Maryatul Kipya Nim. Ai 150311

FLOUTING THE MAXIM IN CONVERSATION AT ELLEN DEGENERES SHOW AND THE TONIGHT SHOW STARRING JIMMY FALLON

THESIS

Submitted to the Board of Examiners In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Literature Degree at English Literature Department

MARYATUL KIPYA NIM. AI 150311

ENGLISH LITERATURE DEPARTMENT ADAB AND HUMANITIES FACULTY STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SULTHAN THAHA SAIFUDDIN JAMBI 2019

iii

MOTTO

يَا أَيُّ َها الَّ ِذي َن آ َمنُوا اتَّقُوا ََّّللاَ َوقُولُوا قَ ْو اًل َس ِديداا)٧٠( The Meaning:

“O you who have believed, fear Allah and speaks words of appropriate justice.” (Q.S. Al-Ahzab:70)1

1The Noble Qur’an. (2016). Qur’an.com (Also Known as The Noble Qur’an, Al Quran, Holy Quran, Koran). Retrieved from https://www.quran.com Accessed on April, 12th 2019 at 22.31 pm.

DEDICATION

بِ ْس ِم هللاِ ال َّر ْحم ِن ال َّر ِح ْي م

In the name of Allah the most gracious merciful and prophet Muhammad Sollallahualaihi Wasallam

I dedicate this thesis to my father and my wonderful mother who sacrifice and pray as always for me in getting a bachelor degree

And

My great Grandmother, Hasnah

My brother, Sumardi, Bukhari, Amin Puja Kusuma

My sister, Putri Pardianti

I am lucky having you all as a blessed daughter, grand daughter and sister for supporting, caring, loving each other

For my everlasting friend, Niatur Rahmah, All of the students English literature 2015 especially in the class A, the members of KKN posko 22, my junior in english literature department whom I cannot mention one by one

I Wholeheartedly would like to say my deepest gratitude for your praying, supporting, caring, suggestion and advice.

The last, for all people who helped me in this thesis

I would like to thank you so much

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Firstly, the writer wants to thank and pray to Allah SWT, the Lord of

Universe and other creatures. All the mercies and blessings which have given from the starting point until the end of my study now. Then, Sholawat and Salam always be given to our Prophet Muhammad SAW, as the perfect example who has guided us to the truth religion, namely Islam. Hopefully, we can get his syafa’at later at The Last Day.

Secondly, I would like to thank to all people who have helped me in writing this thesis. My sincere gratitude goes to:

1. The Rector of State Islamic University of Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi,

Dr. H. Hadri Hasan, MA. The Vise of Rector, Dr. H. Suaidi, MA, Ph.D.,

Dr. H. Hidayat, M.Pd., and Dr. H. Fadilla, M.P.d., who allowed me to

study in the university.

2. The Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty, Prof. Dr. Maisah, M.Pd.I., The

Vice Dean, Dr. Alfian, M.Ed., Dr. H,M Fadhil, M.Ag., and Dr. Raudhoh,

M.Pd.I.

3. The Head of English Literature Department, Ulfatmi Azlan, S.S., MA and

the sexretary Dian Mukhlisa. MA who have given great supervised.

4. My beloved supervisors, Dr. Diana Rozelin, S.S., M.Hum and Muhammad

Beni Saputra, MA who have genuinly guided me during the process of

completing this thesis

vii

viii

ABSTRACT

Maryatul Kipya, 2019 : Flouting the Maxim in Conversation at Ellen DeGeneres and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. The student of English Literature Department, Adab and Humanities Faculty, University of Islamic Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.

Supervisor : Dr. Diana Rozelin, S.S., M.Hum. Supervisor II : Muhammad BeniSaputra, S.Hum., MA

This research analyzes flouting the maxim in conversation at Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, in these talk shows flouting the maxim appears, it causes the speaker and hearer being misunderstanding and not cooperative in the conversation. The aims of this research are to find out the type of flouting the maxim, to know the strategies of flouting the maxim used and to know politeness principle in conversation at Ellen DeGeneres and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. the writer uses the maxim theory by H. Paul Grice (1973) that discusses about types of Flouting the maxim, rhetorical strategies theory by Peter Grundy (1995) that discusses the strategy to flout the maxim, and Politeness Principle Theory by Geoffrey Leech (1983) that discusses the usage and violation of Politeness Principle in the conversation at Ellen DeGeneres and The Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon. This research uses the qualitative as the kind of this research, for collecting the data the writer uses the technique of documentation and constant comparative to analyze the data. The result of this research shows the data based on the formulation of problem. They are: (1), there are four types of flouting the maxim; flouting quantity, flouting quality, flouting relation and flouting manner which have flouted in the conversation at Ellen DeGeneres and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. (2), there are six strategy of flouting the maxim used; tautology, overstatement, understatement, metaphor, rhetorical question, irony. (3), there are seven politeness principle found; tact maxim, modesty maxim, the agreement maxim, the sympathy maxim, the consideration maxim, the generosity maxim, and the praise maxim.

Keywords: flouting the maxim, rhetorical strategy, politeness principle, conversation.

ABSTRAK

MaryatulKipya, 2019 : Flouting the Maxim in Conversation at Ellen DeGeneres and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Adab and Humaniora, Universitas Islami Negeri Sulthan Thaha Saifuddin Jambi.

Pembimbing I : Dr. Diana Rozelin, S.S., M.Hum. Pembimbing II : Muhammad BeniSaputra, S.Hum., MA

Penelitian ini menganalisis pelanggaran maksim didalam percakapan pada acara talk show Ellen DeGeneres Show dan The Tonight Show bersama Jimmy Fallon, dalam talk show ini pelanggaran maksim muncul dan menyebabkan penutur dan pendengar menjadi salah paham dan tidak kooperatif didalam percakapan. Tujuan dalam percakapan ini adalah untuk menemukan tipe-tipe pelanggaran maksim, untuk mengetahui strategi pelanggaran apa saja yang digunakan dalam melanggar aturan maksim dan untuk mengetahui prinsip kesopanan didalam percakapan pada talk show Ellen DeGeneres Show dan The Tonight Show bersama Jimmy Fallon. Dalam penelitian ini, penulis menggunakan teori maksim dari H. Paul Grice (1973) yang mendiskusikan tentang tipe-tipe pelanggaran maksim, teori strategi komuniksi dari Peter Grundy (1995) yang mendiskusikan strategi untuk melanggar maksim, dan teori prinsip kesopanan dari Geoffrey Leech (1983) yang mendiskusikan penggunaan dan pelanggaran prinsip kesopanan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, teknik dokumentasi dalam mengumpulkan data dan perbandingan dalam menganalisis data.Hasil dari penelitian ini, penulis menemukan data berdasarkan rumusan masalah. Terdiri dari: (1), ada empat tipe flouting the maxim; pelanggaran maksim kuantiti, pelanggaran maksim kualiti, pelanggaran maksim relasi dan pelanggaran maksim pelaksanaanyang telah dilanggar didalam percakapan pada talk show Ellen DeGeneres Show dan The Tonight Show bersama Jimmy Fallon. (2), ada enam strategi untuk melanggar maxim yang digunakan; tautologi, pernyataan berlebihan, meremehkan, metapora, retorikal pertanyaan dan ironi. (3), ada tujuh prinsip kesopanan yang ditemukan; maksim kearifan, maksim kerendahan hati, maksim kesepakatan, maksim simpati, maksim pertimbangan, maksim kedermawanan, dan maksim pujian.

Kata kunci: Pelaggaran Maksim, Srategi Komunikasi, Prinsip Kesopanan, Percakapan.

ABREVIATION

CP : Cooperative Principle PP : Politenes Principle

TABLE OF CONTENT

COVER ...... i APPROVAL ...... ii LETTER OF RATIFICATION ...... iii ORIGINAL THESIS STATEMENT ...... iv MOTTO ...... v DEDICATION ...... vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... vii ABSTRACT ...... ix ABSTRAK ...... x ABREVIATION ...... xi TABLE OF CONTENT ...... xii

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the Research ...... 1 1.2. Formulation of the Problem ...... 4 1.3. Limitation of the Problem...... 4 1.4. Purpose of the Research ...... 5 1.5. Significance of the Research ...... 5 CHAPTER II: THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK 2.1. Pragmatics ...... 7 2.2. Cooperative Principle ...... 8 2.3. Grice Maxim’s Conversation...... 8 2.4. Non-Observance Maxim ...... 10 2.5. Flouting the Maxim ...... 11 2.6. The Strategies of Flouting the Maxim ...... 14 2.7. The Politeness Principle ...... 17 2.8. Review of Related Literature ...... 21

CHAPTER III: METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1. Design of Research ...... 23 3.2. Source of Data ...... 25 3.3. Technique of Data Collection ...... 26 3.4. Technique of Data Analysis ...... 27

xii

CHAPTER IV: FINDING AND ANALYSIS 4.1. Finding ...... 29 4.2. Analysis ...... 30 4.2.1 Type of Flouting the Maxim...... 30 4.2.2 The Strategies of Flouting the Maxim ...... 38 4.2.3 Politeness Principle ...... 46

