles: A deposit on Ginger-Beer Bottles (a could stay at Doctor Barardo’s Shelter Half Penny). Houses (1 Penny), or at the Mile End Casual Ward (2 Pence), or sleeping back-to-back Brandy: A glass of (2 Pence). against a rope in a Doss House (2 Pence), or a “TwoPenny Hangover” or “Lean-To” Brandy-Balls: A "Penny'sworth" (1 Penny). slumped over a rope in a crowded room of a Doss House (2 Pence), or in a Doss House Brazil Nuts: Fifteen for a Penny (1 Penny). bed (3 Pence), or in a Doss House bed (4 Pence), or in a “FourPenny Sleep-Over” Bread: A one-pound Loaf (1 Farthing to Half slumped over a rope in a lower class Doss Pence), a "Halfpennyworth" (a Half Penny), a House (4 Pence), or in a Doss House “Cabin” Roll (a Half Penny), a Slice (a Half Penny), a (5 Pence), or in a bed in a Rowton type Doss Slice with Butter (a Half Penny), a one-pound House (6 Pence), or in a Doss House Double- Loaf (a Half Penny), with a cup of Coffee or Bed for Two (8 Pence). Tea (1 Penny), with Tea and Butter (1 Penny), two thick slices and butter (1 Penny), Beef: Hot Pies (1 Penny), one pound of (4 a Loaf and a Lump of Cheese (1 Penny), a Pence), Roast (4 Pence). slice with a Little Fried Fish (1 Penny), a slice with two Little Pieces of Fried Fish (1-1/2 Beer: A Deposit for Ginger-Beer Bottles (a Pence), a slice with Butter (1-1/2 Pence), a Half Penny), a Bottle of Ginger-Beer (1 chunk with Soup (1-1/2 Pence), a slice with Penny), a half a Pint (1 Penny), a Pint of (1 Penny), a Quart of (1 Penny), with a Meal of an “extrasized” piece of Fried Fish (2 Pence), Meat and Broth (1-1/2 Pence), a Pint of (2 a Meal of a Pint-and-a-Half of Tea or Coffee Pence), with a Meal of Meat and Broth (3 and a Slice of Bread weighing six ounces, Pence), a pot of Threepenny (3 Pence). covered with Butter, or Marmalade (2 Pence), a “Tu’Penny” order, “Two slices an’ a Bible, A New Testament: Each (1 Penny). Cup of Tea!” two Slices with Butter and a Cup of Tea (2 Pence), Sausage and Bread in a Bloater, A: A Herring or a Mackerel cured by Bag (2 Pence), a Loaf (2-3/4 Pence), five being salted and briefly smoked and dried; quarterns (1 Shilling and 10 Pence, or 22 two for (1 Penny), or one for (1 Penny). Pence).

Brick Dust: A Quart (1 Penny). Candles: A “Farthing Dip Candle” (1 Farthing), a “Half Penny Candle” (1/2 Penny), Broccoli: Per head (1 Penny). a box of (6 Pence).

Bullace (a variety of plum): Per half pint (1- Cards, Playing: Per unstamped pack (2 1/2 Pence). Pence) or (3 Pence). Carnations: Each (a Half Penny). Bullocks’ (Steer) Livers and Tripe: Cuttings tied up in bunches (1 Penny). Carrots: One Penny’s worth (1 Penny), or one dozen (2-1/2 Pence). Buns: Divided into three classes and prices; Half Penny Stale (a Half Penny), Penny (1 Casual Wards, Common Lodging Houses, Penny), and Bath or Two Penny (2 Pence). and Doss Houses, Bed or Sleeping Arrangement for a Night: At the Salvation Buns, Chelsea: "One a Penny, or two a Army West India Dock shelter (1 Penny), or Penny” (1 Penny). Young Girls could stay at Doctor Barardo’s Shelter Houses (1 Penny), or at the Mile End Buns, Hot-Cross: Two (1 Penny), or one (1 Casual Ward (2 Pence), or sleeping back-to- Penny). back against a rope in a Doss House (2 Pence), or a “TwoPenny Hangover” or “Lean- Butter: A “Farthing’sworth” of (1 Farthing), a To” slumped over a rope in a crowded room "Halfpennyworth of" (a Half Penny), with of a Doss House (2 Pence), or in a Doss Pickles (a Half Penny), with a Slice of Bread House bed (3 Pence), or in a Doss House bed (a Half Penny), with Tea and Bread (1 Penny), (4 Pence), or in a “FourPenny Sleep-Over” with two thick slices of Bread (1 Penny), with slumped over a rope in a lower class Doss a Slice of Bread (1-1/2 Pence), a “Tu’Penny” House (4 Pence), or in a Doss House “Cabin” order, “Two slices an’ a Cup of Tea!” with (5 Pence), or in a bed in a Rowton type Doss two Slices of Bread and a Cup of Tea (2 House (6 Pence), or in a Doss House Double- Pence), or a Meal of a Pint-and-a-Half of Tea Bed for Two (8 Pence). or Coffee and a Slice of Bread weighing six ounces, covered with Butter, or Marmalade Catherine Pears: "Six a penny!" (1 Penny). (2 Pence), One pound of (a Shilling or 12 Pence), One pound of (a Shilling and 3 Pence Cats Meat: Pieces of Horse Flesh on a or 15 Pence). Skewer, two ounces (a Farthing), four ounces (a Half Penny), eight ounces (1 Penny), one Cabbages: Each (a Half Penny). pound of (2 Pence).

