VISITOR Experiences and PERCEPTIONS of NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT on GRANDFATHER MOUNTAIN

Author:

John Caveny, Oregon State University VISITOR EXPERIENCES AND

Master of Natural Resources Capstone Project PERCEPTIONS OF NATURAL

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT ON Conducted for and in cooperation with Grandfather Mountain Stewardship Foundation, GRANDFATHER MOUNTAIN Linville, North Carolina.

Final Report

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to send my sincere gratitude to Dr. Mark Needham for guiding me through this project. His words of wisdom, moral support, and patience are appreciated more than he knows. This project would not have been made possible without the support of Jesse Pope,

Executive Director of Grandfather Mountain Stewardship Foundation, and all of the other staff members at Grandfather Mountain Stewardship Foundation for their encouragement and assistance in providing me with the email addresses to complete this project. I would also like to thank my other graduate committee members, Dr. Ashley D’Antonio and Dr. Ian Munanura, for taking the time to assist me with this project. Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Courtney

Caveny, for always lending a listening ear and helping motivate me through this process.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Grandfather Mountain (North Carolina) has been attracting people from all over the world since it opened as a park in 1952. In addition to its mild summer climate, extreme weather patterns, and breathtaking views, Grandfather Mountain is an area of high ecological significance. Although the Grandfather Mountain Steward Foundation (GMSF) (one of several organizations that manage Grandfather Mountain) routinely has more than 250,000 visitors per year, it is important to manage and protect the unique biodiversity that this park has to offer.

The primary objectives of this study were to understand: (a) how well visitors perceive that the GMSF is managing natural resources and visitor experiences in this park, and (b) the best ways for informing visitors about the natural resources within this park. Other areas of focus were visitor motivations and satisfaction, quality of interpretive opportunities, and social and demographic characteristics of visitors.

An online questionnaire was created and sent via email invitations to all recipients of the GMSF’s eNewsletter (n = 799). The majority of respondents were White/Caucasian (96%),

60 years of age and older (59%), female (58%), and residents of North Carolina (73%). Almost all respondents (96%) had visited Grandfather Mountain before where their three favorite locations were the Mile High Swinging Bridge/Linville Peak (39%), hiking trails (25%), and

Animal Habitats (21%). The primary motivations of respondents for visiting the park were the scenery/views (33%), recreation opportunities (16%), being in nature (13%), and spending time with family (12%).

Overall satisfaction of respondents was high with 94% satisfied (74% very satisfied) with their visit(s) to the park. Importance-performance (IP) analysis of 33 general park opportunities,

Caveny 2020 natural resource management attributes, and learning opportunities showed that all were in the “keep up the good work” quadrant with respondents rating all of these attributes as important and being satisfied with all of these attributes. Some attributes, however, were highly important to respondents, but they were only slightly satisfied with these attributes (e.g., variety of activities, hiking opportunities, number of trails, accessibility, family-friendly facilities and services, number and quality of rule/regulation signs and interpretive signs).

In total, 73% of respondents had either slight or moderate knowledge of natural resource management actions in park settings, and 19% had no knowledge. In addition, 28% of respondents had observed behaviors of other visitors that reduced the quality of their visits, and 27% had seen other visitors going off-trail or entering closed areas. Respondents were most interested in learning about natural resource management in this area from exhibits in the Nature Museum (78%), face-to-face interactions with staff (76%), and educational or interpretive signs (71%).

These results can inform the GMSF management decisions, including best practices to protect the park’s natural resources. Although the results showed that GMSF is doing a good job, some recommendations for management are discussed, including: (a) using best practices for informing visitors, (b) training more staff about ways for informing visitors about natural resource management, (c) tapping into motivations for visiting the park to improve experiences, (d) dispersing visitation to different areas of the park, and (e) diversifying the demographics of eNewsletter recipients.

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Table of Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...... 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ...... 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS…………………………….………………………………...…………………………………………...... ……….4

INTRODUCTION…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..5

BACKGROUND…………………...... …………………………………………………………………………………………..5

PROBLEM STATEMENT………..…...... …………...... …...... …………………...……...... …………..8

OBJECTIVES………...…...……………...……………………………...……………………………………………………………8

LITERATURE REVIEW……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………9 METHODS…………...... ……………………………………………....…………………………...... ………………………….14 RESULTS………………………………………………………………….....…………………………………………………………………….14 VISITOR AND TRIP CHARACTERISTICS…………………….....………………………………………………………….15

MOTIVATIONS……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...21

OVERALL SATISFACTION…………………...... ……………...... ……….....…………………………………………..22

KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS OF NATURAL RESOURCE IMPACTS AND MANAGEMENT...... 24

INFORMATION AND LEARNING…...... ……………………...... ………………………………………………………..28

RECOMMENDATIONS………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..31 BEST PRACTICES FOR INFORMING GUESTS…………………………………………….....………………………….32

TRAIN MORE STAFF IN COMMUNICATING ABOUT NATURAL RESOURCE PROTECTION...... 34

TAP INTO MOTIVATIONS OF VISITORS…………………………………………………………………………….…….35

DISPERSE VISITATION ACROSS DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE PARK…………………………………………….36

DIVERSIFY THE DEMOGRAPHICS OF GMSF ENEWSLETTER RECIPIENTS…………………………………..38

REFERENCES ...... 399 APPENDICES………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………42 APPENDIX A: GMSF SURVEY……………………...... ……………...... ………………………..42

APPENDIX B: BEST THINGS ABOUT GRANDFATHER MOUNTAIN…….……….……...... ………………….46

APPENDIX C: WORST THINGS ABOUT GRANDFATHER MOUNTAIN……………………………………..…59

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INTRODUCTION

For managers of natural resource areas (e.g., forests, rivers, alpine areas), there is a fine line between providing extraordinary outdoor recreation experiences for users and protecting the resources that are found in these areas. Mostly by design (to reduce dispersion of use and impacts), visitor use is generally concentrated around specific areas of parks and other natural areas (Cole, 2008). If not managed properly, however, visitor use can have detrimental effects

(e.g., vegetation trampling, erosion) to the natural resources in these areas and can negatively impact the experiences of visitors. This study focuses on the area of Grandfather Mountain in

Linville, North Carolina that is managed by the Grandfather Mountain Stewardship Foundation

(GMSF) to: (a) understand how well visitors perceive that managers of this area are conserving its natural resources and managing visitor experiences, and (b) determine the best ways for informing visitors about the natural resources found in this park.

BACKGROUND Grandfather Mountain (N 36.084672°, W -81.846087°) is located within Avery, Watauga, and Caldwell counties in northwest North Carolina (Figure 1). This area is comprised of a series of peaks that are part of the Blue Ridge Mountains, a chain of mountains within the greater

Southern Appalachian chain. The property is owned and managed by the GMSF, a 501(c)3 nonprofit organization, Grandfather Mountain State Park, and The Nature Conservancy. Private landowners, the Blue Ridge Parkway (United States National Park Service), and Pisgah National

Forest (United States Forest Service) manage the lower slopes of Grandfather Mountain.

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Figure 1: Location of Grandfather Mountain in North Carolina

Legend

------NC County

Grandfather Mountain

The high elevation of Grandfather Mountain (5,946 feet at its highest point) makes for

mild summer temperatures and cold winters (Oakley et al., 1996). Due to the mountain’s

geographic location in the Southern Appalachians, weather conditions can be extreme.

Grandfather Mountain averages 62 inches of annual precipitation and 52 inches of seasonal

snowfall (USDA, 2001). Average high temperatures range from 62° F in the summer to 30° F in

the winter (USDA, 2001). Winds in excess of 50 miles per hour are not uncommon throughout

the entire year.

In addition to these extreme weather conditions, Grandfather Mountain is also

characterized by its unique biodiversity. This area is recognized as having important

conservation value due to providing habitat for many rare plant species (Weakley, 1993).

Sixteen distinct ecological communities are found on the mountain, including the spruce-fir

forest. As a high elevation “island,” it is home to many plants endemic to the Southern

Appalachian area that are relics of the Pleistocene era (Oakley et al., 1996). Grandfather

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Mountain is home to 73 federally and state listed rare or endangered species (GMSF, 2020).

Many of the flora and fauna species that are threatened and/or endangered depend directly on the unique ecological communities that are present within the park (NCWRC ,2010). The rock that makes up Grandfather Mountain is unique, as the presence of metadiabase and dolomite on the mountain break down into soil that is higher in pH than most other soil in the geographic region (Weakley & Schafale, 1989). Many botanists point to this being the primary reason for the stronghold of rare plants found on the mountain (Oakley et al., 1996).

In 1996, The Nature Conservancy established a “Site Conservation Plan” for Grandfather

Mountain to provide guidance on how to manage its rare and endangered species, forests and landscapes, and visitors (Oakley et al., 1996). The GMSF is still using this plan to provide guiding principles on how to manage natural resources within the park. The GMSF Natural Resource

Management Department routinely updates elemental occurrences (EOs) to the North Carolina

Natural Heritage Program database, manages and monitors forested areas, removes invasive species, and monitors visitor impacts within the park.

The GMSF routinely sees more than 250,000 guest visits per year (with many visitors returning to the park multiple times per year; GMSF, 2019). Current state trends in outdoor recreation and nature-based tourism show that this number of visits could increase (NCDENR,

2015). One of the major attractions to this park is the mile-high swinging bridge, a 228 foot long suspension bridge that is located one-mile above sea level. The area surrounding this bridge is home to four federally listed endangered species: Heller’s blazing star (Liatris helleri), Blue

Ridge goldenrod (Solidago spithamaea), Roan Mountain bluets (Houstonia montana), and

Spreading avens (Geum radiatum). This area is also nestled within the spruce (Picea)-fir (Abies)

Caveny 2020 forest, one of the most endangered forest communities in the world (NCWRC, 2010). To protect these endangered species and the surrounding natural resources, managers must make decisions about how to meet the needs of current visitors while also conserving the area for future generations (Leung et al., 2008). It is difficult to successfully maintain visitor experiences and conserve natural resources in high use areas if visitors engage in depreciative behaviors

(e.g., hiking off-trail, trampling vegetation) and are dissatisfied with the experiences that are made available to them when visiting (Needham et al., 2016). Observational data have shown that some impacts from these depreciative behaviors are occurring in the areas of the Mile-

High Swinging Bridge and along Grandfather Mountain’s hiking trails. As locations that provide habitat for many rare and endangered species, these impacts negatively affect the population numbers of these species.

PROBLEM STATEMENT The GMSF is unsure whether visitors to this park understand its ecological importance and unique natural resources, and how the park is managed for visitors and these natural resources. A potential lack of knowledge about the park’s natural resources and ecological importance may cause depreciative behaviors among visitors, leading to difficulty in protecting the flora and fauna while still providing an array of recreation opportunities for visitors.

OBJECTIVES The overall aim of this study was to collect and analyze data that the GMSF managers can use for making informed decisions about how to meet the needs of visitors to Grandfather

Mountain while still protecting this area’s natural resources. This was accomplished through a survey of visitors that addressed three specific objectives. The first objective was to understand

Caveny 2020 visitor characteristics (e.g., amount of time they spend in natural settings, prior visits, group size, demographics), motivations (i.e., reasons) for visiting, and overall satisfaction with their visit. The second objective was to understand what visitors know and think about the natural resources and their management at Grandfather Mountain. This was achieved by measuring self-assessed knowledge of visitors regarding natural resource management practices, examining their awareness of any specific depreciative behaviors occurring at Grandfather

Mountain (e.g., entering closed areas, going off trail), and determining the importance and satisfaction of visitors regarding how well the GMSF is managing natural resources in this park.

The third objective was to understand the best ways for informing visitors about natural resources at Grandfather Mountain. This involved: (a) determining the importance and satisfaction of visitors regarding their opportunities to learn about natural resources and their management, (b) assessing visitor interest in various sources of learning within this park, and (c) measuring their preferred methods for learning about these issues.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Parks and other related natural areas have generally experienced increases in visitation across the last 50 years, with record attendances especially occurring over the last few years

(Smith et al., 2019; USDOI, 2020). Increased visitation can add more stress on natural resources that are present within these areas, especially if these new visitors engage in depreciative behaviors (Hammitt et al., 2015; Needham et al., 2016). When visitors encounter others engaging in these behaviors, they may seek out opportunities elsewhere to fulfill their needs, such as outside of a park’s established trails or visitor use areas (Needham et al., 2016). To

Caveny 2020 combat this, it is important for managers to understand the characteristics, motivations, and needs of visitors to be able to offer a suitable array of visitor opportunities (USDA, 1990).