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1. Conclusion ...... 56 5.2. Suggestion ...... 57 REFERENCES APPENDICE

xiii

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Problem

Language is the tool of human to communicate and convey the purpose in their daily routine with societies it also included the daily conversation, conversation is constructed with spoken rather than written language. Speech is usually spontaneous and, by its nature, temporarybecause it has gone as soon as it has been spoken”.2 In conversation itself has the speaker and the hearer who need to cooperate along conversation which through the conversation both speaker and hearer can express and exchange their ideas. Communication by making conversation can be understood well as Grice stated, “make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged”.3 It means to make the communication successful they should contribute to creating the communication make sense in order to avoid the misunderstanding and impoliteness.The awareness during conversation occasionally is not considered by speaker or hearer inasmuch as they too enjoy, thus they have been just aware if there is something wrong in their talk during the conversation. People do not only do the communication in daily life, but communication can be created by the program in the television which served so many programs involving the situation such as talk show. The improvement of television currently is so high in producing every program that is made by station television which television program shapes an entertainment program such as talk show in entertaining people who watch, talk show itself become a famous show where the host and guest are gathering together in discussing so many topics which offering by the host and it differentiates talk show with other programs in

2Pridham, F. (2001). The Language of Conversation. London and New York: Routledge.p.2 3Grice, P. (1989). Studies in the Ways of Words. Mainland: Harvard University Press.p.26

television program, unique and it is also combining such a comedy in talk show, there are so many television programs who put the sense of comedy and other feelings of that program. The talk show is divided as a TV genre where it can bring joy to the viewers by serving the various unique in its. As a TV genre, however, the talk show is neither exclusive to nineties nor to commercial television. In the USA the genre is as old the medium of television itself, and today, talk shows comprise no small percentage of available programme on commercial as well as non- commercial TV stations. “Talk shows are cheap to produce and popular among viewers, and the ability of this genre to attract viewers is no new phenomenon either”.4 Thus, cheap because talk shows use the same set which supported by audience and the crew that involved in the studio, so the talk show is a program that develops from the nineties till now that still get the extra attention by the viewer, also gives the profit to television company as we know talk show blooms becoming the program that waited by viewers due to show the relationship between TV studios, the host and the interview indirectly which the viewer would be close to the program that served. In America, talk shows become the program which rapidly appears in television program every week, it proves how talk show so popular with the good rating, one of some popular talk shows that exist in American talk show is the Ellen DeGeneres Show and the Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon, the author chooses two of booming Talk shows in America. First, The Ellen DeGeneres Show is an American television comedy talk show hosted by comedian or actress Ellen DeGeneres. In 2003, Ellen DeGeneres became a big hit with daytime viewers with her self-titled talk show, Ellen. Since its inception, the show has won a slew of Daytime Emmy and People’s Choise Awards.5 Second, The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" made its debut from Studio 6B in Rockefeller Center on Feb. 17, 2014. Emmy Award- and Grammy

4Bruun, H. The Aesthetics of the Television Talk Show. p.243 4Ellen DeGeneres Biography. (2019) Retrieved from www.Biography.com on March 3, 2019.

Award-winning comedian Jimmy Fallon brings a high-tempo energy to the storied NBC franchise with his welcoming interview style, love of audience participation, spot-on impersonations and innovative sketches. For almost 60 years, "The Tonight Show" has been an American television institution home to big-name celebrity guests and top musical and comedic talent.6 Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon are the examples of the informal conversation that served in that program where the writer can find maxim which focuses on flouting maxim in pragmatic areas which in making conversation itself has the rule to make the conversation running well.For successful communication whether speaker and hearer should obey the cooperative principle and cooperative speaker sometimes can break the maxim in doing conversation as a definition of the maxim in Collin dictionary: a maxim is a rule for good or sensible behavior, especially one in the form of saying.7 It means that in doing conversation whether speaker and hearer ought to make the conversation clear and make sense to fulfill good communication. The maxims can be broken by speaker and hearer also without any maxim that broken during the conversation due to not following the cooperative principle intentionally or unintentionally makes the conversation will be flat and less of politeness, furthermore in conversation flouting the maxim happened, where Flouting the maxims is defined as when speakers do not seem to follow the maxims but expect the listener to generate the implications, not taking the words at the face value.8 Flouting the maxim happens in conversation in the talk show that is flouted in Ellen DeGeneres Show as follow: Ellen : So the last time we saw each other it was at the white house. We both receiving the medal of freedom. And that was quite a day, wasn’t it?

6The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. (2018). Retrieved from: http://www.nbc.com/c\the-tonight-show on December 3, 2018.

7Collins Dictionary. (2018) Retrieved from http://Collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/maxim on October 9, 2018..

8 Yuvike, W. &. (2009). The Non Observance Of The Conversational Maxim An Analysis Of The Dialogues In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible. Jurnal Lingua Cultura, 3, P.116-1

Bill Gates : That was an amazing group, Ellen : yeah. Really, really fun. So you are here with your daughter who are 21. Right?And you were 21 when you became a billionaire. Is that right? Bill Gates : Almost, yep. From the conversation above which uttered by Ellen to Bill Gates, Ellen has flouted the maxim of quantity by saying “So you are here with your daughter who are 21. Right? And you were 21 when you became a billionaire. Is that right? Ellen gives too much information to Bill which contains other meaning in her utterance that has been uttered by Ellen.Thus, in this research, the writer would like to analyze flouting maxim that happened in the talk shows not also in daily life thereby selecting two talk shows because the writer find misunderstanding interpretation while watching the talk show that contains flouting the maxim during the conversation. Therefore, the writer gets the conversation at The Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon to be analyzed in this Talk Show by doing research entitled” Flouting the Maxim in conversation at Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon”.

1.2 Formulation of the Problem Furthermore, Base on the background of the problem above, the writer formulates the formulation of the problem as follow: 1. What are the types of flouting the maxim found in conversation at Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon? 2. What are the strategies of flouting the maxim used in conversation at Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon? 3. What are the politeness principles related at Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon?

1.3 Limitation of the Problem The writer limits the problem in this research to avoid the broadness in analyzing data. Consequently, the writer chooses two of the popular Talk Show

in America especially “Ellen DeGeneres Show and Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon” would be analyzed. The writer focuses on the non-observance of the conversational maxim which has four categories: flouting the maxim, violating the maxim, infringing the maxim, opting out the maxim. From those categories, the writer limits the data just one category of Flouting the maxim to be analyzed. Hence, thewriter will take the data from the dialogues, because in getting the video does not include the script of conversation, so it takes from the subtitle which the writer accessed from www.gainsubtitle.com then applied in Ellen DeGeneres Show and Tonight Show starring Jimmy Fallon that will be seen as Grice’s view. Here, the writer takes three episodes at Ellen DeGeneres Talk Show First is with Taylor Swift, Second is with Debra Messing Recruits, and last is with Sandra Bullock. The three episodes at The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon first is with Donald Trump, second is with Trevor Noah Turns Donald Trump, last is with Shawn Mendes.

1.4 Purpose of the Research Based on the problems are mentioned above, the aims of this research are: 1. To find out flouting the maxims in conversation at The Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. 2. To know the strategies of flouting the maxim in conversation at Ellen DeGeneres Show and Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. 3. To knowpoliteness principlesat Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.

1.5 The Significance of the Research. The significance of this Research is divided into two kinds. Where the first is practically significant Those significant closely relate which human’s daily, which human understand to caught what another interpreting in communication whether spoken or written, by writing this research, the writer hopes that the writer can improve writing ability and understand more about maxim that is available in our daily conversation which is unconsciously used in

the daily activity. Also, give additional knowledge and information to those who are interesting in this research especially give the contribution as to the English Literature Department. The second is theoretically significant. This significant provides the theory of H. Paul Grice about maxim theory and theory of Geoffrey Leech about Politeness principle that can be useful and it can be reference for helping the next researcher who wants to analyze the same subject but a different point of view

CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Pragmatics

Pragmatics is one of the branches of Linguistics which focuses on utterance meaning between speaker and hearer in doing conversation depends on context, Pragmatics is the study of those relations between language and context that are grammatical or encoded in the structure of a language.9 We have known pragmatics is the study of utterance meaning which every utterance is unique that speaker and hearer convey in getting the meaning. Pragmatics deals with inference that listeners and readers make, or that- when speaking or writing- they invite others to make. These inferences are often conscious, so pragmatics tends to be easier to understand than semantics, because the latter is about abstract potential meanings that are often best described by means of notations drawn from logic and set theory.10It means that pragmatics is the way speaker and hearer interprets to get the meaning and it shows that there is a relationship between speaker and hearer with context while taking the inference that is relevant in their utterance. According to George Yule, pragmatics is the study about contextual meaning.11 It can be defined that from what their saying both speaker and hearer should convey the meaning from their conversation based on the additional context that influences the content what they want to say.

9Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. New York, United States America: Cambrigdge University Press.p9. 9Griffiths, P. (2006). An Introduction to English Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.p.xi. 10Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.p.3.