Cachous: Packets of (2 Pence) or (3 Pence). Cauliflower: Two Heads (1 Penny), and one Head (1 Penny). Cake, Currant: A slice (a Half Penny). Celery: Per bundle (3 Pence).

Chamber of Horrors, The, Admission (1 “Penny-worths” (1 Penny), or as a whole Penny). Coconut for (3 Pence).

Cheese: A Loaf of Bread and a Lump of Cod, Barrelled: Each (1-1/2 Pence). Cheese (1 Penny), or two Ounces of Cheese (1 Penny, based upon the one-pound price), Cod, Dried Salt: Each (2 Pence). or one pound of (7-1/2 Pence), or one pound of (8 Pence). Coffee: A Half-Mug, (a Half Penny), or a Small Cup, Cup or Mug (a Half Penny), or a Chelsea Buns: "One a Penny, two a Penny” Cup, Mug, or Large Cup of (1 Penny), or a (1 Penny). Cup or Mug at a Coffee House (1 Penny), or a Cup with Bread (1 Penny), or a Cup (1-1/2 Cherries: A pound of (1 Penny), or Ripe (2 Pence), or a Pint (1-1/2 Pence), or a Meal of a Pence). Pint-and-a-Half of Tea or Coffee and a Slice of Bread weighing six ounces, covered with Chestnuts: Fifteen to 16 for a Penny (1 Butter, or Marmalade (2 Pence). Penny). Common Lodging Houses, Casual Wards, China Roses: Per bunch of (a Half Penny). and Doss Houses, Bed or Sleeping Arrangement for a Night: At the Salvation Christmas Cards: For as little as (a Half Army West India Dock shelter (1 Penny), or Penny). Young Girls could stay at Doctor Barardo’s Shelter Houses (1 Penny), or at the Mile End Cigarettes, Tobacco: Five cheap Cigarettes Casual Ward (2 Pence), or sleeping back-to- called "Fags" (1 Penny), or a packet of cheap back against a rope in a Doss House (2 Cigarettes (2 Pence). Pence), or a “TwoPenny Hangover” or “Lean- To” slumped over a rope in a crowded room Cigars: From a Penny upwards (1 Penny). of a Doss House (2 Pence), or in a Doss House bed (3 Pence), or in a Doss House bed Classical Concerts: Per Admission ticket (1 (4 Pence), or in a “FourPenny Sleep-Over” Penny). slumped over a rope in a lower class Doss House (4 Pence), or in a Doss House “Cabin” Clay Pipes: Two a Penny (1 Penny).” (5 Pence), or in a bed in a Rowton type Doss House (6 Pence), or in a Doss House Double- Cockles: A plate of (1 Penny.) Bed for Two (8 Pence).

Cocoa: A Half-Mug, (a Half Penny), or a Cup Concerts, Classical: Per Admission ticket (1 or Mug of (a Half Penny), or a Mug of (1 Penny). Penny), or a Cup of (1-1/2 Pence), or one half pound of (Six Pence). Cooling Drinks: A glass of (a Half Penny) or (1 Penny), Cooling Drink Nectar was never less Coconuts “Cokernuts”: The interior was sold than (1 Penny). in “Halfpenny-worths” (a Half Penny), and

Cough Drops: In the form of sticks (a Half Dinner with Vegetables (4 Pence), and Penny), six-a-penny drops (1 Penny). Dickens dined at a Cooking Depôt for the workers in the district (4-1/2 Pence), or a Crabs: Each (2 Pence). Dinner of a Bowl of Soup, quarter of a pound of Cooked Meat, Potatoes and a block of Cream, Raspberry: A glass of (1 Penny). Pudding at The Victoria Home (5 Pence).