A 2019 survey conducted by the GMSF found that 48% of respondents (n = 609) had visited the park more than six times in their lifetime (The Keil Group, 2019). These visitors were more likely to participate in and attend more activities (e.g., education programs, park events), and seek out opportunities for understanding the conservation message that is shared by the park (The Keil Group, 2019). Respondents who had not visited Grandfather Mountain (n = 129) did not prioritize environmental conservation as much as those who had visited the park (The

Keil Group, 2019). This survey, however, did not clearly measure visitor motivations, needs, or expectations, which are necessary for informing sustainable use of an area. Managers can use information about these expectations and motivations to create strategies and opportunities that meet these needs and protect the surrounding natural resources (Leung et al., 2018).

Experience-based management (EBM) is a management strategy that focuses on understanding and managing based on these motivations, needs, or expectations (Manning,

2011). EBM involves four components with the first involving visitor characteristics and the activities in which they want to participate (Lee & Driver, 1999). The second component is the types of settings where visitors want to engage in these activities. The third component involves motivations, which are reasons for visiting an area or participating in an activity at a given time (Needham et al., 2016). The fourth component involves the outcomes and benefits

(e.g., satisfaction) from engaging in activities and settings that are compatible with these motivations. Understanding the types of activities, settings, and experiences that visitors are seeking, why they are seeking these, and then providing opportunities to fulfill these needs can

Caveny 2020 assist land managers with their goal of satisfying their clients (i.e., visitors) and potentially increasing compliance with management goals and regulations.

The Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) is a tool that operationalizes EBM by zoning a region (e.g., park or other natural area) to allow different recreation activities to occur in different areas or settings within the region. This allows a region to cater to different types of experiences for visitors (Hammitt et al., 2015). Three primary components informing the ROS for a region are activities, settings, and desired experiences or motivations (Driver et al., 1987).

Land managers have the ability to manipulate these components to provide opportunities that range from developed frontcountry settings and experiences to more remote and primitive backcountry opportunities.

Importance-performance (I-P) analysis is an analytical approach for informing these types of management approaches. I-P analysis compares how important specific attributes

(e.g., activities, aspects of a setting) are to visitor experiences (i.e., their motivations) with the performance in terms of how satisfied (i.e., outcomes or benefits) visitors are with each attribute (Needham et al., 2016). An I-P matrix can be created to help managers target attributes needing attention. This matrix includes four quadrants: (a) “concentrate here,” (b)

“keep up the good work,” (c) “low priority,” and (d) “possible overkill” (Figure 2). When attributes are placed into these quadrants, managers are able to see how important these attributes are to visitors and how these visitors perceive the quality of these attributes (Bruyere et al., 2002). In turn, management objectives continually evolve and are partially based on the needs, expectations, and experiences of visitors.

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Figure 2: Importance-performance (I-P) matrix for analyzing motivations and satisfaction

EBM, ROS, and I-P analysis, however, largely involve management based on visitor activities, motivations, and experiences. Managing these experiences while also protecting natural resources (i.e., vegetation) from excessive damage can be difficult (Cole, 2008). In many cases, unless all access is prohibited or trails are hardened, some disturbance (e.g., trampling, erosion) will likely still occur. The amount of vegetation damage that a site can handle depends on many factors (e.g., conservation value; ecosystem composition, structure, and function; seasonality; type of use; Cole, 2008; Prescott & Stewart, 2014). Each plant species and ecological community can respond differently to disturbances (Kuss & Graefe, 1985). Two factors, resistance and resilience, are often considered. Resistance is the ability of natural resources (e.g., vegetation) to withstand direct impacts from recreationists, whereas resilience is the amount of disturbance a resource can bounce back from before it can no longer recover from the disturbance (Hammitt et al., 2015). In areas that see almost no recreation use, these effects can be minimal, but areas where use is concentrated (e.g., hiking trails, overlooks, visitor

Caveny 2020 centers) may display greater disturbances (Cole, 2008). The opposite may also be true, especially when an unused area is first disturbed by recreational use.

Visitor preferences regarding resources encountered in natural areas can coincide with their expectations for visiting. For example, visitors who are seeking a hike in a pristine wilderness area may be more likely to notice disturbances to this pristineness, such as social trails, vegetation trampling, or litter. Conversely, visitors in a highly trafficked area may be less likely to notice the impacts of footsteps on vegetation (Dorwart et al., 2009). These perceptions vary greatly depending on the visitor and are affected by many factors (e.g., social or cultural norms, experience level, demographics, activity, location; Noe et al., 1997).

Given these diverse perceptions, managers must make informed decisions when educating visitors about acceptable and unacceptable behaviors in parks and other natural areas. Ham and Weiler (2002) stated that whether interpretation is in the form of self-guided materials (e.g., brochures, signs) or face-to-face interactions (e.g., guided tours, ranger talks), it

“can play a role in long-term conservation by influencing what visitors come to believe about the area, about the importance of the resources being protected, and about the strategies being used to protect them” (p. 40). An important component of interpretation is the messaging and how it is developed. Studies have shown that messaging about desired visitor behaviors, the effects of negative behaviors, and evoking feelings of attachment to a place can all have a positive association with minimizing depreciative behaviors (Kidd et al., 2015).

Interpretation and information need to be considered as one way for communicating a site’s management objectives in ways that visitors will be able to understand and comprehend.

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METHODS

Data for this study were collected from an on-line (internet) survey of visitors to

Grandfather Mountain. A questionnaire (Appendix A) was created and hosted on the online survey platform, Qualtrics. Recipients were individuals who are currently subscribed to the

GMSF’s eNewsletter (e.g., season pass holders, donors, general public). This email list consisted of 12,338 recipients (hundreds of these email addresses were no longer valid). Four email invitations were sent to individuals with these emails containing the purpose/intent of the study, the link to the questionnaire, and the contact information of the researchers. These emails were each timed a few days apart (June 22, 2020, June 25, 2020, July 1, 2020, July 9,

2020) to increase the response (Vaske, 2019). A total of n = 799 recipients completed the questionnaire, which allows for conclusions to be drawn about the GMSF’s eNewsletter subscribers at the 95% confidence level with a margin of error of approximately ± 3.5% (Salant

& Dillman, 1994; Vaske, 2019).

The questionnaire consisted of 24 questions that covered a variety of topics (e.g., typical visit characteristics, motivations, satisfaction, knowledge/awareness, on-site behaviors, socio- demographic characteristics). The questionnaire took an average of 15 minutes to complete.

The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software was used for analyzing the data.

RESULTS

The following analyses and results are grouped according to the study objectives: (a) visitor and trip characteristics (e.g., ethnicity, age, gender, distanced traveled, residency, previous visitation, locations visited in the park, favorite locations in the park), (b) motivations

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Grandfather Mountain, satisfaction and importance of general park operations), (d) knowledge and awareness of natural resource management at Grandfather Mountain (e.g., knowledge of natural resource management actions, awareness of depreciative behaviors of others, others going off trail or entering a closed area, satisfaction and importance of natural resource management practices), and (e) ways to inform visitors about the natural resources and related management actions at Grandfather Mountain (e.g., satisfaction and importance of visitors regarding their opportunities to learn about natural resources and their management, interest in forms of education).

Visitor and Trip Characteristics Almost all respondents were White/Caucasian (96%; Figure 3). Hispanic/Latino, Asian,

Black/African American, and other ethnicities were represented by only a few respondents. The average age of respondents was 61 years old with 60-69 year olds making up the largest percentage (34%), followed by 70 year olds and older (25%), 50-59 year olds (25%), 40-49 year olds (10%), 30-39 year olds (5%), 20-29 year olds (1%), and those younger than 20 years old

(<1%; Figure 4). The majority of respondents were female (58%) and 42% were male (Figure 5).

Fewer than 1% of respondents were transgender. In total, 26 different states were represented among respondents (Table 1). The largest percentage of respondents (73%) lived in North

Carolina, followed by South Carolina (5%), Tennessee (5%), Florida (4%), Virginia (3%), and

Georgia (3%).

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Figure 3: Ethnicity of respondents

Percent (%)

0 25 50 75 100

White (Caucasian) 96

Hispanic / Latino 1

Asian 1

Black / African American 1

Other 1

Figure 4: Age of respondents

0 10 Percent (%) 20 30 40

60-69 34

50-59 25

70 and over 25

40-49 10

30-39 5

20-29 1

< 20 <1

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Figure 5: Gender of respondents

Percent (%)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Female 58

Male 42

Transgender < 1

Table 1: Location of residence among respondents

US State Number of Responses North Carolina 448 South Carolina 31 Tennessee 31 Florida 22 Virginia 18 Georgia 18 Ohio 5 Maryland 5 Texas 4 Pennsylvania 4 Alabama 3 Indiana 3 Kentucky 3 New York 3 California 2 Delaware 2 Michigan 2 New Hampshire 2 New Jersey 2 Arizona 1 Massachusetts 1 Mississippi 1 Missouri 1 Oregon 1 West Virginia 1 Wisconsin 1

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In total, 96% of respondents had visited Grandfather Mountain and only 4% had not visited before (Figure 6). The percentage of visitors was expected to be high given that respondents were subscribers to the GMSF eNewsletter. The largest percentage of respondents

(34%) traveled 1-24 miles to visit Grandfather Mountain, 21% traveled 100-199 miles, 19% traveled 200 or more miles, 15% traveled 50-99 miles, and 12% traveled 25-49 miles (Figure 7).

Figure 6: Past visitation of respondents

Percent (%) 0 25 50 75 100

Yes 96

No 4

Figure 7: Distance traveled by respondents

Percent (%) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

1-24 miles 34

25-49 miles 12

50-99 miles 15

100-199 miles 21

200 or more miles 19

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Use of designated areas in the park was evaluated by asking respondents to select all areas of the park they visited during their time(s) at Grandfather Mountain. Given that no park map was provided in the questionnaire, respondents needed to recall these locations based on their memory of previous visit(s). In total, 93% visited the Mile High Swinging Bridge/Linville

Peak, 90% visited the Animal Habitats, 88% visited the Nature Museum, 82% visited the

Cliffside Overlook, 81% visited the Top Shop, 71% visited the hiking trails, 59% visited the

Woods Walk Picnic Area, and 7% visited other locations (e.g., Split Rock, Fudge Shop, MacRae

Meadows; Figure 8). Respondents were then asked to select their favorite location. The Mile

High Swinging Bridge/Linville Peak was the favorite location among respondents (39%), followed by the hiking trails (25%), Animal Habitats (21%), Cliffside Overlook (7%), other locations (e.g., Split Rock, Fudge Shop, MacRae Meadows; 3%), Nature Museum (2%), and both

Woods Walk and the Top Shop (1% each; Figure 9).

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Figure 8: Locations visited by respondents

Percent (%) 0 25 50 75 100

Swinging Bridge/Linville Peak 93

Animal Habitats 90

Nature Museum 88

Cliffside 82

Top Shop 81

Hiking Trails 71

Woods Walk 59

Other 7

Figure 9: Favorite location for respondents to visit

Percent (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50

Swinging Bridge/Linville Peak 39

Hiking Trails 25

Animal Habitats 21

Cliffside Overlook 7

Other 3

Nature Museum 2

Woods Walk 1

Top Shop 1 20

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Motivations Motivations for visiting Grandfather Mountain were assessed by asking the open-ended question, “What is the one most important reason why you typically visit Grandfather

Mountain?” Using content analysis, written responses were grouped into eight broad themes: beauty/views (e.g., scenery, long-range views), recreation opportunities (e.g., hiking, birding, photography), spending time with family or friends, being in nature (e.g., adventure, solitude, peacefulness), love of Grandfather Mountain (e.g., enjoy staff, childhood memories of visiting, feel at home), to visit specific locations on Grandfather Mountain (e.g., Animal Habitats,

Swinging Bridge, Nature Museum, Top Shop), live nearby, and to attend specific programs or events (e.g., Highland Games, Nature Photography Weekend, Camera Clinic, educational programs). The most important reason for visiting was beauty/views (33%), followed by recreation opportunities (16%), being in nature (13%), and spending time with family or friends

(12%; Figure 10).

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Figure 10: Respondent motivations for visiting (GFM = Grandfather Mountain)

Percent (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50

Beauty/Views 33

Recreation 16

Being in Nature 13

Spending time with family 12

Love of GFM 9

Locations on GFM 8

Live nearby 5

Events/Programs 4

Overall Satisfaction In total, 94% of respondents were satisfied (74% “very satisfied”) with their visit(s) to

Grandfather Mountain (Figure 11). Fewer than 7% of respondents were neither satisfied nor

dissatisfied, dissatisfied, or very dissatisfied. Of the respondents who had previously visited the

park, 97% stated that they would revisit if they had an opportunity to do so, 2% were unsure if

they would revisit, and only 1% would not revisit the park.