2.2 Cooperative Principle Speaker and hearer are involving in conversation to convey something that they want to deliver to reach their purpose and to reach the purpose in the conversation itself they should obey the rule of doing the conversion. Conversation can be said successful if both obey the rule of conversation as long as the conversation running well, but here in doing conversation people often find the conversation trick, confuse. Even irrelevant with content what is talking about with the speaker or hearer. According to George Yule, in most circumstances, the assumption of cooperation is so pervasive that it can be stated as a cooperative principle of conversation and elaborated in four sub-principles, called maxim.12 It means that every situation while doing conversation the cooperation should be applied due to the influence in doing conversation is too much. Interlocutors would exchange the idea what is in their mind in order to make the inference easier to be understood and sometimes theidea that comes in their mind will be unconscious said with contrast meaning to state what they assume in getting the inference, as H. Paul Grice stated, Make your conversational contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.13 The contribution that speaker and hearer should do here is they can cooperate as it is required when they are conversing. 2.3 Grice Maxim’s of conversation Maxim is a statement which should be truthful in conducting the conversation. In short, maxim can be understood as the rule of conversation that should be obeyed during the conversations. It is necessary to make the successful communication in order to make the content of the communication itself makes sense in taking the inference, Maxim itself can lead the good conversation and avoid the misunderstanding. According to H. Paul Grice

12Ibid, p.37 13Grice, P. Op.cit.,p.26

proposed that: There are certain default assumptions about how conversation works. He stated these in the form of a general cooperative principle and several specific sub-principles which he labeled “maxim”.14 Below the four maxims as follow: 1. Maxim of Quality Grice’s formulation of the maxim Quality is composed of the following two sub-maxims: Do not say what you believe to be false. Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence. It means that in conversation speaker should be responsible the truth what we have to say to other by giving enough evidence before giving the statement 2. Maxim of Quantity Grice’s formulation of the maxim of Quantity has two parts: Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purposes of the exchange. Do not make your contribution more informative than is required. In this maxim speaker is asked to give enough information not to over or less when giving the information because it can be useless by widespread the information that is not required during the conversation 3. Maxim of Relation The maxim of relation is sometimes called the Maxim of Relevance, because it is composed of only the following two-word dictum: Be Relevant. This maxim conveys that the rule in conversation which speaker should give a relevance topic in conversing not to give that irrelevant that make a bit difficult to catch what have been conversing during the conversation. 1. Maxim of Manner

14Kroeger, P. R. (2018). Analyzing Meaning: An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics (Textbooks in Language Sciences 5). Berlin: Language Science Press.p.142

The last of Grice’s maxim is also, ironically, the least straightforward. This maxim, the maxim of manner, states: Avoid obscurity of expression. Avoid ambiguity. Be brief (avoid unnecessary prolixity). Be orderly. This maxim deals if speaker should not be obscure, brief and be order in conveying the conversation to avoid the flouting the maxim of manner while conversing. 2.4 Non-Observance Maxim People do not always follow the maxim while conversing, sometimes people intentionally do not apply the maxim in every conversation. As Grice clarifies people may fail to observe a maxim because, for example they are incapable of speaking clearly or because they deliberately choose to lie.15 Thus non-observance maxim became the way to violate the maxim, there are five ways to failing observe the maxim: 1. Flouting Maxim Grice explains the flouting the maxim is a situation which a speaker blatantly fails to observe a maxim, where speaker here wants hearer to look for other meaning in its utterance. 2. Violating a Maxim Grice explains violation very specifically as ostentatious non observance of a maxim, if a speaker violates a Maxim she or he will be liable to mislead, violating maxim happens when a speaker wants to tell something true and honest for conveying flam or something that interlocutor hides it.

15Thomas, J. (2013). Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. (M. S. Geoffrey Leech, Ed.) London and New York: Routledge.p.64

3. Infringing a Maxim Thomas explains that infringing maxim could occur because the speaker has an imperfect command of the language (a young, child, or a foreign learner), the speaker’s performance is impaired in some way, infringing maxim happens because speaker gives incapable of speaking. 4. Opting out a Maxim Thomas explains a speaker opts out of observing a maxim by indicating unwillingness to cooperate in the way the maxim requires. Opting out a maxim frequently occurs in public life, when the speaker cannot, perhaps for the legal or ethical reasons, reply in the way normally expected. 5. Suspending a Maxim According to Thomas suspensions of the maxims may be culture- specific or specific to particular events. Suspending maxim happens when some words or inappropriate sentence or in other word “taboo”. 2.5 Flouting the maxim As Grice’s theory about conversation, we have to obey the four maxims to make our communication being successful but sometimes people do not always follow the rule and they flout the maxim. Flouting the maxim is type of non-observance maxim that occurred in conversation which meant in a pragmatic and discourse a resource book for student,” when speaker appears not to follow the maxim but expect hearer to appreciate the meaning implied, as in the case of dress shop assistant, the romantic date and the chilly room, we say that they are ‘flouting’ the maxims.16 Flouting maxim is also ignoring the rule in cooperative principle either conscious or unconscious to flout the conversation while conversing. A flout

16Cutting, J. (2002). Pragmatics and Discourse:A Resource Book for Students. London and New York: Routledge.p.51 16Thomas, J. (2013). Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. (M. S. Geoffrey Leech, Ed.) London and New York: Routledge.p.65

occurs when a speaker blatantly fails to observe a maxim at the level of what is said, with the deliberate intention of generating an implicature.17 Flouting the maxim is one of the non-observance who only can make the speaker create a deliberate choice without depends on maxims that always obey, thus in cooperative principle may be broken by the participant of conversation. Therefore, there are four types flouting the maxims as follow: 1. Flouting Quantity The speaker flouts the maxim due to give too little and too much information to the hearer. Thus either speaker or hearer cannot do that to avoid the broader information that can be useless in conversation. Example: A: How are we getting there? B: Well, we’re getting there in Dave’s car.18 In this dialogue, B blatantly gives less information than A needs, thereby generating the implicature that A will not be traveling with them. It could be analyzed as the flouting maxim of Quantity. 2. Flouting Quality The speaker may flout the maxim due to in lack adequate of evidence. It happens during the conversation when speaker cannot give appropriate evidence or enough evidence about something that she/he is trying to deliver to interlocutor. Therefore, speaker may flout this flouting quality. Example: The speaker was Lady Lucinda Lambton and she was talking about John Patten, who at the time was Secretary of State for Education. “I lived in the same house as that man for three years and he’s the man I hate most in all the world. In all my greasy past, he is the biggest grease spot”.19

18 Ibid, p.69 19 Ibid, p.68

It is patiently false that John Patten is a grease spot. Lucinda Lambton does not appear to be trying to make us believe that John Patten is a grease spot. So, in this instance the speaker is unable simultaneously to observe the maxim of Quality. From the example above, it shows us how flouting quality is flouted by observing the evidence during the conversation itself. 3. Flouting Relation Flouting relation occurs when speaker gives irrelevant topic in conversation so that is why the interlocutor cannot get appropriate inference in doing conversation. Example: I finished working on my face. I grabbed my bag and a coat. I told my mother I was going out… She asked me where I was going. I repeated

myself. ‘Out’.20 In this example, the speaker, Olivia, makes a response that is truthful, clear, and which does answer her mother’s question. What it does not do is address her mother’s goal in asking the question: her mother can see that Olivia is going out, what she want to know is where she is going. It shows how flouting goes when both speaker and hearer cannot give relevant topic that makes quite difficult to get an inference inthe conversation. 4. Flouting Manner Those who flout the maxim of manner, appearing to be obscure, are often trying to exclude a third party. Flouting manner happens when speaker conveys the information unclear, ambiguity to be understood, and give prolix statement along conversation. Example: A: where are you off to?

20Ibid, p.70

B: I was thinking of going out to get some of that funny white stuff for somebody. A: ok, but don’t be long-dinner’s nearly ready.21

B speaks in an ambiguous way, saying ‘that funny white stuff’ and ‘somebody’, because he is avoiding saying ‘ice-cream’ and ‘Michele’, so that his little daughter does not become excited and ask for the ice-cream before her meal. Sometimes writers play with words to heighten the ambiguity, in order to make the point. From the explanation given to the example above that flouting manner happened obviously to exclude the third party where A plays the obscure word to B who cannot understand because the ambiguous way to exclude the third party that played by A in that conversation.