Cream, Strawberry: A glass of (1 Penny). Dolls, Penny: Each (1 Penny).

Crumpets: Four (1 Penny). Doss Houses, Casual Wards, and Common Lodging Houses, Bed or Sleeping Cucumbers: Each (1 Penny). Arrangement for a Night: At the Salvation Army West India Dock shelter (1 Penny), or Curds and Whey: A "Halfpennyworth," Young Girls could stay at Doctor Barardo’s about a sixth of a pint (a Half Penny), or "the Shelter Houses (1 Penny), or at the Mile End full of one," a "Pennyworth," about a third of Casual Ward (2 Pence), or sleeping back-to- a pint (1 Penny). back against a rope in a Doss House (2 Pence), or a “TwoPenny Hangover” or “Lean- Currant Cake (a Half Penny). To” slumped over a rope in a crowded room of a Doss House (2 Pence), or in a Doss

House bed (3 Pence), or in a Doss House bed Currant Puddings, Boiled: In the form of a (4 Pence), or in a “FourPenny Sleep-Over” round ball (a Half Penny). slumped over a rope in a lower class Doss

House (4 Pence), or in a Doss House “Cabin” Currants: Black, Red or White, A pint (1 (5 Pence), or in a bed in a Rowton type Doss Penny). House (6 Pence), or in a Doss House Double-

Bed for Two (8 Pence). Damsons (Damson Plums): A half pint (1

Penny). Dough, Plum (or Plum Duff): Sold by each

Slice (a Half Penny) and (1 Penny). Deposit on Ginger-Beer Bottle: For one bottle (a Half Penny). Dried Salt Cod: Each (2 Pence).

Dinners or Meals: A Meal of Meat and Broth Drinks, Cooling: A glass of (a Half Penny) or and Beer was available for (1-1/2 Pence) at (1 Penny), Cooling Drink Nectar was never an Irish ordinary, or the “Metropolitan less than (1 Penny). Destitute Workmen’s Aid Society” supplied holders of their tickets with a Substantial Drops, Cough: In the form of sticks (a Half Meal to the value of 2-1/2 Pence for each Penny). ticket, or a small plate of Cold Meat,

Potatoes, and a Salad of either Cucumber or East-End Dwelling Company, The, let Single Lettuce with Tomatoes (3 Pence), or a Meal Rooms as low as 1s 8d (20 Pence) per week of Meat and Broth and Beer was available rent. from a Three Penny Ordinary (3 Pence), or a

East London Advertiser Newspaper – Daily Food: As low as (a Farthing), and as high as (1 Penny). (1 Penny) at the Salvation Army West India Dock shelter. East London Observer Newspaper – Daily (1 Penny). Fritters, Apple: A Penny a Bag.

Eel Pies, Hot: Each (1 Penny). Gallery of Varieties, The: Admission (1 Penny). Eels: Hot Jellied: Halfpenny “Cupfulls” (a Half Penny), and Penny “Cupfulls” (1 Penny). Gin: A quarter of a Pint (1 Penny), a “three Ha’pence” of (1-1/2 Pence), a Half-Pint (2 Eggs: One (1 Penny), Boiled (1 Penny), six (5 Pence), a (Very) Large Glass of (3 Pence). or 6 Pence). Ginger-Beer: A bottle of (1 Penny). Elderberry “Elder” Wine: A “Halfpennysworth” (a Half Penny), or the Ginger-Beer Bottle Deposit: (1/2 Penny). regular “Pennysworth” size, a half-quartern, or the eighth of a pint (1 Penny). Gingerbread, Hot Spiced: oblong flat cakes (a Half Penny each). Elephant Man, The, Joseph Merrick: Admission to see him, at the Penny Gaff at Gooseberries: Per half-pint (a Half Penny), 259 Whitechapel Road (2 Pence). for a quart (3 Pence).

Farthing Books: In Liverpool Street (1 Grapes: One pound of White Grapes (4 Farthing). Pence), or one pound of Black Grapes (6 Pence). Farthing Dip Candle, A (1 Farthing). Greengages: Per half pint (1-1/2 Pence). Figs: A pound of (2 Pence). Greens: A bunch of (1 Penny). Filberts: A pound of (3 Pence). Haddock, A: Smoked, each (1 Penny), or (2 Fish, Fried, a Little: With a slice of Bread (1 Pence). Penny), or “sometimes two pieces are given” (1-1/2 Pence), or an “extrasized” piece with Ham Sandwiches: Each (a Half Penny), (1 bread (2 Pence). Penny), or (2 Pence).