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Figure 11: Overall satisfaction with visit(s) among respondents

Percent (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Very satisfied 74

Satisfied 20

Neither 2

Dissatisfied < 1

Very dissatisfied 4

On average, participants rated all of the 17 characteristics of general park opportunities

and conditions (e.g., access to all areas of the park, opportunities for hiking, facilities/services

that are family friendly, overall customer service of staff/personnel) as important (Figure 12).

On average, participants were also satisfied with all of these characteristics. Using I-P analysis,

all 17 of these attributes were in the “keep up the good work” quadrant, indicating that

respondents thought the park staff were doing a good job providing these opportunities and

experiences. It may be important, however, to more carefully examine this quadrant (i.e.,

dashed lines), as there were a few attributes that were highly important to respondents, but

they were only slightly satisfied with these attributes (e.g., accessibility to all areas, variety of

activities to do, opportunities for hiking, number of trails, facilities/services that are family

friendly). In addition, respondents rated their satisfaction with “helpful or knowledgeable

staff/personnel” and “accessible or easy to find staff/personnel” slightly lower than they rated

the importance of these two attributes.

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Figure 12: Importance-performance (I-P) analysis of general park opportunities and conditions

Extremely 2 Important

V14 V15 V4 V3 V13 V10V12 V2 V6 V17 V16 V11 V9 V1 V8 V7 1 V5

0 -2 -1 0 1 2

Very V1 = Accessibility to all areas Very Dissatisfied V2 = Variety of activities to do Satisfied V3 = Opportunities for sightseeing V4 = Opportunities for connecting with nature V5 = Opportunities for experiencing solitude V6 = Opportunities for hiking -1 V7 = Number of hiking trails V8 = Well maintained/safe hiking trails V9 = Facilities/services that are family friendly V10 = Clean facilities/services V11 = Well maintained facilities/services V12 = Safe facilities/services V13 = Overall cleanliness of park V14 = Courteous/friendly staff V15 = Helpful/knowledgeable staff Not -2 V16 = Accessible/easy to find staff Important V17 = Overall customer service of staff

Knowledge and Awareness of Natural Resource Impacts and Management

For managers to make informed decisions about how to manage visitors while also protecting natural resources in the park, it was important to understand the self-assessed or perceived knowledge of respondents regarding how natural resources are managed in park settings. Respondents were asked, “How knowledgeable do you feel about approaches for managing places such as parks, forests, or other natural resources?” Among respondents, 19% reported that they had no knowledge of these natural resource management practices and only

8% had high knowledge of these practices (Figure 13). The largest percentages of respondents

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had either slight (37%) or moderate knowledge (36%). Understanding the level of knowledge

among visitors can inform the types of messaging used for informing visitors about how park

staff are managing natural resources (Kidd et al., 2015).

Figure 13: Respondent self-assessed knowledge of natural resource management practices

Percent (%) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

No knowledge 19

Slight knowledge 37

Moderate knowledge 36

High knowledge 8

Respondents were also asked a series of questions regarding depreciative visitor

behaviors they may have encountered when visiting this park. Respondents were asked,

“During any of your visits to Grandfather Mountain, have you ever observed other visitors

whose behavior reduced the quality of your visit?” In total, 72% of respondents had not

observed other visitors whose behavior reduced the quality of their experience(s), whereas

28% had observed other visitors whose behavior reduced the quality of their visit(s) (Figure 14).

To protect many of the rare and endangered plants that grow in and around the high use areas

of Grandfather Mountain, it is also important for managers to know if respondents had ever

witnessed other visitors going off-trail or entering into closed areas of the park. In total, 27% of

respondents reported observing other visitors going off the trail or entering into a closed

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location, whereas 60% had not observed this depreciative behavior and 14% were unsure

(Figure 15). Respondents were also asked, “Do you think that visitors going off the trail or

entering into a closed location is currently a problem at Grandfather Mountain?” Only 10% of

respondents said “yes” in response, whereas the largest percentage was “unsure” (56%),

followed by 34% who said “no” in response (Figure 16).

Figure 14: Behavior of other visitors that reduced the quality of respondent visits

Percent (%) 0 20 40 60 80

No 72

Yes 28

Figure 15: Respondents observing other visitors going off-trail or entering closed areas

Percent (%)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

No 60

Yes 27

Unsure 14

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Figure 16: Respondents who believed that visitors going off the trail or entering into a closed location is currently a problem at Grandfather Mountain

Percent (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Unsure 56

No 34

Yes 10

Six characteristics related to natural resource management practices and opportunities at Grandfather Mountain (e.g., opportunities to see wildlife, opportunities to see rare or endangered plants, management that protects/monitors rare or endangered species/plants, management that uses native species/plants in landscaping, management that removes exotic or invasive species/plants, overall condition of the natural environment at Grandfather

Mountain) were evaluated and analyzed using I-P analysis (Figure 17). On average, all six of these management practices and opportunities were important to respondents and they were also satisfied with these attributes. Responses to all six of these attributes were in “Keep up the good work” quadrant. On average, respondents’ satisfaction exceeded their importance for all of these attributes except “opportunities to see wildlife” and “opportunities to see rare or endangered plants.”

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Figure 17: Importance-performance (I-P) analysis of natural resource management issues

Extremely 2 Important

V6 V1

V2 V3 V4 1 V5

0 -2 -1 0 1 2 Very Very Dissatisfied Satisfied

V1 = Opportunities to view wildlife V2 = Opportunities to view rare plants -1 V3 = Management that protects rare plants V4 = Landscaping that utilizes native plants V5 = Management that removes invasive plants V6 = Overall condition of natural environment

Not Important -2

Information and Learning Managers were also interested in understanding the best ways for informing visitors about how staff are managing the park. An I-P analysis assessed respondent importance and satisfaction with 10 attributes related to information and interpretation provided by the GMSF

(e.g., number of signs providing information about rules or regulations, quality of signs providing educational/interpretive information, number of education programs [e.g., animal encounters, naturalist talks], quality of other information/education materials [e.g., brochures],

Caveny 2020 education/information about rare or endangered species/plants). Results showed that although all 10 attributes were in the “keep up the good work” quadrant (Figure 18), eight of these had higher average importance than satisfaction (number of signs providing information about rules or regulations, quality of signs providing information about rules or regulations, number of signs providing educational/interpretive information, quality of signs providing educational/interpretive information, number of education programs [e.g., animal encounters, naturalist talks], quality of these educational programs, quality of other information/education materials [e.g., brochures], education/information about what managers are doing to protect rare or endangered species/plants). In addition, examining the “keep up the good work” quadrant (i.e., dashed lines) showed a few attributes that were highly important to respondents, but they were only slightly satisfied with these attributes (number and quality of signs providing information about rules or regulations, number and quality of signs providing educational/interpretive information).

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Figure 18: Importance-performance (I-P) analysis of information and learning attributes

Extremely 2 Important

V1 V6 V2 V9 V5 V4 V3 V8 1 V10

0 -2 -1 0 1 2 Very Very Dissatisfied Satisfied V1 = Number of rule/regulation signs V2 = Quality of rule/regulation signs V3 = Number of interpretive signs -1 V4 = Quality of interpretive signs V5 = Number of educational/interpretive programs V6 = Quality of educational/interpretive programs V7 = Number of other educational materials V8 = Quality of other educational materials V9 = Education/Information about rare plants V10 = Education/information about what managers are doing to protect rare plants Not Important -2

Respondents were also asked their level of interest in learning about how managers are working to protect the natural environment at Grandfather Mountain from a variety of informational and interpretive sources. Respondents were most interested in learning from exhibits in the Nature Museum (78%), face-to-face interactions with staff (76%), and educational or interpretive signs (71%; Figure 19). Respondents were less interested in learning from attending an educational or interpretive program (67%), reading brochures or printed guides (64%), and viewing information accessed with a smartphone (61%).

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Figure 19: Respondent interest in sources for learning about natural resource management

Percent Moderately or Very Interested (%) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Exhibits in Nature Museum 78

Face-to-face interaction with staff / personnel 76

Educational/Interpretive signs 71

Attend an education program 67

Brochures or printed guides 64

Information accessed with a smartphone using 61 apps, codes, or websites

RECOMMENDATIONS

These results showed five key areas that the GMSF could build on to improve visitor experiences, increase visitor understanding about how natural resources are managed, and protect the natural resources within the park: (a) utilize best practices for informing visitors

(e.g., exhibits, interpretive signs, programs), (b) train more staff about ways for informing visitors about natural resource management, (c) tap into motivations for visiting the park to improve experiences, (d) dispersing visitation to different areas of the park, and (e) diversify the demographics of eNewsletter recipients. Although, the results showed that the GMSF is doing a good job in most areas, slightly adjusting park operations and opportunities that are available

Caveny 2020 to guests should improve visitor experiences and their understanding of the ways that the park is protecting its natural resources.

Best Practices for Informing Guests Results showed that 19% of respondents reported having no knowledge of how natural resources were managed in park and related settings, 37% had slight knowledge, 38% had moderate knowledge, and 8% had high knowledge. For visitors to care about natural resources and their management, they must first understand natural resources and management approaches (Noe et al., 1997). These results suggest that GMSF managers could do more to increase visitor knowledge of the natural resources in the park and how staff manage these resources. Respondents were most interested in learning about these issues from exhibits in the Nature Museum, face-to-face interactions with staff or personnel, and interpretive signs.

For these methods to be most effective, they should be provided in the locations visited by most people. The most highly visited locations were the Mile High Swinging Bridge/Linville

Peak, Animal Habitats, and the Nature Museum. Installing exhibits in the Nature Museum that provide background information about how natural resources are managed in the park and why it is important to manage them would reach many visitors. This would also educate visitors about unique flora and fauna, invasive species, effects of depreciative behaviors, and how the

GMSF is working to protect natural resources that are found in the park and provide increased opportunities for self-discovery of these topics.

Although three-quarters of respondents were moderately or very interested in learning opportunities from face-to-face interaction with staff and other personnel, it is difficult to have staff stationed at all locations of the park given the associated payroll costs. Although visitor

Caveny 2020 use is distributed across locations within the park, it might be most beneficial to have staff stationed regularly at the areas that were respondents’ favorite locations, such as at the

Swinging Bridge/Linville Peak, along the hiking trails, and at the Animal Habitats. Given that many respondents indicated that these three places were their favorite areas in the park, they likely have special attachments to these places, thus making them more willing to be receptive of the messages that the GMSF staff are trying to share such as participating in

“environmentally responsible behavior” (Kil et al., 2014, p.476). Conversely, having staff located in areas that were indicated as the least favorite places (e.g., Top Shop, Woods Walk) could increase the amount of time that visitors spend in these locations and disperse the visitor use and impacts at each location.

When stationing staff in locations is not possible, the use of educational and interpretive signs should be used for communicating what park managers are doing to protect the natural resources in the park and how visitors can assist in conserving these resources. More than 70% of respondents indicated that they would be interested in learning about natural resources and their management in the park via this method. Interpretive signs are currently installed in some areas of the park (e.g., Animal Habitats, Woods Walk), but respondents considered both the number of interpretive signs and the quality of these signs as having a higher importance than their satisfaction with these signs. Although both of these attributes were in the “keep up the good work” quadrant, they were highly important to respondents, but respondents were only slightly satisfied with these attributes. To increase satisfaction with these signs, managers could strategically place more high quality interpretive signs in various locations of the park. For example, even though 60% of respondents had never seen another visitor going off-trail or

Caveny 2020 entering a closed area, 27% had observed these behaviors and on-the-ground evidence has shown managers that this behavior is actually occurring. At locations where this is happening, interpretive signs articulating the negative effects of these depreciative behaviors could help inform visitors about the problems that these behaviors cause if face-to-face interactions with staff are not available.

Train More Staff in Communicating about Natural Resource Protection The Education and Natural Resources Department of the GMSF consists of the Natural

Resources, Education, and Animal Habitat departments. These departments are well-trained in communicating the importance of protecting natural resources to the park’s visitors.