2.6 The Strategies of Flouting the Maxim Someone who flouts the maxim definitely having a way to flout, Inflouting the maxim there are some strategies that can be used by the participant of communication in many various ways. Grice in Levinson’s book states that the use of flouting maxim causes many of the traditional ‘figures of speech’ and figures of speech as the effect of flouting the maxim.22 Grundy states that rhetorical strategies have been considered flouting the Gricean maxims,23 so here rhetorical strategies are the strategies that are used by the participant in flouting the maxim. According to Grundy, rhetorical strategies include tautology, overstatement, understatement, metaphor, rhetorical question and irony.24 Therefore in this research, rhetorical strategies are used as the strategies for flouting the maxim. Some strategies are expressed as follow:

21Cutting, J. Op.cit., p. 39 22Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics. New York, United States America: Cambridge University Press.p.109. 23Grundy, P. (2000). Doing Pragmatics (2nd Edition ed.). New York, United States of America: Oxford University Press Inc.p.76 24 Ibid, p.76-77

1. Tautology According to Grundy, tautology as an expression used frequently to express a complex meaning in easier way.25 As a conventionalized tautology turned idiom, therefore in the conversation tautology appears in the frequency of usage, the meaning of an expression becomes more idiomatic. An example of tautology is ‘boys will be boys.’ in this example ‘boys’ is used frequently used to express if a male person, child, adult will behave as a boy behave similarly. 2. Overstatement According to Leech, overstatement can be considered as Hyperbole and it refers to a case where the speaker’s description is stronger than actual state of affairs.It is kind of figures of speech. As the term ‘hyper’ means over or above, speaker can flout the maxim by exaggerating his/her statement as in hyperbole. An example of overstatement is ‘I could eat a horse, I am starving to death, and I am dying of hunger Instead of saying I am hungry, some speakers choose to flout the maxim by exaggerating the fact, exaggerating here is a form of overstatement.26 3. Understatement Understatement can be said as litotes, understatement is different from overstatement. According to Levinson, understatement describes something weaker than the actual state of affairs.27 Besides, understatement is used in criticism. It criticizes someone by showing negative expression. Another example of criticism is ‘this is not a man who would have been natural member of liberal democrats’ it can be seen this is not a man giving a negative expression.

25 Ibid, p.127 26Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of Pramatics. New York, United States of America: Lonman Inc.p.145. 26Ibid 27Levinson, S. C, Op.cit., p.148

4. Metaphor Another way to flout the maxim is using metaphor. According to interaction theory, metaphor happens when ‘metaphorical’ expression is embedded ‘literal’ expression.28 In short, metaphorical expression can change the meaning to the literal expression by describing a person or object in literary way referring to something that have similar characteristic to the object that is trying to describe. An example of metaphor by saying ‘my house is a refrigerator in January, refrigerator here is metaphorical expression that can the meaning of house. It emphasizes that house is not merely a place, it gives another meaning that house is a very cold place which same characteristic to refrigerator. 5. Rhetorical question Rhetorical question is a rhetorical strategy in which question is used to make a statement, not to get an answer. According to Meriam Webster, Rhetorical question is not a question about the art about the art of speaking effectively; it is aquestion that is asked for effect, rather than from a desire to know the answer.29 6. Irony According to Leech irony is a seemingly friendly way of being way offensive (mock-politeness).30 In addition, cutting states that by using irony, a speaker expresses a positive sentiment but implies a negative one.31 It can be understood that irony expresses something friendly but it will give another meaning being offensive expression. An example of irony is if a student comes down to breakfast one morning and says “if only you knew how much I love being woken up at 4 pm by a fire alarm’, she is being ironic and expecting her friend to know that she means the opposite.

28 Merriam Webster Dictionary. (2018) Retrieved from http:// www.Meriam-Webster.com on November 15, 2018 29 Leech, G. N. Op.cit.,p.144. 30 Cutting, J. Op.cit., p. 38

2.7 The politeness Principle Politeness concerns a relationship between self and other, in conversation self itself identified with the speaker while other identified with hearer, beside that the speaker also shows politeness to the third party who may be present or not in conversation, so politeness here still has the correlation with cooperative principle because it happens in conversation. The Politeness principle (PP) is introduced by Geoffrey Leech; Leech has proposed an independent pragmatic principle, to function alongside the co-operative principle, which he calls the politeness principle. Leech proposes for the generation of implicatures via the politeness principle is similar to that proposed by Grice for the co-operative principle.32 Each principle is accompanied by a set of more specific maxims. 1. The Tact maxim The tact maxim is oriented towards the hearer and has positive and negative sub-maxims: Minimize cost to the hearer. Maximize benefit to the hearer. impositives, that is, utterances which have the function of getting the hearer to do something (the term impositive includes commands, requests, beseechments, etc.). We can roughly order impositives in terms of the cost to the hearer, greatest cost first: Lend me your wife, Wash the dishes, Pass the salt, Say Ah, Have another sandwich, Have a nice weekend. Form the tact maxim explanation above, briefly we can understand that speaker should hold on the principle to always ease his own profits and maximize the benefits of other in conversation.

32Cruse, D. A. (2000). Meaning in Language An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatic. (E. V. Keith Brown, Ed.) United Stats: Oxford University Press Inc.p.363.

2. The modesty maxim The modesty maxim is the natural partner of the previous one, being oriented towards the speaker, with the relevant 'values' reversed: Minimize praise of self. Maximize dispraise of self. Praising oneself is inherently impolite, so negative politeness here is a matter of toning down self-congratulation: A: You did brilliantly! B: Yes, didn't I?33 From the explanation above that modesty maxim which is center in our selves, the participants are expected to be humble by reducing praise for themselves. 3. The agreement maxim The final two maxims do not form a pair. This is not, as Leech claims, because they do not involve bipolar scales (at least one of them does), but because they are inherently relational in a way that the others are not. That is to say, agreement is a relation between the opinions of the speaker and those of the hearer. This maxim is simply: Minimize disagreement with the hearer. Maximize agreement with the hearer. The sub-maxims are not clearly distinct. A typical strategy is to begin with partial agreement before expressing disagreement: A: She should be sacked immediately. We can't tolerate unpunctuality. B: I disagree.34 From the example above, we can see that B’s statement does not follow the agreement from A’s statement which true opposites with the rule of the agreement maxim.

33Ibid, p.365 34Ibid, p.366

4. The sympathy maxim Sympathy is again a matter of a relation between speaker and hearer, andcannot, therefore, be differentially speaker-or hearer-oriented: Maximize sympathy (expression of positive feelings) towards the hearer. Minimize antipathy (expression of negative feelings) towards the hearer. As Leech points out, this maxim renders congratulations and commiserationsor condolences inherently polite acts. However, once again, it seems we canspeak of implicatures of politeness only if a discrepancy can be intuitedbetween what the speaker says and what he or she feels. 5. The Consideration maxim Leech presents the consideration maxim as a separate principle (the PollyannaPrinciple), with, in my opinion, very little justification, as it works just like theother maxims: Minimize the hearer's discomfort/displeasure. Maximize the hearer's comfort/pleasure. Negative politeness under this maxim involves the softening, by variousdevices, of references to painful, distressing, embarrassing or shocking events,facts, or things, etc. For instance, if someone's husband has recently died, it ismore polite to say / was sorry to hear about your husband than / was sorry to hear about your husband's death, as the latter highlights the distressing event to a greater degree. In short, the consideration maxim here is to consider speaker’s feeling, do not make his or her feeling more displeased in an unpleased atmosphere. 6. The Generosity maxim The generosity maxim is a sister to the tact maxim, and is oriented towards Costs and benefits to the speaker: Minimize benefit to self. Maximize cost to self.

This maxim works in a way parallel to that of the tact maxim, except that theeffects are reversed. So, for instance, offers to do something which involvesbenefit to her hearer, but cost to the speaker must be made as directly as possible for politeness. a. Let me wash the dishes. b. I was wondering if I could possibly wash the dishes.35 Both A and B above are the example which statement from the participant if A and B minimize benefit and maximize cost to self by offering to do something in purpose to respect other 7. The Praise maxim The maxims of praise and modesty form another natural duo, concerned, in this case, with the expression of positive or negative opinions about speaker or hearer. The maxim of praise is oriented towards the hearer, and goes as follows: Minimize dispraise of the hearer. Maximize praise of the hearer. As usual, negative politeness is the more crucial, hence the first sub- maxim isthe more likely to be brought into play. The effect is to tone down any criticism or not favourable comment: A: Do you like my new dress? B: *No. Well, yes, but it's not my favourite.36 The effect of the second sub-maxim is to exaggerate praise: Thank you somuch for inviting us. We had an absolutely wonderful time!

From those explanations, in these talk shows it can be happened during the conversation between speaker and hearer and definitely happened in side of politeness as Leech propose in Politeness Principle, so it is why cooperative principle go in same way through the conversation that shows politeness principle.

35Ibid, p.365 36Ibid, p.364

2.6 Review of Related Literature In this research, there are few of previous researchers who do the same research about flouting the maxim but have difference focus in talk show and object. Firstly, Faridah. 2016. Flouting Conversational Maxim Used By Main Characters in LIE To ME Movie. Thesis of English Language and Letters Department Faculty of Humanities, the researcher used the theory of flouting the maxim by Grice and used descriptive qualitative method.37 The result of the research that there are 30 flouting maxims of data, they are 9 maxim of quantity, 7 maxims of quality, 9 maxims of relevance and 5 maxims of manner. Secondly, Yanthi Monica Saragi. 2016. Flouting Maxim in Conversational Implicature in The Ellen DeGeneres Show Talk Show. Thesis of English Literature student, Faculty of Language and Arts, The researcher used the theory of flouting the maxim by Grice and used descriptive qualitative method. The result of research shows that in the forms of description of the embodiment and objective of the flouting of cooperative principle Ellen DeGeneres Show. There are two types of implicatures found; they are generalized conversational implicature and particularized conversational implicature. The results show that every type of maxim is violated by the participant. There are only two maxims which are flouted in generalized conversational implicature those are maxim quantity and quality and there are only two maxim which are flouted in particularized conversational maxim those are maxim relevance and maxim manner and there are four functions of flouting the maxim those are changing the subject, giving information, explaining and entertaining.38 Thirdly, Robiatul Adawiyah. 2016. Flouting the Maxim Used By the Main Characters in “FOCUS” Movie. Thesis of English Language and Letters

37Faridah. (2016). Flouting Conversational Maxim Used By Main Characters in LIE To Me Movie. Thesis of English Language and Letters Department Faculty of Humanities. Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang. 38Saragi, Yanthi Monica. (2016). Flouting Maxim in Conversational Implicature in The Ellen DeGeneres Show. English Literature, Faculty of Language and Arts. The State University of Surabaya.