Flare-cakes: Stuck over freely with Currants, Ha’Penny Roll, A or Bread Roll: Each (a Half (a Farthing) or (a Half Penny). Penny).

Flour: One half Gallon (4 Pence). Hazel Nuts: Per half pint (3/4 Pence).

Herbs: Each bundle of (3 Pence).

Herring, A: A “Bloater,” cured by being Kipper, A: A Fish, especially a Herring, that salted and briefly smoked and dried, (1 has been cured by splitting, salting, drying, Penny), “Yarmouth Herrings—three a- and smoking (1 Penny). penny!” (1 Penny). Kite: A “Half Penny Kite” (a Half Penny). Herrings, Red: Four of (1 Penny). Knocking-Up Service: A wake-up knock on Hot-Cross Buns: Two (1 Penny), one (1 the window or door by the Police (2 Pence). Penny). Lamb: A Large Plate of Lamb and Young Hot Green Peas: A "Halfpennyworths;" Peas; actually Mutton and Not So Young about a quarter of a Pint (a Half Penny). Peas (6 Pence).

Hot Jellied Eels: Halfpenny “Cupfulls” (a Half Lard: One pound of (Six Pence). Penny), and Penny “Cupfulls” (1 Penny). Laundry Bagwashes: Clothes washing at Hot Spiced Gingerbread: Oblong flat cakes, several places for (1 Penny) or (2 Pence). each (a Half Penny). Lavender: One to Six bunches (1 Penny). Hot Wine: A glass of (a Half Penny). Lemonade: An effervescing draught of (a Ice: A “Pennysworth” (1 Penny). Half Penny) to (1 Penny).

Ices, Raspberry: Each (1 Penny). Lemons: Two (1 Penny).

Ices, Street: A glass of (1 Penny). Lettuce: Three heads (1 Penny).

Illustrated Police News, The: Newspaper - Lilies of the Valley: Per bunch of (a Half Daily (1 Penny). Penny), a Cluster (10 Pence).

Ink: A bottle of (1 Penny). Liquor, Preserved Pineapple: The liquid left in the tin after the slices of fruit have been Inland Revenue Stamp: Each (1 Penny). taken out): "A halfpenny a small glass" (a Half Penny). Jam: (a Half Penny). Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper – Sundays: (a Jellied Eels, Hot: Halfpenny “Cupfulls” (a Half Half Penny). Penny), and Penny “Cupfulls” (1 Penny). Loaf Sugar: A "Halfpenny’sworth" of (a Half Kerosene (Parafin): A Half-Gallon (3 Pence). Penny).

Kidney Pudding (1 Penny). Lobsters: Each (3 Pence).

Lollipops: Each (a Half Penny). Meat: Enough Meat to cover a slice of Bread (1 Penny), or Bacon (2 Pence), or Cold Meat Looking-Glass: A piece of, in Petticoat Lane (3 Pence), or Cold Joints of Meat (3 Pence), (a Half Penny). or Hot Joints of Meat (4 Pence), or Roast Beef (4 Pence), or one pound of poor quality Mackerel, A: A “Bloater” cured by being Meat (6 Pence), or one pound of better salted and briefly smoked and dried, (1 quality Meat (11 pence), or about four Penny). pounds of Bacon or Other Meat (2 Shillings and 8 Pence or 32 Pence). Marmalade: A “Halfpennys-worth” (a Half Penny), or a Meal of a Pint-and-a-Half of Tea Meat Puddings, Boiled: In the form of a or Coffee and a Slice of Bread weighing six round ball (a Half Penny). ounces, covered with Butter, or Marmalade (2 Pence). Metropolitan Destitute Workmen’s Aid Society, The: Supplies holders of their tickets Marrows, Vegetable (A thin-skinned, tender with a substantial meal to the value of two- summer squash): Each (a Half Penny). and-a-halfpence for each ticket.