Educational programming, trail maintenance, natural resource management, and rule enforcement are daily duties for employees in these departments. However, other departments (e.g., Maintenance, Retail, Restaurant, Fudge Shop, Entrance Gate) are not formally trained in natural resource protection and education because these are not a part of their daily duties. On average, respondents ranked satisfaction with “helpful or knowledgeable staff/personnel” and “accessible or easy to find staff/personnel” slightly lower than they rated the importance of the two attributes. It will be difficult for the GMSF to increase the satisfaction with just the Education and Natural Resources Department staff alone.

As a result, training employees from other departments about what the GMSF is doing to protect the natural resources is one way to increase the messages that are being shared with visitors. This approach could also create more staff members who can recognize when a visitor is participating in depreciative behavior and correct the behavior themselves. Justifications for these actions are that: (a) visitors seeking opportunities to learn about what the GMSF is doing

Caveny 2020 to protect natural resources in the park can gain this information from any employee; (b) educational opportunities are available where the visitor is located, so they do not have to go to a different area to gather information; and (c) depreciative behaviors could be reduced before damage occurs to the natural resources in the park.

Tap Into Motivations of Visitors

It is well-known that the views and scenery from Grandfather Mountain are major attractions at the park. Survey results confirmed that the views, beauty, and scenery were the main motivations for visiting the park among respondents. However, Grandfather Mountain has more to offer than just a scenic park with nice views. A previous study showed that visitors who returned for multiple visits were more likely to participate in and attend more activities

(e.g., education programs, park events), and seek out opportunities for understanding the conservation message that is shared by the park compared those who had not visited before

(The Keil Group, 2019). Although it may not be possible to change or shift the primary motivations for visiting, recreation experiences can be modified to lead to different outcomes

(Figure 20), which is consistent with EBM (Needham et al., 2016; Rice et al., 2020).

Figure 20: Simplified formulation of the outcomes of recreation (Rice et al., 2020)

Motivation for The Recreation Outcomes of Recreation  Experience  Recreation

The recreation experience can be changed by managers in many ways (e.g., by providing more hiking trails, more opportunities to view nature, more opportunities for solitude, more educational opportunities). By understanding the motivations of visitors and why they are

Caveny 2020 coming to Grandfather Mountain, managers can work to modify the opportunities available, which, in turn, can change the outcomes of the experience and increase satisfaction even further. Educational and interpretive opportunities could be based on the primary motivations

(e.g., scenery, views, being in nature) with additional messaging about behaviors that protect and conserve natural resources and the effects of negative or depreciative visitor behaviors.

Engaging in recreation activities and spending time with family were two other important reasons or motivations for visiting this area. However, the variety of activities, opportunities for hiking, number of trails, and family friendly facilities/services were highly important to respondents, but they were only slightly satisfied with these attributes. Managers should consider these motivations and ensure that adequate opportunities for fulfilling these motivations are provided at Grandfather Mountain.

Disperse Visitation Across Different Areas of the Park Crowded locations within the park can be detrimental to the visitor experience and surrounding natural resources. Survey results showed that 28% of respondents witnessed other visitors doing something that reduced the quality of their experience when visiting Grandfather

Mountain. In a normal year, this park attracts approximately 250,000 visitors. When almost all of these people visit areas such as the Swinging Bridge/Linville Peak and the Animal Habitats, there is likely going to be crowding and even conflict among some visitors. Dispersing visitors to areas of the park that receive less visitation (e.g., Woods Walk), and encouraging them to spend time in these areas may improve visitor experiences even further. However, it will be important to ensure that visitors engage in proper behavior (e.g., stay on the trail) to reduce any additional pressure on the surrounding natural resources in these other areas. Initial increases

Caveny 2020 in visitor use often leads to greater impacts to the natural resources. It is important to consider the conservation value of the locations where the GMSF managers are encouraging visitors to spend more time. Dispersing from one location that has a high conservation value to another area that has an equal conservation value may benefit visitor experiences, but cause the surrounding natural resources to suffer. Understanding the different ecology of all locations within the park is key to making the most informed decisions.

Managers at the GMSF have seen evidence that when visitors perceive that an area is busy or crowded, they will often seek their own areas of solitude. In some cases, however, these areas are either closed or off-trail, and almost one-third of respondents noticed other visitors engaging in these depreciative behaviors. In addition, many respondents did not possess the background knowledge about impacts of trampling on natural resources. These behaviors can cause ecological impacts (e.g., erosion, social trails) and also harm experiences for other visitors. These results are problematic, especially because Grandfather Mountain is home to many federally listed endangered species (Cole, 2008).

Dispersing people to other locations may also allow the natural resources in the park to experience less intensive trampling by reducing the number of highly trafficked areas. Limiting the number of people allowed at a location at a given time is not recommended, as this is a heavy-handed direct management approach, but providing and encouraging opportunities for visitors to engage in recreational and educational activities in other locations within the park will help to disperse crowds. For respondents who indicated that their primary motivations for visiting Grandfather Mountain were recreational experiences, being in nature, and spending time with family, these opportunities may be inviting and welcomed.

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Diversify the Demographics of GMSF eNewsletter Recipients In total, 84% of respondents were 50 years of age or older, and the average age of respondents was 61 years old. However, Grandfather Mountain is located in North Carolina where the most recent census showed that the average age of residents was 35 years old. Only

7% of respondents were under 40 years of age with fewer than 2% under 30 years of age. Many members of the Baby Boomer generation and the Millennial generation have inherently different values and interests (Garikapati et al., 2016). Mehlhaf (2019) stated that Millennials are typically motivated to engage in recreational experiences that involve achievement of a specific goal or development of a skill, and to socialize with friends. Active and frequent engagement is also important to this demographic. Social media posts, newsletters, and other opportunities to learn and share experiences with others will be crucial for recruiting and retaining these individuals as visitors in the future. Individuals within the Millennial generation are also seeking ways to connect with nature, but unlike many generations of the past, the

GMSF may have to do more work to keep them involved and active as visitors to the park.

Similarly, individuals within the Generation Z (born in the mid-1990s to early 2010s) are very vested in internet technology (e.g., smartphone apps, social media) (Skinner et al., 2017). The key to engaging individuals within Generation Z is to “focus on targeting their desire for social interaction, involvement, and co-creation of experiences that may also take place in or be facilitated in the virtual world” (Skinner et al., 2017; p. 96).

Results also showed that respondents were predominantly White/Caucasian (96%).

However, the most recent census showed that 71% of North Carolina’s residents are

White/Caucasian, 22% are Black/African American, 10% are Hispanic/Latino, and 3% are Asian.

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Taken together, is clear from these results that the GMSF eNewsletter recipients are not representative of the broader population in terms of age and ethnicity, and managers should be encouraged to find ways of diversifying recipients. It is important to note, however, that although the sample for this study was representative of the GMSF’s eNewsletter subscribers at the 95% confidence level with a margin of error of approximately ± 3.5%, this sample does not allow any generalizations to other people who visit Grandfather Mountain. A different sampling design would be needed to understand the opinions and experiences of all visitors to this area, including specific subgroups of these visitors (e.g., various ethnicities, Millennial generation).

REFERENCES

Allen, L.R. 1996. A primer: benefits-based management of recreation services (documenting the quality of recreational services as a cure for social ills). Parks and Recreation. 31(3): p. 64.

Bruyere, B.L., D.A. Rodriguez, and J.J. Vaske. 2002. Enhancing importance – performance analysis through segmentation. Journal of Travel and Tourism Marketing. 12: 81-95.

Cole, D.N. 2008. Ecological impacts of wilderness recreation and their management. In C. P. Dawson & J. C. Hendee (Eds.), Wilderness Management (pp. 1316-1466). Golden, CO: Fulcrum Publishing.

Dorwart. C.E., R.L. Moore, and Y.F. Leung. 2009. Visitors’ Perceptions of a Trail Environment and Effects on Experiences: A Model for Nature-Based Recreation Experiences. Leisure Sciences. 32(1): 33-54.

Driver, B.L., P.J. Brown, G.H. Stankey, and T.G. Gregoire. 1987. The ROS planning system: evolution, basic concepts, and research needed. Leisure Sciences. 9: 201-212.

Garikapati, V.M., R.M. Pendyala, E.A. Morris, P.L. Mokhtarian, and N. McDonald. 2016. Activity patterns, time use, and travel of millennials: a generation in transition? Transport Reviews. 36(5): 558-584.

Grandfather Mountain Stewardship Foundation. 2019. Grandfather Mountain: Report of Findings. The Keil Group, Raleigh, NC.

Grandfather Mountain Stewardship Foundation. 2020. Natural Resource Management Plan. Grandfather Mountain Stewardship Foundation, Linville, NC.

Ham, S., and B. Weiler. 2002. Interpretation as the centrepiece of sustainable wildlife tourism. In Sustainable Tourism: A Global Perspective, Edited by: Harris, R., Griffin, T. and Williams, P. 35–44. Oxford: Elsevier Science.

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Hammitt, W., Cole, D., & Monz, C. 2015. Wildland recreation: Ecology and management. New York, NY: Wiley.

The Keil Group. 2019. Grandfather Mountain Questionnaire. Unpublished. The Keil Group, Raleigh, North Carolina.

Kidd, A.M., C. Monz, A. D’Antonio, R.E. Manning. N. Reigner, K.A. Goonan, C. Jacobi. 2015. The effect of minimum impact education on visitor spatial behavior in parks and protected areas: An experimental investigation using GPS-based tracking. Journal of Environmental Management. 162: 53-62

Kil, N., Holland, S. M., and Stein, T. V. 2014. Place meanings and participatory planning intentions. Society & Natural Resources. 27(5): 475–491.

Kuss, F.R., and A.R. Graefe. 1985. Effects of recreation trampling on natural area vegetation. Journal of Leisure Research. 17: 165-183.

Lee, M.E., and B.L. Drier. 1999. Benefits-based management: A new paradigm for managing amenity resources. Ecosystem Management: Adaptive Strategies for Natural Resource Organizations in the Twenty First Century. Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia, PA. 193 p.

Leung, Y.F., and J.L. Marion. 1999. Spatial Strategies For Managing Visitor Impacts In National Parks. Journal of Park and Recreation Administration. 17(4): 20-38.

Leung. Y.F., J.L. Marion, and T.A. Farrell. 2008. Recreation Ecology in Sustainable Tourism and Ecotourism: a Strengthening Role. Tourism, Recreation, and Sustainability, 2nd Edition, Linking Culture and the Environment. CABI: Oxford.

Leung, Y.F., A. Spenceley, G. Hvenegaard, and R. Buckley. 2018. Tourism and visitor management in protected areas: Guidelines for sustainability. Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines Series No. 27. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. xii + 120 pp.

Manning, R. 2011. Studies in Outdoor Recreation: Search and Research for Satisfaction, 3rd Edition. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press.

Mehlhaf, J. 2019. Younger Millennials and Outdoor Recreation: Understanding Outdoor Recreational Pursuits of Millennial College Students. Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3381. Available from: https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/3381.

Needham, M.D., J.F. Tynon, R.L. Ceurvorst, R.L. Collins, W.M. Connor, and M.J.W. Culnane. 2008. Recreation carrying capacity and management at Kailua Beach Park on Oahu, Hawaii. Final project report for Hawaii Coral Reef Initiative – Research Program. Corvallis: Oregon State University, Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society. 74pp.

Needham, M.D., W. Haider, and R. Rollins. 2016. Protected areas and visitors: Theory, planning, and management. In P. Dearden, R. Rollins, & M. Needham, Parks and protected areas in Canada: Planning and management, 4th Edition. pp. 104-140. Don Mills, ON: Oxford University Press.

Noe, F.P., W.E. Hammitt, and R.D. Bixler. 1997. Park user perceptions of resource and use impacts under varied situations in three national parks. Journal of Environmental Management. 49(3): 323-336.

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North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources. 2015. North Carolina Outdoor Recreation Plan, 2015-2020. [cited 2020 August 20] Available from https://www.recpro.org/assets/Library/SCORPs/nc_scorp_2015.pdf.

North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. 2010. Draft – Spruce-Fir Forests. Raleigh (NC): North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. [cited 2020 August 20]. Available from https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/ActionPlan/Habitat_Assessment_Rpts/Mo untain/UP_Spruce_Fir_Forests.pdf.

Oakley, S.C., Schafale, M.P., Pearsall, S.H. 1996. Grandfather Mountain Site Conservation Plan. The Nature Conservancy. 132 p.

Prescott, O.L, and G.B. Stewart. 2014. Assessing the impact of human trampling on vegetation: a systematic review and meta-analysis of experimental evidence. PeerJ. San Francisco, CA. 2: p. e360.