Department Faculty of Humanities, the researcher used the theory of flouting the maxim by Grice and used descriptive method. The research shows that there are four type of flouting the maxim done by the main character of “FOCUS” movie namely flouting maxim of quality, quantity, relevance and manner.39 From review of literature above, it is clearly that this research has difference and similarity. these thesis use the same theory from H. Paul Grice with writer uses in this research, but these thesis highly focus on generate implicature that become the result of the research while the writer here also uses the same theory in analysis what are the types, besides also analyze the strategiesby Peter Grundy theory and how flouting the maxim not only employ in cooperative principle but also in side of politeness principle by Geofrey Leech theory in the talk show by using two talk shows as the object of the research.

39Adawiyah, R. (2016). Flouting Maxim Used By Main Characters in “FOCUS” Movie. English Language and Letters Department Faculty of Humanities. Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang.

CHAPTER III METHOD OF RESEARCH 3.1 Design of Research Method is the way how we accomplish the problem to get the answer from the problem. In this case, method itself is used to help the writer to support the theory as appropriate as possible to the object that would be analyzed. In writing this thesis, the writer uses qualitative research and descriptive method that is fit with the aim of this research in analyzing the problem. Qualitative research is concerned with the systematic collection, ordering, description and interpretation of textual data generated from talk, observation or documentation.40 It means that qualitative research is study that involves the aspect of pragmatics which in doing this research is conducting the systematic way to analyze the data, the writer in favor about qualitative research explanation above, to get the data that is generated from talk same as the object of that writer chose. According to Taylor at all The phrase qualitative methodology refers in the broadest sense to research that produces descriptive data—people’s own written or spoken words and observable behavior.41 The writer conduct the research based on pragmatics side where it can be viewed by observing how speaker and hearer interacts in communicating to get the goal in the communication, hence the writer assumes that this method is suitable for helping to conduct this research relating flouting the maxim that would be analyzed because it really relates with the interaction we might find in behavior of person in conducting the communication as the writer chooses object of this research is talk show, the writer want to analyze what is going on that flouting maxim happened influencing the behavior of each person in talk show.

40Simon C Kitto, J. C. Quality in qualitative research. Criteria for authors and assessors in the submission and assessment of qualitative research article for the Medical Journal Australia,p.188- 243. 40Steven J. Taylor, R. B. (2016).introduction to Qualitative Research Method A Guidebook and Resource (4th Edition ed.). New Jersey: JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.p.7.

According to Walliman Qualitative research is practised in many disciplines, so a range of data collection method has been devised to cater for the varied requirements of the different subjects, such as: qualitative interviewing, focus groups, participant, discourse and conversation analysis and analysis of texts and documents.42

Creswell states Qualitative Research Begins with assumptions, a world view, the possible use of theoretical lens, and the study of research problems inquiring into the meaning individuals or group ascribe to a social or human problem.43 Based on this statement it describes if data obviously are taken from the social phenomenon which the writer finds how the language generates the meaning Based on this statement it describes if data obviously are taken from the social phenomenon which the writer finds how the language generates the meaning inverted of the communication that created by individual or group. By using qualitative, this research designs the data into form of descriptive method that generates the data from the dialog of conversation between speaker and hearer. The writer uses descriptive method to describe the data that is found which the writer is ready to analyze, therefore the writer uses descriptive method in analyzing the data as Creswell stated:

Descriptive method relies on observations as a mean of collecting data. It attempts to examine situations in order to establish what the norm is. The important point is that the observations are written down or recorded in some way, in order that they can be subsequently analyzed. It is important that the data so collected are organized and presented in a clear and systematic way, so that the analysis can result in valid and accurate conclusion.44

42Walliman, N. (2011). RESEARCH METHODS the basics. New York: Routledge, p.131. 43Creswell, J. W. (2007). QUALITATIVE INQUIRY & RESEARCH DESIGN Choosing Among Five Approaches (Second ed.). California: Sage Publication, Inc.p 37. 44Creswell, J. W. (2007). QUALITATIVE INQUIRY & RESEARCH DESIGN.California: Sage Publication, Inc.

From the quotation above, descriptive method in this research show that writer is analyzing the data with systematic way which the writer interprets and analyzes involving the data that make sense with qualitative data, thus the data collected in systematic to get obvious data. The definition above the writer agreed with Taylor Walliman and Creswell stated if in this research the writer gets the data by observing the language that produces the conversation which generates aspect of pragmatics and from this method the writer can observe the social phenomenon based on the phenomenon of language in spoken. 3.2 Source of Data Source of data is the major of data that is used the writer to answer the problem easily, while in conducting the research source of data is taken from the primary data, therefore in this research the writer only uses the primary data. According to Ajayi in journal of Advance Statistical Method in Education:

Primary data is one which is collected for the first time by the researcher while secondary data is the data already collected or produced by others. There are many differences between primary and secondary data, which are discussed in this work. But the most important difference is that primary data is factual and original whereas secondary data is just the analysis and interpretation of the primary data.45

From the statement above the primary of data in this research is the original data that writer uses is video from YouTube channel. The Talk Shows are Ellen DeGeneres Talk Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon in YouTube channel. These talk shows are hosted by Ellen DeGeneres and Jimmy Fallon which are the popular host in America, andthe writer takes some episodes that are selected at Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, then the writer chooses 3 episodes of each two talk shows to make the research balance as main data that would be analyzed.

45Ajayi, V. O. (2017, september). Advance Statistical Methods in Education. Primary Sources of Data and Secondary Sources of Data , p.2.

3.3 Technique of Data Collection Technique of data collection used to avoid an inaccurate data while doing the research thus to get the valid data writer uses documentation technique as the method to be processed by collecting data. Data collection is about asking, watching, and reviewing.46 That is true the research in the procedure of collecting the data, the writer doing the research by watching to gain the data to answer the problem. The writer uses documentation technique as Arikunto stated, “Dokumentasi adalah mencari dan mengumpulkan data mengenai hal-hal yang berupa catatan, transkip, buku, surat kabar, majalah, notulen, rapot, agenda dan sebagainya.”47 From that statement it is obviously that in collecting the data the writer collect the data by observing and identifying the subtitle that showed from the video.In conducting the research the writer interprets the data in purpose to get the data that have some steps that writer done: First, the writer watching the Talk Show in some episodes that writer selected to be the object of the data repeatedly, to get more understanding what is the contain or purpose that are delivered at Ellen DeGeneres Talk Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. Second, the writer marks the data that containing flouting the maxim during the interview or talk session at Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. Third, the writer captures the subtitle of dialog in the picture as a form that shows data at Talk Shows. Fourth, the writer identifies the data from subtitle that has been available in Talk Show. Last, is classifying the data and making comparison the data that writer has found. After the data completed, the writer processes the data to be analyzed in this research.

46Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative Research A Guide to Design and Implementation. San Fransisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.p.85. 46Arikunto, S. (2006). Metodologi Penelitian. Yogyakarta: Bina Aksara.p.158.

3.4 Technique of Data Analysis Analyzing the data is very crucial activity in this research, where the data is processed through the information that will be concluded. Data analysis is a dynamic and creative process. Throughout analysis, researchers attempt to gain a deeper understanding of what they have studied and to continually refine their interpretations.48 It means in analyzing the data, the writer processes to complete the research by adding their own interpretation to get deeply understanding. To support the data, the writer also uses another method in analysis the data, the method is constant comparative. As Taylor and Bogdanstated “The constant comparative method is used by the researcher to develop concepts from the data by coding and analyzing at the same time.”49 Constant comparative method shows that by using this method involved two or more variable that would be compared in the research. Thus, the writer not only use descriptive to describe the data but also use comparative to compare and to develop each feature of data. To analyze the data, the writer doing some steps, following steps are: 1. Watching The writer watches the talk shows repeatedly to get deeper understanding in taking the data from Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. 2. Marking The writer marks the subtitle in this video that is used as the data that has been watched to another paper from the talk shows Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. 3. Capturing The writer captures the picture from the video because in these talk shows do not use the script, therefore the pictures contain the subtitle in these talk from the dialog of the picture in Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show

48Steven J. Taylor, R. B. (2016). introduction to Qualitative Research Method A Guidebook and Resource (4th Edition ed.). New Jersey: JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.p.169. 48Retrieved from http://www.researchgate.net/publication/307632469 on December 12th 2018 on 01.00 am.