Matches: (1 Farthing), six bunches (1 Penny). Mignonette (A 'Little Darling' of a Flower): Per bunch of (1 Penny). Meals or Dinners: A Meal of Meat and Broth and Beer was available for (1-1/2 Pence) at Milk: Milk (1 Farthing), a Half Pint of Skim Milk an Irish ordinary, or a Meal of a Pint-and-a- (1 Half Penny), a "Pennyworth of" or 8 Ounces Half of Tea or Coffee and a Slice of Bread (1 Penny), a Pint (2 Pence), a Half-Tin of weighing six ounces, covered with Butter, or Condensed (3-1/4 Pence), a quart (4 Pence), Marmalade (2 Pence), or the “Metropolitan or a quart of “the better sort” (5 Pence). Destitute Workmen’s Aid Society” supplied holders of their tickets with a Substantial Milk, Rice: A "Halfpennyworth" Half of a Cup Meal to the value of two-and-a-half Pence (a Half Penny), Half a Pint (1 Penny). for each ticket, or a small plate of Cold Meat, Miller’s Court (#13): Rent for Mary Jane Potatoes, and a Salad of either Cucumber or Kelly’s Room for a week (4 Shillings and 6 Lettuce with Tomatoes (3 Pence), or a Meal Pence or 54 Pence). of Meat and Broth and Beer was available from a Three Penny Ordinary (3 Pence), or a Mince Pies (1 Penny). Dinner with Vegetables (4 Pence), or Dickens dined at a cooking depôt for the workers in Moss: A Bundle (1 Penny). the district (4-1/2 Pence), or a Dinner of a Bowl of Soup, quarter of a pound of Cooked Moss Roses: Per bunch of (a Half Penny). Meat, Potatoes and a block of Pudding at The Victoria Home (5 Pence), or a Large Plate Muffins: One (a Half Penny). of Lamb and Young Peas; actually Mutton and Not So Young Peas (6 Pence).

Mulberries: A Pottle of, a little less than a North Metropolitan Tramways – Yellow Line quart (6 Pence). - Aldgate and Poplar. Every 4 minutes (2 Pence). Mussels: A plate of (1 Penny.) North Metropolitan Tramways – Blue Line – Mustard Tin, A Penny (1 Penny). Aldgate and Stratford Every four minutes (3 Pence). Mutton: Hot Pies (1 Penny), Mutton and Not So Young Peas, sold as a Large Plate of Lamb Notepaper: A Penny and upwards (1 Penny). and Young Peas (6 Pence). Nuts: A "Halfpennyworth" from a New Sprats: A plate of (1 Penny). Greengrocer (a Half Penny).

New Testament, A: A Bible (1 Penny). Nuts, Barcelona: Per quart (6 Pence).

News of the World Newspaper: On Sundays Nuts, Brazil: Fifteen (1 Penny). (a Half Penny). Nuts, Hazel: Per half pint (3/4 Pence). Newspaper for a Half Penny every day: The Star (a Half Penny). Nuts, Spanish : Per quart (6 Pence).

Newspapers for a Half Penny on Sundays: Old Bergamie Pears: "Three a penny!" (1 News of the World, Reynold’s Newspaper, Penny). and Lloyd’s Weekly Newspaper (a Half Penny). Omnibus Fare: Running between Hammersmith station and Turnham Green Newspapers for 1 Penny: The Illustrated every 15 minutes (2 Pence). Police News, The Pall Mall Gazette, The Penny Illustrated, Women’s Penny, East Omnibus Fare: From Mile-End to the London London Observer, and East London Hospital on the London General Omnibus (2 Advertiser (1 Penny). Pence).

Newspaper for 3 Pence: The Times. Onions: In Spring (a Half Penny), a quart of (1 Penny). Nitric Acid (Aqua fortis): A "Pennyworth" from an Oil Shop (1 Penny). Opium: One Ounce (1 Shilling and 6 Pence or 18 Pence). North Metropolitan Tramways – Red Line - Aldgate and Hackney, every l0 minutes (2 Oranges: Two (1 Penny). Pence). Oysters on the Barrow: A “Pennysworth” (1 Penny), or Three Halfpence (1-1/2 Pence), or

Twopence for Big Ones (2 Pence), or a dozen Penny Pies: At a Penny Pie Shop (1 Penny). (6 Pence). Penny Sit Up, A: Sleeping all night upright on Pall Mall Gazette, The, Newspaper – Daily (1 a bench (1 Penny). Penny). Penny Trumpet, A: Each (1 Penny) Parafin (Kerosene): A half-gallon of (3 Pence). Penny Whistle, A: Each (1 Penny).

Pawn Ticket: A charge for one (a Half Peppermint Water: A glass of (a Half Penny). Penny). Periwinkles (Winkles, a small edible whelk or Pea Soup: A Half Pint to a Pint (a Half sea snail): A “Pennysworth from a Winkle Penny). Stand” (1 Penny).

Peaches: Each (1 Penny). Piccalilli: A “Halfpennysworth” of (a Half Penny). Pears, Catherine: "Six a penny!" (1 Penny). Pickles and Butter (a Half Penny). Pears, Old Bergamie: "Three a penny!" (1 Penny). Pies: Beef, Eel, Mince or Mutton (1 Penny).