Rice, W.L., B.D. Taff, Z.D. Miller, P. Newman. K.Y. Zipp, B. Pan, J.N. Newton. A. D’Antonio. 2020. Conecting Motivations to outcomes: A study of park visitors’ outcome attainment. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism. 29: 1-8.

Salant, P., and D.A. Dillman. 1994. How to conduct your own survey. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.

Skinner, H., D. Sarpong, G.R.T. White. 2017. Meeting the needs of Millennials and Generation Z: gamification in tourism through geocaching. Journal of Tourism Futures. 4(1): p.93-104.

Smith, J.W., E.J. Wilkins, Y.F. Leung. 2019. Attendance trends threaten future operations of America’s state park systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116(26): p. 12775-12780.

United States Department of Agriculture. 2001. Soil Survey of Avery County, North Carolina. Washington (DC). Natural Resource Conservation Service. [cited 2020 April 10]. Available from: https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MANUSCRIPTS/north_carolina/NC011/0/Avery_NC.pdf.

United States Department of Agriculture, National Forest Service. 1990. ROS – Primer and Field Guide. Available from: https://www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/stelprdb5139544.pdf. Accessed 7 September 2020.

United States Department of the Interior, National Park Service. 2020. NPS Public Use Statistics Query Builder. Available from: https://irma.nps.gov/Stats/SSRSReports/National%20Reports/Query%20Builder%20for%20Public%20Us e%20Statistics%20(1979%20-%20Last%20Calendar%20Year). Accessed 7 September 2020.

Vaske, J. J. 2019. Survey research and analysis (2nd Edition). Urbana, IL: Sagamore / Venture.

Weakley, A.S. 1993. Natural Heritage Program list of the rare plants species of North Carolina. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program. 79 p.

Weakley, A.S., Schafale, M.P. 1989. Ecological Survey of the Wilmor Tract, Grandfather Mountain, North Carolina. Unpublished report. 47 p.

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APPENDICES APPENDIX A: GMSF SURVEY Grandfather Mountain Stewardship Foundation Natural Resources and Visitor Survey

We are conducting this survey to learn about your perceptions and experiences regarding Grandfather Mountain. Your input will assist managers in making decisions. Please complete this survey.

1. How did you find out about this survey? (check ONE)  Email  Facebook  Other ______

2. Approximately how often do you visit parks or other natural areas in a typical year? (check ONE)  1-4 times  5-9 times  10-19 times  20-49 times  50 or more times

3. What is the one most important reason why you visit parks or other natural areas? (write response) ______

4. Have you ever visited Grandfather Mountain before? (check ONE)  No  if no, please skip to Question 19 below  Yes  if yes, how many times have you visited this area in your life? (write number) ______time(s)

5. Please check all of the locations that you have ever visited during your visits to Grandfather Mountain. (check ALL THAT APPLY)  A. Woods Walk Picnic Area  D. Cliffside Overlook  G. Hiking trails  B. Nature Museum  E. Top Shop  H. Other (write response) ____  C. Animal Habitats  F. Swinging Bridge/Linville Peak ______

6. From Question 5 above, what ONE location is your favorite? (write ONE letter) Letter: ______

7. What is the one most important reason why you typically visit Grandfather Mountain? (write response) ______

8. How far do you usually travel to visit Grandfather Mountain? (check ONE)  1-24 miles  25-49 miles  50-99 miles  100-199 miles  200 or more miles

9. Overall, how dissatisfied or satisfied have you been with your visits to Grandfather Mountain? (check ONE)  Very Dissatisfied  Dissatisfied  Neither  Satisfied  Very Satisfied

10. If given the opportunity, would you come back to Grandfather Mountain in the future? (check ONE)  No  Yes  Unsure

11. What are the best things about Grandfather Mountain? (write response) ______

12. What are the worst things about Grandfather Mountain? (write response) ______

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13. How important to you is each of the following at Grandfather Mountain? (circle one number for EACH) Not Extremely Neither Important Important Accessibility to all areas of Grandfather Mountain. 1 2 3 4 5 Variety of activities to do at Grandfather Mountain. 1 2 3 4 5 Opportunities for sightseeing. 1 2 3 4 5 Opportunities for hiking. 1 2 3 4 5 Opportunities to see wildlife. 1 2 3 4 5 Opportunities to see rare or endangered plants. 1 2 3 4 5 Opportunities for connecting with nature. 1 2 3 4 5 Opportunities for experiencing solitude away from crowds of people. 1 2 3 4 5 Facilities / services that are family friendly. 1 2 3 4 5 Clean facilities / services. 1 2 3 4 5 Well maintained facilities / services. 1 2 3 4 5 Safe facilities / services. 1 2 3 4 5 Number of trails. 1 2 3 4 5 Well maintained / safe trails. 1 2 3 4 5 Overall cleanliness of the area. 1 2 3 4 5 Courteous or friendly staff / personnel. 1 2 3 4 5 Helpful or knowledgeable staff / personnel. 1 2 3 4 5 Accessible or easy to find staff / personnel. 1 2 3 4 5 Overall customer service of staff / personnel. 1 2 3 4 5 Number of signs providing information about rules or regulations. 1 2 3 4 5 Quality of signs providing information about rules or regulations. 1 2 3 4 5 Number of signs providing educational / interpretive information. 1 2 3 4 5 Quality of signs providing educational / interpretive information. 1 2 3 4 5 Number of education programs (e.g., animal encounters, naturalist talks). 1 2 3 4 5 Quality of education programs (e.g., animal encounters, naturalist talks). 1 2 3 4 5 Amount of other information / education materials (e.g., brochures). 1 2 3 4 5 Quality of other information / education materials (e.g., brochures). 1 2 3 4 5 Management that protects / monitors rare or endangered species / plants. 1 2 3 4 5 Education / information about rare or endangered species / plants. 1 2 3 4 5 Education / information about what managers are doing to protect rare 1 2 3 4 5 or endangered species / plants. Management that uses native species / plants in landscaping. 1 2 3 4 5 Management that removes exotic or invasive species / plants. 1 2 3 4 5 Overall condition of the natural environment at Grandfather Mountain. 1 2 3 4 5

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14. Now, how dissatisfied or satisfied are you with each of the following at Grandfather Mountain? (circle one number for EACH) Very Very Neither Dissatisfied Satisfied Accessibility to all areas of Grandfather Mountain. 1 2 3 4 5 Variety of activities to do at Grandfather Mountain. 1 2 3 4 5 Opportunities for sightseeing. 1 2 3 4 5 Opportunities for hiking. 1 2 3 4 5 Opportunities to see wildlife. 1 2 3 4 5 Opportunities to see rare or endangered plants. 1 2 3 4 5 Opportunities for connecting with nature. 1 2 3 4 5 Opportunities for experiencing solitude away from crowds of people. 1 2 3 4 5 Facilities / services that are family friendly. 1 2 3 4 5 Clean facilities / services. 1 2 3 4 5 Well maintained facilities / services. 1 2 3 4 5 Safe facilities / services. 1 2 3 4 5 Number of trails. 1 2 3 4 5 Well maintained / safe trails. 1 2 3 4 5 Overall cleanliness of the area. 1 2 3 4 5 Courteous or friendly staff / personnel. 1 2 3 4 5 Helpful or knowledgeable staff / personnel. 1 2 3 4 5 Accessible or easy to find staff / personnel. 1 2 3 4 5 Overall customer service of staff / personnel. 1 2 3 4 5 Number of signs providing information about rules or regulations. 1 2 3 4 5 Quality of signs providing information about rules or regulations. 1 2 3 4 5 Number of signs providing educational / interpretive information. 1 2 3 4 5 Quality of signs providing educational / interpretive information. 1 2 3 4 5 Number of education programs (e.g., animal encounters, naturalist talks). 1 2 3 4 5 Quality of education programs (e.g., animal encounters, naturalist talks). 1 2 3 4 5 Amount of other information / education materials (e.g., brochures). 1 2 3 4 5 Quality of other information / education materials (e.g., brochures). 1 2 3 4 5 Management that protects / monitors rare or endangered species / plants. 1 2 3 4 5 Education / information about rare or endangered species / plants. 1 2 3 4 5 Education / information about what managers are doing to protect rare 1 2 3 4 5 or endangered species / plants. Management that uses native species / plants in landscaping. 1 2 3 4 5 Management that removes exotic or invasive species / plants. 1 2 3 4 5 Overall condition of the natural environment at Grandfather Mountain. 1 2 3 4 5

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15. During any of your visits to Grandfather Mountain, have you ever observed other visitors whose behavior reduced the quality of your visit? (check ONE)  No  Yes  if yes, what did the visitors do? (write response) ______

16. During any of your visits to Grandfather Mountain, have you ever observed other visitors going off the trail or entering into a closed location? (check ONE)  No  Yes  Unsure

17. Do you think that visitors going off the trail or entering into a closed location is currently a problem at Grandfather Mountain? (check ONE)  No  Yes  Unsure

18. Please explain the reasoning behind your response to Question 17 above. (write response) ______

19. Managers are working to protect the natural environment at Grandfather Mountain. How interested are you in learning about these efforts from each of the following sources? (circle one number for EACH) Not Slightly Moderately Very Interested Interested Interested Interested Exhibits in the Nature Museum. 1 2 3 4 Attend an education program (e.g., naturalist talk). 1 2 3 4 Educational / interpretive signs. 1 2 3 4 Information accessed with a smartphone using apps, 1 2 3 4 codes, or websites. Brochures or printed guides. 1 2 3 4 Face-to-face interaction with staff / personnel. 1 2 3 4 Other (write response) ______1 2 3 4

20. How knowledgeable do you feel about approaches for managing places such as parks, forests, or other natural resources? (check ONE)  No Knowledge  Slight Knowledge  Moderate Knowledge  High Knowledge

21. What is your gender (e.g., male, female, transgender, non-binary)? (write response) ______

22. What is your age? (write age) ______years old

23. Which of the following best describes you? (check ONE)  White (Caucasian)  Hispanic / Latino  American Indian / Alaskan Native  Other _____  Black / African American  Asian  Native Hawaiian / Pacific Islander ______

24. Where do you live? (write responses) City / town ______County ______State ______

Thank you, your input is important!

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APPENDIX B: Best Things about Grandfather Mountain (Verbatim Responses)

Able to take children Absolutely beautiful natural area, great events, wonderful animal exhibits and the staff are fabulous! It is so well taken care of and loved. Gorgeous views and photo opportunities. Access for entire family to beautiful views. Challenging, yet safe, hiking trails for adventurous family members. Again, the conservation of this majestic mountain. All All good All including the resturant. all of it All of it All of it! All the beautiful and wondrous native plants and animals, the museum and animal habitat, all the many trails. All the things to do. Allows one to experience a climate like nothing else in the South without having to leave the South. Altogether, all of it combines an awesome experience! Always kept clean and in top condition, The long distancw views An accessible, wild and beautiful area. The single greatest thing was Hugh Morton initiating the fight to stop TVA air polution of WNC. A great thing. Animal Habitat, walking trails, swinging bridge Animal Habitat Animal habitat and staff Animal habitat and swinging bridge and museum animal habitats Animal habitats Animal habitats (bears), clean environment, views animal habitats & swinging bridge Animal habitats and the naturalists' knowledge; swinging bridge and mountain top are of course fantastic view; food is quite good!! Animal Habitats, hummingbird feeders on porch at dining area, butterfly gardens Animal habitats, preservation of natural beauty Animal habitats, safe walking trails, photography opportunities Animal habitats, trails, the nature museum and programs. animal reserves, hiking, swinging bridge Animal viewing animals Animals animals & hiking trails Animals and hikes animals and hiking trails. views.. Animals and museum Animals and scenery animals and views Animals, Bridge, hiking/picnic areas, well maintained, indoor areas animals, people, weather Animals, plant life, being out in nature Animals, shops, bridge Animals, staff Animals, Swinging bridge animals, view from bridge, museum animals, views, fresh air Animals, views, museum and cleanliness.