Starring Jimmy Fallon. Furthermore the writer starts identifying the data that writer has found 4. Identifying The writer begins to do the identifying the talk show after doing the step of watching and marking each of picture in Ellen DeGeneres Shows and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. 5. Classifying The writer classifies the data from Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon that has been selected based on formulation of the problem. 6. Analyzing After classifying the data in Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, the writer starts to analyze and explain the data that the writer found in these talk shows. 7. Conclusion The writer makes the conclusion based on the data after the have been analyzed in purpose to take the conclusion of the research.

CHAPTER IV FINDING AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Finding Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon are the source of data that writer used in this research. The writer found four types of flouting the maxim based on Grice’s Theory; they are flouting quantity, flouting quality, flouting relation, and flouting manner. Those types of maxims which indicated 5 data as flouting the quantity, 4 data indicated as flouting quality, 4 data indicated as flouting relation and 6 data indicated as flouting manner, these types of flouting the maxim data are from Ellen DeGeneres Show. In the meantime, types of flouting the maxim from The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, they are 7 data indicated as flouting quantity, 3 data indicated as flouting quality, 4 data indicated as flouting relation, and 4 data indicated as flouting manner. In finding the data, the writer uses Rhetorical strategies based on Peter Grundy’s Theory which writer found seven strategies of flouting the maxim In Ellen DeGeneres Show that speaker and hearer used during the conversation, they are; 1 datum indicated as tautology, 4 data indicated as overstatement, 1 datum indicated as understatement, 2 data indicated as metaphor, 4 data indicated as irony and 1 datum indicated as rhetorical question. In The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon, the writer also found 2 data indicated as overstatement, 1 datum indicated as metaphor, 4 data indicated as irony, and 1 datum indicated as rhetorical question in this talk show. In these talk shows, the writer also applies the Politeness Principle based on Geoffrey Leech’s Theory which can be seen as the interaction between speaker and hearer during the conversation itself, furthermore writer found seven politeness principle theory in Ellen DeGeneres Show, they are; 2 data indicated as the tact maxim, 1 datum indicated as the modesty maxim, 4 data indicated as the agreement maxim, 1 datum indicated as the sympathy maxim, 3 data indicated as the consideration maxim, 2 data indicated as the generosity maxim, and 2 data indicated as the praise maxim. In The Tonight Starring Jimmy Fallon, the writer

found the data of politeness principle, they are; 1 datum indicated as the tact maxim, 4 data indicated as the modesty maxim, 1 datum indicated as the agreement maxim, 1 datum indicated as the consideration maxim, 2 data indicates as the generosity maxim, and 3 data indicated as the praise maxim.

4.2 Analysis

4.2.1 Type of Flouting the Maxim in Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon It deals that Flouting the maxim is breaking or not following the principle in conversation that makes situation between speaker and hearer can be misunderstanding if speaker and hearer do not follow the rule of cooperative principle as Grice propose, there are five types of flouting the maxim that be flouted in this research, they are; flouting quantity, flouting quality, flouting relation and flouting manner. The writer analyzes data that has been collected Based on type of flouting the maxim below. 1. Flouting quantity Flouting quantity is type of flouting the maxim which is indicated the speaker flouts the maxim due to give too little and too much information to the hearer that can cause little and wider information to speaker and hearer catching the meaning that will be conveyed during the conversation. Datum 1:

50 51 Ellen DeGeneres : They’re on rock. And they’re spiny-looking there. And the poor things are just minding their own business. Taylor Swift : No, they’re not. That’s just the things. they’re like a grenade. They’re like, they’re sitting there waiting to completely injure you to the point where. Okay, so you

50 Duration 00.00.26 51 Duration 00.00.56

step. You can’t see a sea urchin. If you’re okay, like, if you’re in you’re like, this water is so beautiful. It’s amazing. And you’re walking, it’s clear water. You can’t see a sea urchin’s right there. And then you step on one and then it has barbs, and it goes into whatever it touches, and then you have to go to the emergency room. And it has to be surgically removed your foot. You could lose your hand trying to get it off your foot. On datum 1 above this conversation happens when Ellen gives the statement about the fact of sea urchin to Taylor, but Taylor utters “they’re like a Grenade. They’re like, they’re sitting there waiting to completely injure you to the point where. This conversation shows that Taylor does flouting quantity which Taylor cannot give the information as required to the hearer there, too much information during the conversation and it show the repeat statement by saying “you could lose your hand trying to get it off your food that Taylor wants to say if she does not like sea urchin because it injures your body. So, in this case Taylor flouts the maxim of quantity by which she cannot give the information as required, give too much information, Datum 2

52 53

Jimmy Fallon : It’s getting real Donald Trump : Yeah, it’s getting real. I agree Jimmy Fallon : You still have time. Do you still want to do this? I mean. There’s time. Donald Trump : We’re doing well. It’s been really a lot of fun and it’s an amazing movement all over the country. It’s been incredible. So, no, it’s been an honor for me. I have to say.

52 Duration 00.00.18 53 Duration 00.00.27

Jimmy Fallon : There’s probably kid watching you right now. If they’re at home watching. They do stay up late and watch our show. Why should they want to grow up and be president?

On datum 2, the writer found The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon that is hosted by Jimmy Fallon also doing flouting quantity which is indicated from the sentence that Jimmy uttered “there’s probably kid watching you right now”, and “why should they want to grow up and be the president. From this statement the writer knew that based on Leech Theory you cannot give the statement that is not required, therefore Jimmy Fallon did the statement which asking to the Donald Trump at that time to give Trump statement how to be president to the kid audience who watch trump at home. However it became useless, the fact that Trump becoming president not to be asked anymore and Jimmy Fallon cannot say it because it can be an uncomfortable thing for the hearer to answer the question that is not literally required in conversation. 2. Flouting quality Flouting quality is type of flouting the maxim where people flouting the maxim by giving lack adequate of evidence during the conversation, it can cause the speaker and hearer sometimes cannot catch what speaker and hearer meaning and the information given cannot be trusted. Datum 3:

54 55 Sandra Bullock : Ok. Sorry. So let’s be serious Ellen DeGeneres : alright Sandra Bullock : This is very serious show today. A whole different vibe for me today. There’s like a seriousness here that we have to. Ellen : What are you talking about? Sandra Bullock : I don’t know.

54 Duration 00.03.09 55 Duration 00.03.14

On datum 3, thisconversation happens when Sandra tries to be serious to the next question which Sandra uttered“this very serious show today. A whole different vibe for me today” it shows Sandra does not cooperate during the conversation because she gives the statement that be lack adequate as just play the statement which herself even does not know what she told by uttering “I don’t know” when Ellen asks Sandra what she is talking about, so in this case Sandra is flouting quality. Datum 4:

56 57 Jimmy Fallon : Well, have you guys ever done bits together? Shawn Mendez : we haven’t Jimmy Fallon : he likes you. Shawn Mendez : he does, yeah. Jimmy Fallon : I know he does. Shawn Mendez : I think he does. I hope he does Jimmy Fallon \ : he definitely does. Shawn Mendez : yeah, yeah. Jimmy Fallon : I mean, he likes other people, too. Shawn Mendez : yeah, he likes other people. Jimmy Fallon : he doesn’t like everybody, Shawn Mendez : He likes a lot of people Jimmy Fallon : yeah, he likes. Nah, not really

On datum 4, this conversation happens when Jimmy and Shawn talks about who Justin Timberlake likes. Jimmy exaggerates “he doesn’t like everybody, here he gives over statement and give the statement which lack adequate by uttering “Yeah, he likes. Nah, not really” without evidence to Shawn Mendez about whose person Justin Timberlake likes. So, in this case Jimmy is flouting quality.

56Duration 00.01.14 57 Duration 00.01.17

3. Flouting relation Flouting relation is type of flouting the maxim which is based on Grice theory that speaker and hearer do not give the relevance information in conversation, thus it can make the misunderstanding because give the unrelated statement in conversation. Datum 5

58 59

Ellen Deeneres : Yeah, Exercise daily? Debra Messin : ha…ha…ha. No. Ellen Deeneres : No? Debra Messin : No Ellen Deeneres : How often? Debra Messin : No On datum 5, this conversation happens when Ellen asks about the exercise to Debra, Debra seemingly does not cooperate in doing the conversation with Ellen, Debra cannot answer as ellen‘s question. Debra repeteadly gives the unrelevan answer by saying “ha…ha…ha…” and “No”, obviously based on Grice Theory flouting relation happens when speaker and hearer do not give the relevance statement or inormation in conversation, it shows that Debra does not cooperate. So in this case Debra isflouting the relation in this talk show. Datum 6:

58 Duration 00.00.50 59 Duration 00.00.52 60 Duration 00.04.38

Jimmy fallon : How do you like “The Daily Show”?, Do You Enjoy it Trevor Noh : I love it, man. I love every moment. Jimmy Fallon : you’re crushing it, buddy. You’re doing great job. Trevor Noah : Thank You so much, Man. Thank you. I love it so much. Jimmy Fallon : I love watching it, you got a great team over there, too. Trevor Noah : Yeah, man, I’m lucky that I inherited great people from Jon Stewar, and I you know, I was never meant for a job like this I my word. Every day’s a dream for me. I’m appreciative. I’m happy. Even Trump I can enjoy on certain days. On datum 6, this conversation happens when Jimmyflouting relation seems obviously in the way Trevor answering what Jimmy asks to him, Trevor give the unrelevan statement “Even Trump I can enjoy on certain days” so it is not relevan and can be misunderstanding in puprpose trevor wants to sattire someone. if the writer looks back to the question from Jimmy about Trevor’s activity as the presenter on The Daily Show, by giving the statement Trevor literally flouts the relation. 4. Flouting manner Flouting manner is type of flouting the maxim based on Grice theory which is indicated speaker and hearer appear to be obscure in conversation, trying to relate third party in conversation In order to make the reasonable answer or statement, and also speaker and hearer do not give the straight point which the information or statement that would be given. Datum 7:

61 Duration 00.04.41

62 63

Ellen DeGeneres : Listen, let me tell you something about sea urchins. ‘They can puncture and injure you and cause swelling and redness.” Taylor Swift : Does that sounds like stuff that you want? Ellen DeGeneres : But that’s not what you just. You just described losing your hand and your foot. On Datum 7 above, this conversation happens when Ellen and Taylor talk about the fact of sea urchin,the situation in the conversation where Taylor tries to be obscure about the truth of sea urchin from Ellen’s explanation, Taylor looks like ambiguity to accept the explanation what Ellen has said about sea urchin, therefore Taylor has flouts the maxim of relation because she does not accept the fact that has been given and it shows the prolixity who Taylor makes in this conversation. So, in this case it shows that Ellen is flouting the maxim of manner by giving the prolixity while conversing in the conversation.

Datum 8:

62 Duration 00.01.12 63 Duration 00.01.15 64 Duration 00.03.50

Jimmy Fallon : I’ve noticed that little changes, I think your voice has changed a little bit because I’ve done I hate to break it to you but I’ve done an impression of you or twice on this show. Donald Trump : You have Jimmy Fallon : Thank you for letting me do that Donald Trump : and a very good impression Jimmy Fallon : Thank you. But when you first started running, (As trump) You were very high china, you’d say “china”. A lot of pointing very high and then you got into a stage (normal voice). Where you were just willing (as a Trump) you were yelling into the microphone at people and you were yelling at everyone! (normal voice) and, like, you don’t even need the microphone. (as Trump) and now, you’re more of, like, a smoky, silky…like a Donald Trump/Alec Baldwin impression type of voice. Yeah, that’s what I see you’re doing. And I got to kindly thank you for giving us the material that we’re doing. It’s been amazing to follow and exciting because you say some shocking things. I can’t believe. Donald Trump : But I’m trying not to anymore Jimmy Fallon : Oh, yeah. See, that’s changing. Yeah. That’s what I’m talking about, so, yeah. On datum 8 this conversation happens when Jimmy asks about the inflection to the Trump. Fallon does the obscurity during the conversation in the talk show, he tries to imitate Trump’s sound by saying You were very high china, you’d say “china” as a Trump that makes the conversation being prolixity at the end of talk show as the expression from Trump only can laugh that give the effect of himself is not comfy of situation during the conversation. So in this case Jimmy is flouting the maxim of manner.

65 Duration 00.03.53

4.2.2 The Strategies of flouting the maxim in conversation at Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon There are strategies that used in the conversation at Ellen DeGeneres and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon to flouting the maxim, here the strategies is rhetorical strategies used by the participant as the way to flout the maxim in conversation based on the Peter Grundy Theory that rhetorical strategies have been considered flouting the Grice maxim which is included tautology, overstatement, understatement, metaphor, irony and rhetorical question. Below the writer analyzes the data of strategies for flouting the maxim. 1. Tautology Based on Grundy Theory that the use of tautology in conversation is an expression to express complex meaning which makes the utterance that expressed from speaker or hearer more idiomatic during the conversation. Datum 9:

66 Ellen DeGeneres : This is the serious part. You’ve had a rough couple of months. And I’m happy that you’re happy and things are good. Sandra Bullock : Thank you. Yeah. It was a, you know like, life, I realize, happens whether you schedule it or not. That just blew my mind this year. From the datum 9, this conversation happens whenSandra tells her life facing the year to Ellen. Sandra uttered “that just blew my mind this year.” so in this case, It is the strategies of flouting the maxim that used in conversation by Sandra that it could be the complex meaning as the surprise for facing her year when she expressed in this Ellen DeGeneres Show Talk Show.

66 Duration 00.06.43

2. Overstatement Overstatement is a case expression where the speaker’s description is stronger than actual state of affair which means the statement that is over in conversation and it similar with hyperbole. Datum 10:

67 68

Ellen DeGeneres : Had you not been open to dating? What does this mean to be open? Debra Messing : No, I have been open. I have never Ellen DeGeneres : you filthy, filthy people. Debra Messing : I have been open. No one has asked me on a date. Not one, Zero. From datum 10 above, this conversation happens when Ellen asks Debra about the date. The statement that is uttered by Debra “no one has asked me on a date. not one, zero” and It shows that Debra exaggerates the statement that she gives to Ellen because she is the famous one or actress that she cannot deny if there is no someone who invites her on date even she cannot say the truth while saying the statement she is laughing to answer Ellen’s question, so in this case Debra is using Overstatement strategy to flout the maxim. Datum 11:

69 70

67 Duration 00.02.09 68 Duration 00.02.14 69 Duration 00.07.09 70 Duration 00.07.11

Trevor Noah : We”ll see what he says, I feel like everyone. Democrats, Republicans, I don’t care who you are. Everyone is clenching their butt cheeks while he speaks. Cause it be nothing. He could start a war or he could make peace. You don’t know. Jimmy Fallon : You really have no idea, do you? Trevor Noah : “Little Rocket Man…is a friend.” You don’t know. On datum 11 above, in this conversation happenswhen Jimmy wants to end the talk show, here Trevor always talked about trump during the talk show, where it can be seen from the dialog between Jimmy and himself with the statement that Trevor saying at the end of talk show is “Little Rocket Man…is a friend.It indicated that uttered by Trevor is exaggerate statement which actually in this situation during the talk show who little rocket man is and a friend refer tosomebody or satire somebody which in this case Trevor is doing the overstatement in this talk show.

3. Understatement Understatement is different with overstatement which is indicated by saying less than what speaker means and it based on the Perrine Theory and also based on Leech Theory, it can be as critic to criticize someone by showing negative expression.

Datum 12:

71 72

Ellen DeGeneres : Exercise daily? Debra Messing : Ha, ha, ha No. Ellen DeGeneres : No? Debra Messing : No Ellen DeGeneres : How often

71 Duration 00.00.50 72Duration 00.00.52

Debra Messing : No On datum 12, this conversation happens when Ellen takes place to talk and Ellen ask to Debra which she did in exercise daily at home, cooperatively here Ellen has cooperate in asking her question but Debra does not look cooperative with her statement by answering Ha, ha, ha without say the point what Ellen has asked to herself, it indicates that Debra give less what Ellen means in answering her question so in this case Debra is doing the understatement to the Ellen in this conversation where actually Ellen should get the appropriate and enough answer from Debra. 4. Metaphor Metaphor is an expression that can change the meaning by describing person or object to the similar characteristic that is trying to the object, and it concludes based on interaction theory in Levinson “metaphor” happens when metaphorical expression is embedded in literal expression. Datum 13:

Ellen DeGeneres : Okay, let’s talk about another irrational fear of yours. You’re scared getting arrested. Taylor Swift : I’m scared of getting framed. Ellen DeGeneres : Okay, now you’ve gone one step beyond. Who would frame you and for what? Taylor Swift : Oh, so many people would frame me. And they could frame you for any crime that could go to jail for, and I look at me, I wouldn’t survive in jail and I think it comes from the fact that, like, I could open up my phone I could look at my phone and see any headline written about me at any time, and it could be, like, the most ridiculously untrue thing. And so I think the dream and the nightmare of being framed comes from like, I could do nothing I’ve wrong. I could sit in my house with the cats all day and somehow, there could a g

73 Duration 00.02.44

be an article about, like, me buying a house in a place I’ve never been or dating a guy I’ve never met. Ellen DeGeneres : Right. Taylor Swift : So it’s like, you know but then you take it a step further. In the nightmare world, it’s being framed for murder. On datum 13 above, this conversation happens when Taylor give an explanation why she is afraid of getting framed which cause to herself in her daily life by uttering “in the nightmare world” and it describes the bad situation that she faces of being afraid to be framed from anyone which makes she uses metaphor here. In this case the writer finds the data which usage of metaphor as the strategies to flout the maxim in this research only used in Ellen DeGeneres Show. 5. Rhetorical Question Rhetorical question is a strategies which is indicated not only as a question to get an answer but here the question is a statement that is uttered intently by speaker and hearer, based on Hornby Theory when someone asked it is not indicated to get the answer but it indicates and emphasize the point of statement.