Pears, Williams': "Four a penny!" (1 Penny). Pineapples “Pine Apples”: Slices (a Half Penny) or (1 Penny), Each (6 Pence) to (9 Peas: A Large Plate of Lamb and Young Peas; Pence). actually, Mutton and Not So Young Peas (6 Pence). Pinks (Flowers): Each (a Half Penny).

Peas, Hot Green: A "Halfpennyworths;" Pipes, Clay: Two a Penny (1 Penny).” about a quarter of a Pint (a Half Penny).

Play in Yiddish, A: Admission to watch in a Pencils, Black Lead: Each (1 Penny). local theatre (4 Pence).

Penny Dolls: A Penny each (1 Penny). Playbill, A: Each (1 Penny).

Penny Gaff Shows Admission: The cheaper seats (1 Penny), a seat in the more Playing-Cards: Per unstamped pack (2 aristocratic gallery or "balcony stalls" (2 Pence) or (3 Pence). Pence). Plum-cakes: (a Farthing) or (a Half Penny). Penny Illustrated Newspaper, The - Daily (1 Penny). Plum Dough (or Plum Duff): Sold by each Slice (a Half Penny and 1 Penny).

Plums, Ripe: A half pint (1 Penny), or a pint Reynold’s Newspaper – On Sundays (a Half of (1 Penny). Penny).

Potatoes: A Baked Potato (a Half Penny), or Rice: About a third of a pound (1 Penny). Potatoes (including Mashed) (1 Penny), or five pounds of (2 Pence), or a small plate of Rice Milk: A "Halfpennyworth" Half of a Cup Potatoes, Cold Meat, and a Salad of either (a Half Penny), or a Cup, Half a Pint (1 Cucumber or Lettuce with Tomatoes (3 Penny). Pence), or a Baked Potato and a Drink (4 Pence), or a Dinner of Potatoes, a Bowl of Roast Beef (4 Pence). Soup, quarter of a pound of Cooked Meat, and a block of Pudding at The Victoria Home Roll: A “Ha’Penny” Roll, or Bread Roll (a Half (5 Pence). Penny).

Preserved Pineapple Liquor: The liquid left Roses, China: Per bunch of (a Half Penny). in the tin after the slices of fruit have been taken out): "A halfpenny a small glass" (a Roses, Moss: Per bunch of (a Half Penny). Half Penny). St. John’s Working Men’s Club Weekly Prunes: A pound of (2 Pence). Subscription (2 Pence).

Pudding: Each (1 Penny). Salmon: According to the Bill of Fare (1 Penny) to (2 Pence). Pudding, Kidney (1 Penny). Saloop: Each Dish of (1 Penny). Pudding, Steak (3 Pence). Sandwiches, Ham: Each (a Half Penny), (1 Puddings, Boiled: Meat and Currant, in the Penny), or (2 Pence). form of a round ball (a Half Penny). Sausage: A “Pennyworth” (1 Penny). Radishes: Three bunches (1 Penny).

Sausage and Bread in a Bag (2 Pence). Raisins: A pound of (2 Pence).

Raspberries: A Pottle of; a little less than a Sex: A “TupPenny Upright” (2 Pence), or a quart (6 Pence). “Three Penny Knee-Trembler,” or a “ThruPenny Kneetrembler” of Sex against a Raspberry Cream: A glass of (1 Penny). wall (3 Pence), or a “Fourpenny Knee Trembler” (4 Pence). Raspberry Ices: Each (1 Penny). Shaves at the Barber’s, Two: For a “Penny Red Herrings: Four of (1 Penny). Ha’Penny” (1-1/2 Pence).

Sheep's Trotters: Average size (a Half Steak Pudding (3 Pence). Penny), larger than average size (1 Penny), two a little larger than average (1-1/2 Stocks (a wonderfully fragrant Flower): Per Pence), four a little smaller than average (1- bunch of (a Half Penny). 1/2 Pence). Strawberries: A Pottle of (a little less than a Shell Almonds: Twenty for a Penny (1 quart) inferior berries (1 Penny), or better Penny). berries (2 Pence).

Shoe Shine, A: By a Shoeblack (1 Penny). Strawberry Cream: A glass of (1 Penny).

Shooting Galleries: Three-shots-a-penny, or Street Ices: A glass of (1 Penny). six-throws-a-Penny (1 Penny). Sugar: A “Farthing’sworth of Sugar” (1 Soap: A “Farthing’sworth of Soap” (1 Farthing), a "Halfpenny’sworth" of Loaf Farthing), a “HalfPennyWorth,” about 2 Sugar (a Half Penny), Packets of (1 Penny), 4 ounces (a Half Penny), or one and a half pounds of (10 Pence), 6 pounds of (1 Shilling pounds of (6 Pence). or 12 Pence).