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April and the way the locals are shown appritiation arriving astounding views, natural beauty everywhere Atmosphere Bear habitat. Bears Bears, Highland games, wide open spaces, extra benefits for Bridge Club Beautiful Beautiful and a wonderful experience Beautiful drive, Swinging bridge, animal habitats,self guided tour Beautiful environment, competent-friendly staff Beautiful Mountains Beautiful natural place !!! Beautiful scenery Beautiful scenery and seeing the animals. Beautiful scenery, gracious and help staff, and family time beautiful site in nature Beautiful sunrises and sunsets Beautiful views Beautiful, well taken care of, events Beautifully maintained and continuing to offer more educational experienced beauty Beauty Beauty and educational. beauty and recreation Beauty mountain and ecosystem; educational for all ages Beauty of nature Beauty of Nature beauty, animals, unspoiled wilderness Beauty, bridge, not crowded, sunset opportunities Beauty, cleanliness, accessibility Beauty, friendly people Beauty, nature, hiking, friendly staff, commitment to social distancing and cleanliness Beauty, scenery, climate, trails, bridge, museum with videos, animal habitat Beauty, serenity ,environment Beauty, staff Beauty, trails, animals(love the otters), hikes Beauty, vistas, views, gift shop, great day trip, dog-friendly, serene Beauty,history,animals,drive up..gift shop..mildreds cafe been said Being able to take a picnic Being out in nature Biodiversity, many things to do Birding, Hawk Watch, Friendly Staff, Natural beauty Birds, animals, plants, programs and terrific staff. bridge Bridge bridge and animals bridge club - pricing and benefits Bridge, animals bridge, animals and walking areas Bridge, animals, nature, displays Bridge, hikes, animals,

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Bringing my grandchildren so they will love the mountains like I do Calm, peaceful granduer that’s very accessible. Camera clinic and Highland Games Careful conservation of natural resources, variety of experiences for all seasons and personal interests, no commercialism. Cime on there is no BNEST thing GF Mt is the best1 Clean, welcoming, lots of activities, beautiful views. Commitment to nature Cool air, great views, amazing sunsets, knowledgeable staff Cool weather, animals, it’s relaxing, being in nature Cool weather, views, Highland games, singing on the Mtn Cool weather; unique plant life Diverse habitat Diversity of natural habitats and biological ecospheres Dollar days for locals Eagles ease of access and views Easy access to one of a kind views, flora and animals Easy road Educational experience and the opportunity to enjoy nature Educational programs Elevation and scenery employees are very friendly and the park is well preserved. Love seeing the animals they rehab. Enjoyed animal, visitors center, hiking trails, and views Enjoying "nature" and hiking trails. Enjoying it with my family Enthusiastic staff, cleanliness, views, programs like photography and nature. environment Environment ever thing everthing every thing Every thing really everything Everything Everything about Grandfather Mountian I love. I also love the Highland Games. My brother-in-law, Ken Swinton, played there. Ken was married to my sister Janice. We all miss Ken. Everything because i am a photographer Everything I don't type in the worst things, there's so much that is good. Everything its a great place Everything- the beautiful area, the trails, friendly people Everything, beauty Everything!! Fabulous views and animal habitat Fall and winter Family Bridge club membership Family friendly and educational activities family oriented Flora, fauna, trails, vistas, employees Formidable mountain free activities Fresh air, scenery nice employees..... Friendly employees

Caveny 2020 friendly personnel friendly staff, beauty Getting to enjoy the beautiful trails GFM family! GM Marathon, The Bear run Grandfather hiking trail Grandfather Mountain is clean, offers fabulous views and is educational. Always visit the museum every time!! Great biews Great challenging hiking Great customer service, important conservation mission, rescued animals, and exceptional views. Great scenery Great staff - very friendly and helpful. Great staff beautiful lovation Great staff, well maintained Great views and access to areas Great views and well maintained facilities. Great views, swinging bridge Had kept its environment undisturbed and park rangers Has a lot to offer! I love to hike there and take out of town guests to visit. Has things for all age groups and abilities. I am disabled and require both a walker and a service dog. My kids are all sporty and can do all kinds of things. Grandfather allows us as a family to enjoy a day together with no one getting bored Having multiple things to do, see, and explore. Height Hickimg trails,landscape and bird sighting hiking Hiking Hiking and the views Hiking and views Hiking Grandfather Trail hiking the main ridge trail hiking trails Hiking trails Hiking Trails Hiking trails, keeping it in its natural state as much as possible Hiking trails, museum, wildlife hiking trails, nature museum, main restaurant Hiking trails, swinging bridge, animal habitat, museum hiking trails, the high altitude, scenery Hiking Trails, Wildlife Habitats, Nature Museum, Events for Kids. hiking with friends and family hiking, taking children to the animal habitats How well it offers so many different experiences and educational opportunities How well kept it is to enjoy the views and trails I adopted a bear at grandfather mountain and her name is carolina Hope she is well I appreciate the focus on preservation, the beautiful trails and vistas, and the educational animal habitats. I just LOVE the area! I like everything about the mountain. I love driving through the park, the wildflowers, scenery and the photography clinics I love seeing the animals in their natural habitat I love the atmosphere I love the scenery and the animal habitat I ran The Bear race 5 times. It's a tough run, but I have those 5 medals to prove I did it. Yippeee!

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Incredible vistas It is clean and very well kept. The animals are taken very good care of. It is well laid out. It is just a nature marvel. The beauty, the views, everything. As this world gets developed more and more, it's wonderful to have this protected area. It is unique in so many ways, gorgeous rock outcroppings, breathtaking views. It is very beautiful, relaxing and fun. They also have awesome fudge. It offers wonderful views of the Blue Ridge Mountains and has an animal sanctuary. It's a bit of a hidden gem (outside of those who know it locally). It has a bit of everything. It's beautiful It's beautiful there!! it's beauty, the people It's in NC, It's mission - focus on sustainability, protecting natural areas and the environment It's preservation It’s all good It’s beauty It’s peaceful and beautiful its beauty Its beauty Its conservation of the mountain and natural resources Its natural beauty. Its self guided you can take your time and not feel rushed as you check out all the views and attractions Its so pretty Its unique Its' uniqueness, its' sense of age and remoteness in a crowded world. Jesse Pope, Lesley Platek and Courtney Lane!!!!! Live lectures location Location Location, scenery Lot's of things to do and can make a full day out of the visit Lots to do. Beautiful scenery Love the animal enrichments and the food at Mildred's Grill Love the bridge,,hiking trails and birds Love the museum and the animal habitats. Also love the views from the top. love the views, native flowers, the high altitude Mile high bridge mile high bridge with the views, and just being able to spend time on the mountain Mineral exhibits at the museum Mountain ature Mountains Mountains, animals museum, bridge na Natural beautiful setting with little changes by man on hiking trails. Love that the campsites are prmitive and not built up natural beauty Natural beauty Natural Beauty Natural beauty and education Natural beauty and solar Natural beauty being preserved and protected Natural beauty which is clean

Caveny 2020 natural beauty, animal habitat, terrific long range views, cool temperatures Natural beauty, animal habitats, nearby Natural beauty, cleanliness, treatment of animals, good food, good souvenirs, air temperature Natural beauty, easily accessible, diverse ecosystems, hiking Natural beauty, hiking trails Natural beauty, scenery, trails, animals, and the swinging bridge. Natural beauty, views, trails Natural beauty, vistas and the animal habitat/. natural beauty; great people natural environment Natural environment Natural features Natural habitats natural resources and educational programs. Natural wonder nature Nature Nature and nature talks Nature and views Nature beauty Nature being preserved Nature experiences Nature museum...animal habitats....trails Nature park, the bridge, the trails Nature photography Nature preservation Nature Preserve & Staff Nature that is accessible; Learning opportunities for kids about nature; the scenery and outdoor time is peaceful Nature trails/ views/ programs nature walks; seasonal scenery; mountain views Nature, fresh air, beautiful walks, joy of grandchildren exploring rocks, animals, and museum Nature, museum, and the surrounding beauty nature, the view, the animal habitat Nature, views, photography seminars Nature, wildlife, most of the views Nature's beauty nature's natural habitant Naural beauty Nice folks, clean area, views, animals Nice place to,spend the day with family Nice views, nice trails nice well maintained trails No crowds Not much....only 'treat' I can recall...is allowing locals who live in the area to take a drive (for free) 2 months a year (if so desire). Not too touristY Offering classes, educational experiences and seminars are important for all age groups to learn and enjoy once you get to the top it's breath taking. Love the bridge Otters and Highland Games Otters, Swinging bridge, trails Outdoors Panoramic views, animal habitats, hiking trails Peaceful

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Peaceful beautiful People People and the animals Photo wknds Photo workshops,friendly employees, nature museum, Photographer weekend early access Photographic opportunties photography convention Photography opportunities photography weekend, well maintained areas Pinnacle trail & swinging bridge Preserved nature. preserving the land Program offerings Protection of the environment. pure ecosystems Quality of facilities/trails rare and endangered species; variety of microclimates; trees and flowers; weather and fresh clean air; geology; great staff Respect for nature and upkeep. response rugged beauty, backcountry hiking rugged beauty, museum, trails, Black Rock, views rugged beauty; peoplke there are knowledgeable and extremely friendly Rugged Hiking Trails, Long Range Views, Swinging Bridege Ruggedness Running/hiking rustic trails - no handrails, etc. It's not a childproofed Disneyland scenery Scenery Scenery & trails Scenery & various flora Scenery and friendly staff Scenery at bridge and educational opportunities Scenery, Camera clinics ans animals Scenery, cleanliness, staff, hiking, photography, animal life. Scenery, cooler temperatures, hiking, the animals, the views, the geology. Scenery, hiking and nature. Scenery. Cool, fresh air Scenery/Uniquness Scenic beauty, nature museum, swinging bridge Scenic views and wildlife Scenic views, birds, animals Scenic views, hiking trails, knowledgeable staff, animals, shop see earlier answer seeing the kids get excited Seeing the kids on the swinging Bridge sights, hiking, animals Simply being on top if the world. The views. Size of property, diversity of activities Smaller scale, comfortable So. Much to do special events

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Spectacular and well-maintained Spectacular natural setting spring wild flowers, vistas, glory of the mountain staff and conservation Staff, animal habitats, museum, trails Staff, animals, views. Stated earlier surprised by how much we learned about the area swing bridge Swinging bridge and animal habitat swinging bridge and hiking Swinging Bridge and Trails. Swinging Bridge is a mile high, mild summer temperatures, shape of mountain (resembles elderly man) Swinging Bridge, Animal Habitat, Scenic Views, Picnics Swinging Bridge, Museum, Hiking trails, scenery, picnic areas Swinging bridge, otters and museum Talking to Hugh Morton many times Terrian That it exists That it has been an attraction for the generations of my family to visit. From my parents to now grandchildren it is a wonderful place to revisit together. Thank you. The ability to explore and enjoy nature in a breath taking surrounding. The air, the view, the animal habitat. the alpine biome environment the amazing info and history in the Nature Museum as well as the incredible and well-preserved natural beauty and environments The amazing views the ambiuance no hurry restful and like the hummingbirds out side cafeteria the amount of hiking trails The animal habitat The animal habitat and the bridge The animal habitat, the mile high bridge & the scenery the animal habitats and amount of hiking opportunities available The animal habitats and the views. The animals The animals and nature museum. the animals and the views The aura of the highland setting---the feel of the place. The awesome views the bears The beautiful environment on the mountain and how well it is kept. The beautiful scenery and the people The beautiful views! The beauty The beauty , the animals, The beauty and cooler temps. the beauty and nature The beauty and ruggedness of the mountain. The beauty and the variety of things you can do. The beauty of everything, The beauty of nature the Beauty of the area and the Friendly helpful staff.. The beauty of the mountain

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The Beauty of the Mountains The beauty of the park, the professionalism of ALL the staff and the many exhibits available to visitors The beauty of the rugged, natural setting The beauty of the site The beauty that surrounds it The beauty, animals, the bridge, the staff the beauty, diversity, and that it is preserved The beauty, the animals, nature, ambiance The beauty, the views, the trails, the animals, the workers, the shop, and the events. The best things about the mountain are the swinging bridge, gift shop, and hiking trails. The best things are hiking, bird, animal and plant identification. The biological diversity, walking and hiking trails , the nature habitat and education for my grandchildren The bridge and animals The bridge and the preserve The bridge and trails take you to very rugged and beautiful spots in nature. It is also good to know that the natural environment is being preserved. the care for the environment The cleanliness beauty and the workers The climb to the top. The commitment to maintaining the mountain The conservation efforts, coupled with education are the most important functions of Grandfather Mountain. The cool weather, views, animals The diversity The drive up (esp. by mototcycle); the views; the clean air; the feeling you get when at the top. The drive up and the views from the bridge The educational experiences and programs they provide. The elevation and scenery; the animal habitats The employees are wonderful, scenery is world class, organized The endemic species the fact that is preserved and held out against finishing Blue Ridge Parkway until the viaduct was built. the fact that itm is preserving a very special place The friendliness and helpfulness of staff The Grandfather Hiking Trail, Mile-High Swinging Bridge, Animal Habitats, Cliffside Picnic Area the hiking and the swinging bridge, followed by the animals and fudge The hiking trails the hiking trails, animal exhibits and swinging bridge the hiking, the views, the swinging bridge, the rhododendrons The incredible views, the well-kept animal habitats and the museum. Food at the cafe is very good too. The incredibly informed and caring naturalist staff. The beautiful setting, the trails, the natural animal habitats & informative events. The kid focus. The land, the weather, flora and fauna The magnificent views The majestic scenery and nature experience. The Meadow in Spring, McRae Peak, Calloway Peak The mile-high bridge and the overlook there; wildlife conservation and viewing; many trails to hike. The mountain The Mountain The mountain area. Trees in the fall. The views. The mountain scenery The mountains The multiple activities for people of all ages! The multitude things to do there. You can spend an entire day. the museum, the animals and the woods walk

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The natural beauty The natural beauty and the museum. The natural beauty and the photography weekends. Friendly and knowledgeable staff. The natural beauty of the mountain The natural beauty, and we love the way it strives to educate the public about outdoor recreation and the environment. The natural beauty, clear air and cooler temperatures The natural habitat cages The natural outdoors...maintained but not touristy. The natural setting. The outdoor beauty the outdoor experience - oo, bridges, hiking trails, views The overall scenery The overlooks the overlooks, the picnic areas, the museum, the restaurant, and I have already indicated that the swinging bridge and peaks are my favorite The people, being outdoors in a gorgeous spot, the education and the animal interactions opportunities. The preservation of the land . The pristine environment. The pristine nature, scenery, multiple activities available, animal sanctuary The quiet the raw nature The rugged outdoor nature areas The scenery The scenery and wildlife. The scenery is awesome. The people are friendly and willing to answer questions and share information. It is well maintained. The animals are well taken care of. It’s an icon in the High Country. The scenery, the Mile High Swinging Bridge, animal habitat. The scenery. The scenic value, on staff naturalists, hiking opportunities the scenry of getting to the top The staff are very friendly and knowledgable. The staff, the habitats and the views The stewardship’s commitment to keep the top of the mountain as wild as possible The sweeping views The swing/singing bridge The swinging bride, the animals, and the views. The swinging bridge The swinging bridge and hiking on the rocks there and the animal habitats The swinging bridge view, animal habitats, and museum The swinging bridge, natural animal habitats and picnic areas. The top, trails,weekend programs, animals, facilities The trails The trails, the swinging bridge The tranquility (when there aren't loads of people there), the Animal Habitats, participating in the Annual Hawk migration count, special night events, the staff/volunteers The trees, the fact you can stop several different places on your way to the top for views or picnics The unbelievable mix of vegetation. the variety of activities available The variety of activities, the ice cream The variety of attractions throughout. The variety of scenery and other things to do The variety of views and ways to experience nature.

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The variety... hiking, swinging bridge, windy, mountain roads, beautiful views, wildlife, fudge shop and museum The view The view and the animaks The view and the general atmosphere of all the people enjoying the view. the view and the hiking trail with the cables and ladders The view animals trails The view from the mountain. The view of mountains The view the trails The View, the trails, the swinging bridge, the history, the flora and the fauna The views The Views The views and hiking trails. The views and knowledgable people The views and natural areas and the quality of the facilities and services. The views and opportunity to connect with nature. The views and services The views and staff The views and that bridge The views and the animals The views and the area the views and the exercise The views and the fudge The views and the mountain is preserved from any development The views and the staff The views and trails the views from the swinging bridge and the cliffs The views from the top The views, animals, park rangers the views, the animals, the entire experience, even the food is good which is rare at most tourist places The views, the commitment to preservation and ecological education The views, the plants, animals, store at nature museum The views, the swinging bridge, the animal habitats and the beauty of nature The views, the trails and the Animal habitat - and the friendly staff The views, well kept grounds. The weather The well-maintained park and the amazing views Their concern about the environment, their educational programs and their hiking trails. Their people! There are alot of sights to see. There is a lot to do there. Top of smoakies topography/view Total experience traills,beauty Trails Trails & views Trails and Zoo Trails are challenging trails, bridge, and animal habitat Trails, keeping rescue animals that cannot survive in wild by themselves, and teaching others about nature/wildlife Trails, picnic areas, Mildred's Grill Trails, vistas, habitat conservation

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Trails, wildlife exhibits tranquility, scenery, conservation efforts, care given to the animals unique ecosystems, great views, various levels of difficulty for hiking, many options for different age levels to enjoy the mountain Uniqueness unspoiled mountain views Variety Variety of activities Variety of activities for people of all ages good place to take visitors Variety of events Variety of scenic views, variety of plants, fungi, mosses. Waterfalls and trails. Variance of habitats on the western face in the hike up from HW 105. variety of sights and season pass Variety of things to do View View and animals in natural habitat view and information View and live cougar habitat view and nature view, hiking trails, animal habitats View, hiking, climbing, natural features at the top view, variety of experiences available, the guides views Views Views and animal programs Views and animals and people views and breeze Views and hiking trails Views and nature preserve and museum views and preservation for future generations Views and seeing families enjoying nature. I also enjoy the movies in the theater. Views and trails Views from different spots; well-managed scenic park and habitats; friendly, helpful staff Views from on top Views from top Views of Blue Ridge Mountains, animal habitats. Views of Blue Ridge Mts., nicely maintained hiking trails, nature museum, zoo and access to viewing wildlife, nature programs, access to bridge and visitor center Views, animal habitat Views, animal habitats, hiking trails, history of the mountain, ecological significance of the mountain and educational emphasis Views, animals and nature. views, animals, museum Views, cleanliness, ecosphere Views, hiking trails of different levels of difficulty, fun for all ages, Swinging Bridge Views, nature and friendly staff Views, nature, climate, animals views, people, uniqueness Views, pristine location Views, swinging bridge Views, swinging bridge, animal habitat tour Views, swinging bridge, animals Views, swinging bridge, animals and gift shop.

Caveny 2020 views, temps Views, temps Views, wildlife, nature museum views; animal habitat, knowledge & friendliness of employees Views/natural habitats Visiting in the fall, when leaf color is at its peak. Vista vistas Vistas Volunteer Guides are helpful. Animal encounters are informative. General beauty of the park Walking across the bridge when really windy, seeing the animals both in nature and in animal center, animal encounters, museum info, bringing family and friends for their first visit! We enjoy every aspect and venue in the mountain We LOVE Grandfather mountain for everything! We visit the bridge, the animal habitat, the museum and some trails. I like them all Well fun, good staff. Nature both raw and tamed. Well kept. Beauty, nAnimal habitat is greatly improved Well maintained trails, restaurant/facilities, ample parking, friendly workers Well maintained, beautiful facilities, makes the best of what nature has to offer, animals well cared for. well-maintained, safe wildlife exibts, views, Wildlife habitats, staff/employees, hiking trails, swinging bridge, nature museum wildlife, forests, trails, nature, educationJ Wildlife, rangers Wildlife, the scenery, the people wonderful example of conservation and human recreation Wonderful Vistas, nice people, protection of 'enviroment, programs offered, etc

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APPENDIX C: Worst things about Grandfather Mountain (Verbatim Responses) a bit far away from where I live. A bit pricey a bit scary driving along cliffs A foggy day! absolutely nothing Access Access to animal habitats admission fee Admission Fees are too expensive. Admission price All the people there too. Even though it is great to see people out enjoying nature. already mentioned numerous times....too touristy...caged animals that die a lot....kitchy name...too much building & odd need for congestion for income when 'nature' is actually quite 'free' on its own! Animal habitats At times crowds Bad weather bathroom Bathroom facilities Bathroom maintenance. Bathrooms being vulnerable to climate change and climate change deniers bridge and top of mtn got busy and and was very eposed and windy / cold Bridge club members need reservations to enter right now due to COVID busy Busy during summer Buying tickets at the entrance - long lines; traffic nightmare Camp ground closed to public Can be crowded Can be crowded so I like to go during the week Can be crowded. The fog/clouds. can be too crowded can get crowded can sometimes be crowded can't get on site now unless we make an appointment Can't see the bears Can't think of a thing! can't think of any Can't think of any can't think of anything Can't think of anything can't think of anything bad. Can't think of anything I don't like Can't think of anything. Love it all. Can’t think of anything Can’t think of anything I don’t like. Can’t think of anything! Cannot think of any bad things about Grandfather Mountain Cannot think of any other than a busy day when crowded.

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Closed to the public on the upper roads during the winters. It would be amazing to see the rime frost in person. Better trail maps in coordination with the state park. The maps are so tiny and difficult to read or show people where to go. Closed wildlife exhibits Closes too early Closing of more and more areas to visitation Commercialized Entrance. Animal habitats do not appear to be consistently maintained over the years and have taken guests to Grandfather who were, unfortunately, disturbed by the conditions Cosr cost Cost Cost and long lines Cost for a family Cost in season. We wait until discounts are available to locals. Cost of admission Cost of admission. Cost of entrance. Cost to get in Cost. And sometimes the wait to enter the Park. costs, crowds Cougar habitat is not photography friendly. I over hear many comments from guests that Cougars and Bears are often hidden rocks. Could use more trails that are not necessarily difficult but allow views Covid 19 and taking away December dollar days Covid limitations Covid Shutdown that cost me a good chunk of my membership time Crouds Crowd n Parking management during Fall season Crowded at times. Crowded at times. (Understandable) Covid restrictions. Crowded parking lots. People not complying with pet rules (have seen non-service dogs near habitat areas despite signs clearly telling people not to bring them there.) Crowding at some areas during high season crowds Crowds Crowds and price Crowds and the “zoo”. I feel sorry for some of the animals kept there. It’s cheesy and some of the enclosures are so small. Perhaps it’d be better served as a rehabilitation facility crowds and those that do not respect their surroundings (leave trash, etc.) Crowds and traffic on busy days. Sometimes fog. Crowds around the exhibits crowds at peak times Crowds at peak times. But they are there for the same reasons my family loves Grandfather. Crowds getting in crowds on peak days (holidays, Fall leaves) Crowds on weekends Crowds on weekends takes too much time to enter Crowds, at times. Crowds, cost crowds, expense Crowds, parking Crowds! Currently unhappy with the "reservations required" entrance but hoping this won't last much longer.

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Distance distance from home Distance from my home Distance, and not on the way to anywhere. do not see enough of bears & coougars Don’t know of any Drive drive up Entrance Fee expensive Entrance is sometimes a bottleneck Entry cost & crowds Entry fee Entry fee is very steep Entry is too expensive. Not worth it for a family of 4. Entry price Excessive Crowds and ever escalating costs Expensive Expensive entry fee Expensive for a family that doesn't have a season pass; however, GF needs the funds to maintain its high quality. Expensive for a group Expensive for frequent trips expensive to visit extreme cost for a family Facilities Failure to extend Bridge Club membership for the period the mountain was closed during COVID-19 Fees Fees are too high for locals to visit often. Fees on attraction Fees, crowds Finding a place to stay..non camping Fog sometimes limits views food Food options food selection is good but could be better. Cost of admission is steep but that also keeps the crowds down so that's a good thing. Maybe a lower annual membership rate would be an option. Front entrance gates getting backed up Gets crowded at times gets too busy sometimes Getting caught in a traffic backup Getting freaking surveys like these Hard on old people Has become somewhat commercial...... over 50 years Haven't experienced anything negative. Having a Survey done by an out of state liberal college! having to deal with other rude tourists Having to get a ticket on line! having to leave Having to make a reservation for a time to go. I like to just take off and go when I want since I am a Bridge Club Member. having to makes reservations even though I am a Bridge Club member High admission fee High cost High winds

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Higher prices Honestly, nothing comes to mind. Hot in summer hours of operation and admission price. Hours. Wish there were hours for sunrise and sunset photography. How expensive it is to get in I am a yearly member and will not renew due to the lack of customer service to my inquiries. It was made clear to me the yearly memberships are not valued. I am disappointed that with the Covid situation that you have to limit the number of visitors. We have been unable to get reserevations a couple of thime lately. I can not think of anything I can not think of one thing that would be the worst I can't think of any. I can't think of anything negative, however I'm bummed there is no more climbing allowed in/on Split and Sphynx Rocks. I can't think of anything. I can't visit more often I can’t go out on the bridge because I’m too scared!! I cannot remember anyting unpleasant about Grandfather Mountain. I do not live closer I don't mind the food but its not the best I don’t like that there are a few of the animals have no companion, or it appears that way. I don’t think there is anything bad! I find none. I have been when there was unbelievably crowded hiking trails and the mile high bridge. I have also visited since COVID-19 and I think it was noticeably less crowds, which was a huge advantage for me. I have limited experience due to limited time while there. There was nothing bad about it. I have never been on them but I don't think I would like the ladders to climb on the hikes. I have no negatives - except perhaps the high price to enter. I have none I haven't experienced anything negative in the years we have visited I honestly can't think of any. i just don't have a worst.. .. i wish there was a way side walk along the drive to the top.. it has such wonderful views... I only come to the animal habitats for my nephews. I hate to see the animals, especially the elk, in what seems like such small habitats for their nature. Makes me feel like I am at a zoo. I understand it can sometimes be pretty crowded but living locally I can plan around those times. I usually avoid 4th of July weekend because it is very crowded but I am glad there are so many people able to enjoy the fabulous thing offered at Grandfather Mtn. I wish I lived closer so I could go more often. I wish I lived closer to Grandfather Mountian. I wish it opened earlier and stayed open later for sunrises and sunsets I wish it would open early (sunrise and close later (sunset) I would say the entry fee, but Dollar Days for locals helps a lot! And I understand that money is needed to maintain the mountain. I'm not there! Important to insure its wildness I've never found anything negative. I’m getting too old! If visiting in Winter, cold temperatures and wind speeds need to considered. Inexperienced hikers who put themselves and, by doing so, others in danger. It can be pretty darn cold! Though in the summer, the cooler temps are nice. It can get congested during the Summer.