Song Sheets for Street Ballads: Each (1 Tea: A “Farthing’sworth of Tea” (1 Farthing), Penny). or a Small Cup, Half-Mug, Cup, or Mug (a Half Penny), or a “Pinch of” or “Tea-Dust,” Soup: A Half Pint of Pea Soup (a Half Penny), enough for a Cup or two (a Half Penny), or a or a Bowl or Large Bowl, or a “first-rate “pinch of,” enough for a Cup or two (3/4 of a quality” bowl of (1 Penny), or a Big Bowlful Penny), or a “Pennyworth of” (1 Penny), or a with a Chunk of Bread (1-1/2 Pence), or a cup with Bread (1 Penny), or a Penny Packet Dinner of a Bowl of Soup, quarter of a pound (1 Penny), or a Cup or Mug of at a Coffee of Cooked Meat, Potatoes and a Block of House (1 Penny), or a Large Cup of (1 Penny), Pudding (5 Pence). or with Bread and Butter (1 Penny), or a Cup (1-1/2 Pence), or a cup (2 Pence), or a Meal Spanish Nuts: Per quart (6 Pence). of a Pint-and-a-Half of Tea or Coffee and a Slice of Bread weighing six ounces, covered Sprats, New: A plate of (1 Penny). with Butter, or Marmalade (2 Pence), or a “Tu’Penny Order”, “Two slices an’ a Cup of Star Newspaper, The – Daily (a Half Penny). Tea!” Two slices meaning two slices of

Bread with butter (2 Pence), or a Pint of (2 Stamps: A Half Penny Stamp for Cards (a Half Pence), or a half pound of (6 Pence), or a half Penny), Stamps (1 Penny and upwards), or Inland Revenue Stamp (1 Penny). pound of (1 Shilling or 12 Pence).

Steak: A Five-Penny Steak (5 Pence), or a Six- Testament, A New, Bible (1 Penny). Penny Steak (6 Pence). Threepenny Beer: A pot of (3 Pence).

Times Newspaper, The – Daily (3 Pence). Water, Peppermint: A glass of (a Half Penny). Tobacco Cigarettes: Five cheap Cigarettes called "Fags" (1 Penny), or a packet of cheap Water Closets Access: Adjacent to the Half Cigarettes (2 Pence). Penny “Urinettes” (1 Penny).

Toffee: A “Pennyworth” of (1 Penny). Watercress: A bunch of (a Half Penny).

Tramways Fares: North Metropolitan Waxworks Show Admission (1 Penny). Tramways – Yellow Line – Aldgate and Poplar Every 4 minutes (2 Pence), North Whelks: Sold according to size, from each (a Metropolitan Tramways – Red Line – Aldgate Half Penny), to a plate of three or four (1 and Hackney every l0 minutes (2 Pence), Penny). North Metropolitan Tramways – Blue Line – Aldgate and Stratford Every four minutes (3 Whisky: A bottle of (a Half Crown or 2 Pence). Shillings and 6 Pence or 30 Pence).

Trotters, Sheep's: Average size (a Half Whistle, Penny (1 Penny). Penny), larger than average size (1 Penny), two a little larger than average, or four a Williams' Pears: "Four a penny!" (1 Penny). little smaller than average (1-1/2 Pence). Wine, Elderberry “Elder”: A Trumpet, Penny, A (1 Penny). “Halfpennysworth” (a Half Penny), or the regular “Pennysworth” size, a half-quartern, Turnips: A bunch of (1 Penny) or one dozen or the eighth of a pint (1 Penny). (1-1/2 Pence).

Wine, Hot: A glass of (a Half Penny). Urinettes (Urinals) Access: For Women in

Victorian/Edwardian dress to piddle into Winkles: Periwinkles, a small edible whelk or whilst standing up (a Half Penny). sea snail: A “Pennysworth from a Winkle Vegetable Marrows (A thin-skinned, tender Stand” (1 Penny). summer squash): Each (a Half Penny). Women’s Penny Newspaper – Daily (1

Vegetables, A Dinner with (4 Pence). Penny).

Vinegar (1 Farthing). Workman's Return Ticket, A: Each (3 Pence).

Violets: Per bunch of (a Half Penny), a Bunch Yiddish Play Admission to watch in a local (1 Penny), a dozen Bunches (8 Pence). theatre (4 Pence).