Caveny 2020 it closes too early in the day It is a very popular place, so can be crowded. It is much more commercialized than it was years ago. It is not bad but I wish that had a nice cafe. It is sometimes very crowded. It is too far for me to visit as a day trip. It's a little expensive but we DO UNDERSTAND the cost to maintain and improve the mtn and appreciate the staff. It's all good It's so expensive for an older adult. I live near and can't afford to visit more often. It's starting to get pretty crowded. it's too far from my home It’s 2hrs away!! It’s a little pricey to get in. But I still go Jim Morton is no longer there junk at stores Just the distance for day trip. Lack of food options Lack of respect for volunteers lack of walking/hiking for those that can't climb on the higher peaks and rocky surfaces. I would love to see more loop and easy trails included so that we could walk and experience the mountain safely. Most trails are simply too hard to manage. Large number of people larger crowds, times the hiking trails are closed Latest to get in is 530 leaving Limited hours Limited visiting Lines at times to get in Lines sometimes. lines to get in Lines to get in even if have an annual pass. Better since making reservations but that stops spontaneous visits. long drive to get there long entry lines at front gage Lots of people making a reservation Maybe not worst - but I hate heights so the bridge terrified me every time I went across Maybe the fee is higher than a lot of people can afford. Mile high swinging bridge--makes me sick just to look at it let alone walk on it! Parking Missing Mr. Morton More available bathrooms around More difficult to visit in winter Mr. Morton no longer being with us. Museum could be better. Displays. My fear of heights is raised n/a N/A N/a for me na NA Narrow road, sometimes crowded Narrow Roads. Nature :). Can be very windy and cold need better routine maintenance of trails to prevent erosion

Caveny 2020

Needs more picnic area Needs more trails Needs more variety in the gift shop, Seldom see elk or lions Nithing No answer No complaints No complaints i just enjoyed No complaints in any of my visits (except being denied entry by motorcycle due to high wind) no marked trail from the hiker's parking area to the visitor's center. I would volunteer to create one. No response. We are all subject to the animal actions and/or the weather. No seated tram/cart tours for those with limited mobility. No worse things none None None !! None come to mind? None except covid None really but the changes from private owned to park service run were different a bit. None. None. I have always enjoyed everything. none.... Not able to climb split rock Not applicable not as warm now that it is not privately owned. not aware of any bad things Not being there more often Not enough restroom facilities for the amount of people who visit Not much to see. Not much. Not one thing Not sure nothing Nothing nothing bad at allk Nothing but Adding more to the website would be awesome. I’ve ordered t shirts for gifts. nothing comes to mind Nothing I can think of Nothing I love every thing about it nothing is bad except when it is too crowded with tourists. Nothing is bad! nothing really bad about the place Nothing really to me. The weather maybe since it can limit visits. Nothing really, Nothing really. Nothing, everything was great! nothing, maybe the price... Nothing! Nothing!!!!maybe thats is a little far away from hone Nothing. Occassionally the bridge area gets crowded. old animal habitat before updating Over the years I am reminded of mans occupation of the area ie buildings

Caveny 2020

Overall, I think they do a darn good job protecting the area. Overcrowded at times Overly aggressive tourists packs of people walking the trails without courtesy Park seldom open for sunrise or sunsets unless yoou are sttaying in the parrk parking Parking Parking crowds unfortunately parking; driving up the very steep slope to hanging bridge People not respecting the park. Plastic waste Power lines going up mountain price Price Price is unaffordable except for special occasions Price of admission Price of Admission Price of admission is high price of tickets Price per admission. Price to get in Price to visit Prices in the gift shops. Pricey Probably the lines at the entrance. Rates response Rude guests Rude people visiting Scarcity of evening events Scary bridge Should have the taffy on the lower gift shop as well! It's the only thing I could think of, but true! Since reopening from pandemic closure i think it is horrible to allow unmasked visitors in enclosed, confined spaces. (Gift shop) Slow entry at entry gate. small area for amount of people in store and dining area small number of rhododendrons Snow sometimes in the summer So far away for me some rude visitors that won't follow rules some times it is crowded sometimes crowded sometimes I feel uncomfortable with small children rambling in potentially dangerous areas Sometimes if feels a little crowded Sometimes it can get too crowded. Sometimes it is crowded. Sometimes it's crowded on Profile Trail Sometimes it's windy, cold and foggy, but hey, it's a mountain! There are no worst things! Sometimes makes me sad to see some of the animals in small environments. sometimes overcrowded on the hiking trails Sometimes people don't respect the tranquility Sometimes really windy sometimes run out of parking

Caveny 2020

Sometimes the back up of traffic to get into the park. Sometimes the overcrowding of guests and closings due to inclement weather. Sometimes the traffic and disrespectful tourist sometimes too crowded Sometimes too crowded sometimes TOO many people! sometimes weather makes it so that the trails aren't fun sometimes you don't get to see the animals. Hate the drive up to the top -- scary road! Sometimes, the crowds soooo many people now. Used to be less Steep and sharp curves Steep paths walking back from bear habitat Steep sidewalks in wild life area when walking to see bears etc Summer Holiday and sometimes weekend crowds/traffic Summer traffic!!!! That access is currently restricted! That I don't live within 10 miles from the park. That is so far away from my home. Don't get to visit enough. the admission price The admission price The admittance fee. I personally think it is a little high. the animal habitats are somewhat cramped the cost The cost the cost - it has increased too much and honestly priced us out. The cost is a little steep for m6 family but I understand it is an expensive place to operate. The cost is much too high The cost of admission The cost to enter the park is expensive for a family, you pay per person instead of per car. The cost! My last two visits were to take family members and the costs was way too much! I had 4 tickets to buy the first time and 6 the second time. Being a senior, I cannot afford even one ticket. So, it’s not on my list to Visit again. the crowds The crowds the crowds at the bridge The crowds, at times. Can't blame others for loving to be there, though. The crowds. the curve at this top of the mountain! The curvy ride up the mountain. The day I went the habitat was close. the Director is a misogynist and rude to women The drive The drive to the top-lol-very curvy The drive up and around to get to top of area and parking lot. The entrance fee, specifically the family membership rate The entrance fee...... and the potential for falls from the overlook The fact that is has become too modern. It was MUCH better when it was rustic, informal, and less commercialized. the fog The food and the crowds on weekends The food in the cafeteria, it's awful. the high admission price (although certainly understandable!) and the crowds at times The hours

Caveny 2020

The idea that someone can drive up and walk across the bridge.....and think that is all there is to the mountain. The lack of more to do. Ex, a glass sidewalk off a ridge would be nice. Also, modernizing TopShop would be nice the large crowds The mountain gets fogged in, but that's just an act of nature and sometimes, when you're at the top of the mountain out on Linville Peak and it fogs in - it's even more tranquil!!! the otters always are hiding ;) The park is crowded at times. Wear and tear is inevitable with the number of visitors. The Price is too high. The price to bring the entire family the quarantine rules The road up is scary the scary roads The seasonality where things close up in the late Fall. The ice cream and fudge shop was closed The shop near the bridge. I understand it's necessary but the quality and selection are poor. The size of the habitat for the elks the sometimes disrepectful guests The steep drive to/from the swinging bridge is a little scary The swinging bridge and overlook The swinging bridge closed by wind. The traffic line to go up the mountain The traffic on holiday weekends! The unhealthy food and the non-recyclable throw away dish/silverware. The mountain should lead by example and take that opportunity to educate folks on composting, recycling and other sustainable alternatives. Local food sources, recycling, composting and healthier meal options seem blaringing absent to me. The unpredictable weather when we visit. It could rain, be very windy or cold anytime of the year. The wait to get through the gate some days.. The weather The wildlife habitat can be disappointing; some facilities and exhibits are outdated. the wind The wind The winding road The word worst is it terrible word that has a different meanings to different people. Overcrowding due to being so beautiful doesn’t seem to be the worst thing in the world. The worst thing is how crowded it can be. I buy a year pass, which is expensive, but that does not seem to defer most folks. Glad it is popular. There are no "worst" thiings. There are no worst things There are no worst things. There are none. There are so many absolutely wonderful things that I find it awfully hard to find a negative about the mountain. There aren't a lot of things to do while visiting GFM. There was construction at the time and the parking places wasn't good. They don't carry shirts 3x or larger This past weekend is the FIRST time I have ever seen the cougar however never saw the otters or the elk. I find that the animal habitats often are a hit or miss which can be very disappointing to young children for sure. this survey ticket price is extremely expesive, given is $22 PER PERSON, instead of per car. I have friends, family visiting us all the time. It gets expensive for us as we alredy have seen the park, but we still pay that price for both us every time ticket price is high Times when overcrowded Too crowded many times Too far away for easy day trips Too far from where I live

Caveny 2020 too far from where i live (PA) too many loud people too many people too many people at times Too many people occasionally; unappreciative visitors who dress inappropriately for the terrain too many people sometimes Too many visitors Too many visitors on occasion Too much development Tooo many people...the eood carber hasnt been around for months,and no,sign,of,the,opening.parking tourists Tourists traffic Traffic can be a bit tough at peak times, but there's nothing that can be done about it, I suppose. Traffic getting in sometimes. Traffic getting in without the bridge club membership Traffic getting into the gate Traffic sometimes, but wouldn't want to see it cut off from driving up Traffic... Joined Bridge Club .. NEED WIFI at building sites even if have to pay for it. unaccessible during bad weather Uncertain unless you are local and use the discount month to go, it's pretty expensive to take your family there. unpredictable weather (nothing to do with the mountain, lol) unsafe turning situation when there is a line to drive into the entrance used to be long lines to get onto the mountain on busy holidays. understand now we need reservations, so may not be so bad. Now that state park runs the trails, seems to be ALOT more hikers which can be unappealing. Don't want mountain to get "loved to death". very High charges for a family visitor center (was dilapidated last time we visited) wait time to get in Waiting to drive into the park on busy days Waiting to get into park watching other people be disrespectful to nature and the park (leaving trash, going off trail, messing with animal habitats) We buy an annual pass. If not, I would say the high prices and sometimes the lines to get in on weekends. we don't go there in peak season due to traffic and the people with little appreciation of its preservation We love it there. We would visit more if there were package pricing We've never had *any* negative experiences @ all! I guess the worst thing is being afraid of kids falling off GF's face, but I'm a worrier about worst case scenarios!! weather Weather can be extreme.....windy, super cold. Weather changes rapidly weather on a bad day What's not to love? Wheelchair travel thru the animal habitats. when the animals aren't visible in their habitat when the gift shop gets crowded when trails are crowded When weather prohibits visiting the park. Wind winding road Winds and fog

Caveny 2020 windy weather closed down the swinging bridge wish it had a better restaurant Wish it had more animals and picnic areas and maybe some kind of new attraction or excibit Wish the musem and zoo was bigger and had more to it wish there were more scheduled interactions in animal habitat Wish you had more educational activities and nice dining restaurant With COVID 19, it's hard to go spontaneously because you have to reserve a time. Although, this makes full sense and I respect the way you are handling this Would like earlier access to the mountain for sunrise Would like more easy walks through the woods. You can't watch sunrises or sunsets. Zoo