Wallflowers: Per bunch of (a Half Penny). Zinc Ointment: One Penny’s worth of (1 Penny). Walnuts: Eight to twenty (1 Penny).

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Sources: Morgan, Joan, The Book of Pears: The Definitive History and Guide to Over 500 Banks, Elizabeth L.. Adventures of an Varieties American Girl in Victorian London Roland, Paul, The Crimes of Jack the Ripper Begg, Paul and Bennett, John, Jack the Ripper: The Forgotten Victims Rook, Clarence, The Hooligan Nights

Bowley, Arthur L., Wages in the United Rumbelow, Donald, The Complete Jack the Kingdom in the Nineteenth Century Ripper

Cutler, John, M. A., Reports of Patent Sims, George R., How the Poor Live Design, Trade Mark and Other Cases Sims, George R., Living London: Its Work Davies, W. H., The Autobiography of a and Its Play, Its Humour and Its Pathos, Its Super-Tramp Sights and Its Scenes, Volume 1

Jackson, Lee, Daily Life in Victorian London: Thompson, Slason, and Hobart C. Taylor, An Extraordinary Anthology America: A Journal for Americans, Volume I

Jackson, Lee, A Dictionary of Victorian Walkowitz, Judith R., City of Dreadful London: An A-Z of the Great Metropolis Delight: Narratives of Sexual Danger in Late- Victorian London London, Jack, “The People of the Abyss:” Webbe, Cornelius, Glances at Life in City Mayhew, Henry, London Labour and the and Suburb London Poor: The London Street-Folk Wescott, Tom, The Bank Holiday Murders: Mayhew, Henry, and Others, The London The True Story of the First Whitechapel Underworld in The Victorian Period: Murders Authentic First-Person Accounts By Beggars, Thieves And Prostitutes Wescott, Tom. Ripper Confidential: New Research on the Whitechapel Murders

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Related Source Links: Salvation Army Establishments: Casebook: Jack the Ripper: http://www.workhouses.org.uk/SA/ https://www.casebook.org/ Common Lodging Houses: Ripperologist Magazine: http://www.workhouses.org.uk/lodging/ http://www.ripperologist.co.uk/ 10 Weird Foods Sold By Victorian Street The Jack The Ripper Forums: Vendors: http://www.jtrforums.com/ https://listverse.com/2013/01/06/10-

Redjack: weird-foods-sold-by-victorian-street- https://red-jack.blogspot.com/ vendors/

Wages in the United Kingdom in the The Victorian Dictionary: Nineteenth Century: http://www.victorianlondon.org/index- https://ia802605.us.archive.org/31/items/ 2012.htm wagesinunitedkin00bowl/wagesinunitedkin 00bowl.pdf Income vs Expenditure in Working-Class Victorian England: London History - Currency, Coinage and the http://vichist.blogspot.com/2014/05/incom Cost of Living: e-vs-expenditure-in-working-class.html https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Coi nage.jsp#costofliving Food and Fuel for the Poor: https://www.jack-the-ripper- Cost of Living in Victorian England: tour.com/generalnews/food-and-fuel-for- http://logicmgmt.com/1876/living/livingcos the-poor/ t.htm The Price of Prostitution: Victorian Web: https://www.jack-the-ripper- http://www.victorianweb.org/ tour.com/generalnews/how-much-for-sex/

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Closing Thoughts:

Like many other individuals interested in all aspects of “The Autumn of Terror,” the “Whitechapel Murders,” and the true reality that is known to most as the “Jack the Ripper” murders; I too, have collected a large number of books, documentaries, DVD’s, magazines, podcasts, audio files, YouTube videos, and digital articles on the subject.

What I’ve come to realize, is that I’m now most interested, in the minds, thinking and theories of the most well-read and intelligent Ripperologists; especially those that keep coming up with fresh insights, and new ways of looking at the same information that all of us have been looking at for many years.

I don’t believe we will ever know with any great certainty the identity of the murderer, or murderers, of the Canonical Five, or any of the other victims before or after them that might have been murdered by the same hands; but, I’m a firm believer, that the real identity of anyone committing murders at that time in the Whitechapel area, would be that of a very innocent looking and behaving local man.

I’m just glad that now that I’m retired, at age 65, I’ve got the time to finally contribute something to the ongoing discussions that I hope will be of use to current and future Ripperologists.

As a Bonus, I’ve uploaded a companion 24”x 36” “Pennies for Your Thoughts” poster to: https://cthulhuwho1.files.wordpress.com/2019/01/poster-5a.jpg

William E. (Will) Hart (a.k.a. CthulhuWho1) Fullerton, California 10-March-2019