Datum 14:

74 75

Ellen DeGeneres : Go out with some single friends. Do you have single friend? Debra Messing : No Ellen DeGeneres : oh, no. wow. Debra Messing : Are you good at setting people up? Ellen DeGeneres : I’m so good at setting people up. Debra Messing : Think about it. Ellen DeGeneres : Let me know what are you looking for and I have set so many people up. Debra messing : Have they been successful?

74 Duration 00.02.43 75 Duration 00.02.45

On datum 1 above, this conversation above happens where Ellen says that she can make somebody going on date. Debra Messing utters“Let me know what are you looking for and I have set so many people up”,here Ellen is not giving a question to Debra but rather than to give the statement in her sentence if she wants to tell the proof, she can set someone in other word is dating therefore by asking to Debra which is here not literally to expect the answer from Debra except giving the statement to persuade Debra in this talk show. So in this case Ellenis using rhetorical question in this talk show. Datum 15:

Shawn Mendez : It was the coolest thing of my entire life, right there. Jimmy Fallon : Look at that. He’s the greatest. And you did “cry me a river”? Shawn Mendez : No, we didn’t do “cry me a river.” We did “what goes around comes around.”Who’s the better friend now? Jimmy Fallon : Oh, that’s what you did? On datum 15 above, this conversation happens when Jimmy and Shawn about the friendship with Justin Timberlake. Shawn Mendez here uses the rhetorical question during the conversation with Jimmy While she answers the question from Jimmy, Shawn inserts the statement which is indicated as a rhetorical question in the conversation above, he utters intently to give the point of his statement if he points herself as the better friend of Justin Timberlake by asking the question but actually he does not literally to give a question where he persuade to Jimmy by uttering “who’s the better friend now? In The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.

76 Duration 00.00.42

6. Irony Irony is a strategy which is indicated the way of speaker and hearer give the offensive expression and also give the positive statement but in other hand implies the negative statement in conversation based on Leech Theory.

Datum 16:

Ellen DeGeneres : So you start at Thanksgivings, getting ready? Sandra Bullock : Yeah, Right before Thanksgiving, I’ve started pulling out the decorations. Ellen DeGeneres : Ok, Your whole house is decorated? Sandra Bullock : Yeah. Ellen DeGeneres : And obviously, a tree. Sandra Bullock : Well, there’s tree. Our nanny is allergic to pine, so we had to go completely plastic. Ellen DeGeneres : Well, there’s spruce. There’s other tree. Sandra Bullock : None of it’s allowed in the house. So there’s a lot of really good looking pine tree. Ellen DeGeneres : Wow. She must be a good nanny. Sandra Bullock : She’s amazing. On datum 16 above, this conversation happens when Ellen asks Debra about Thanksgiving preparation. indicates that here the strategy usage is irony used by Ellen, it can be looked from the conversation above where the situation or topic of conversation between Ellen and Sandra is about Thanksgiving which Ellen asks to Sandra how she prepares the Thanksgivings, during the conversation and irony here can be indicated when Ellen asks about the tree that Sandra will use to decorate but Sandra answers that she uses the plastic tree for decoration because the nanny has an allergic to pine which she cannot use other tree except plastic tree, therefore Ellen is being irony here by giving the statement “She must be a good nanny”because she seems to criticize the nanny who Sandra cares to

77 Duration 00.01.38

the nanny’s allergic with not to use the pine tree. It shows from the data above that there is nothing wrong with the statement that is uttered by Ellen, the statement that is uttered by Ellen positive statement but here the writer finds that the statement from Ellen contains the critic to the nanny which has the another meaning as the nanny is lucky being a nanny in Sandra’s house so it is like to satire the nanny to be a good nanny.

Datum 17:

Shawn Mendez : It was the coolest thing of my entire life, right there. Jimmy Fallon : Look at that. He’s the greatest. And you did “cry me a river”? Shawn Mendez : No, we didn’t do “cry me a river.” We did “what goes around comes around.” Who’s the better friend now? Jimmy Fallon : Oh, that’s what you did? Yeah. Yeah. I wasn’t there, though. I wasn’t there. Shawn Mendez : Yeah, you weren’t there. Sorry, sorry. Jimmy Fallon : That’s all right. I wasn’t there. Shawn Mendez : You follow him on Instagram, though, right? Jimmy Fallon : Uh, no. I just hang out with him outside of fake social media. I’m really his friend. Anyway. On datum 17 above, the conversation in The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon where in this talk show jimmy and Shawn are talking about the singer Justin Timberlake during the conversation shows the irony that is uttered from Jimmy by saying “I’m really his friend. Anyway” it describes Jimmy only gives a statement that there is no wrong statement while she is answering the question from Shawn, in this case Jimmy uses the irony by giving the friendly statement but the writer finds if Jimmy shows another expression being offensive to Shawn in this talk show when he is answering the question from Shawn.

78 Duration 00.00.54

4.2.3 Politeness Principle in conversation at Ellen DeGeneres and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon Politeness principle can be understood as the strategy to avoid the conflict, and it identified in conversation there are two which are self indicates as a speaker while other indicates as a hearer. Politeness principle related during the conversation if speaker and hearer being polite in conveying the meaning each other in order not to create the situation of misunderstanding and also can be polite to other and self, by using the polite language speaker and hearer are expected to maintain politeness which tends to show a good personality during the conversation, contrarily by using the inappropriate language tends to show the bad personality. Furthermore, Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon relate the usage and violation of politeness principle with Leech Theory proposed, there are seven politeness principles related by set more specific maxim.

1. Tact maxim The tact maxim orientates that all participants should minimize cost to the hearer and maximize benefit to the hearer in the conversation.

Datum 18:

Ellen DeGeneres : Let’s talk about your fear of sea urchin. Taylor Swift : (groans) Don’t even sea urchins. Ellen DeGeneres : Now, come on. Taylor Swift : I can’t with. On datum 18 above, in this conversation Ellen uses tact maxim while asking Taylor to get answer by trying to respect Taylor in the beginning of

79 Duration 00.00.01

question that he will be available and could be answered to Taylor by saying “Let’s talk about your fear of sea urchin”, it indicates that Ellen question can be respectful to Taylor how she started the conversation to allow herself if she will discuss the topic with Taylor and by asking first to Taylor before inviting Taylor to give next another question in this talk show, therefore it shows Ellen DeGeneres Show where Ellen used Tact maxim in her utterance in this talk show.

Datum 19:

80 81

Jimmy Fallon : There’s probably kids watching you right now, if they are at home watching. They do stay up late and watch our show. Why should they want to grow up and be president? Donald Trump : Well, I think you want to grow up and be president because you want to help people. And you want to help people. There’s tremendous problems that people in this country have, and all over the world. And if you want to help people, there’s no better position to do it from than the presidency. So we can do a lot of good. On datum 19 above, This conversation happens when Jimmy Fallon asks to Trump by uttering “why they want to grow up and be president” this utterance indicates that Jimmy want to dig what is the reason that makes Trump want to be a president with asks Trump to give a message for children who may be watch Jimmy Fallon’s Show, Trump uttered “Well, I think you want to grow up and be president because you want to help people. And you want to help people.” And “So we can do a lot of good” it indicates if Trump here just want to help people and do a lot of good which utterance in this conversation contains that Donald Trump applies tact maxim of politeness principle by doing the command from Jimmy Fallon.

8000.00.20-00.00.27 8100.00.29-00.00.43

2. Modesty maxim Modesty maxim orientates that all participant which they should minimize praise of self and maximize dispraise of self in order to make all participants can be humble by minimize praise of self. Datum 20:

Debra Messing : huge, huge, huge. Like you plan, I planned Christmas like in July, and then start planning actually decorating two weeks before Thanksgiving. Ellen : are you serious? Sandra Bullock : serious Ellen : so, Sandra Bullock : There is an uncomfortable silence going yeah, something not right with her. Ellen DeGeneres : I see why Ellen thought she was special. On datum 20 above, this conversation happens when Ellen and Sandra Bullock talk about Christmas. Here, Ellen violates the modesty maxim of politeness principle by uttering that “I see why Ellen thought she was special”, as Leech theory which the speaker have to minimize praise of self and it looked from what Ellen has said that Ellen is praise her program about herself.

Datum 21:

83 84

82 Duration 00.01.10 83 Duration 00.00.42 84 Duration 00.00.47

Jimmy Fallon : Oh that’s what you did yeah. Shawn Mendez : Yeah. Jimmy Fallon : I wasn’t there, though. I wasn’t there. Shawn Mendez : Yeah, you weren’t there. Sorry. Sorry

On datum 21 above, this conversation happens when Jimmy talk about the photo of Shawn and Justin Timberlake are together on stage where from that stage Shawn and Justin is better friend and Jimmy confesses by uttering “I wasn’t there, though. I wasn’t there.” the utterance from Jimmy shows that Jimmy did not look the moment when Shawn and Justin are together on the stage, so it is why Jimmy said it, Shawn gives the respond “Yeah, you weren’t there. Sorry, sorry”. The utterance from Shawn here shows if Shawn maximize dispraise of self by giving respond which insert word sorry even though Shawn knows Jimmy confessed if he did not look them on the stage but here Shawn appreciates how Jimmy know his friendship with Justin Timberlake. 3. The Agreement maxim The agreement maxim orientates that all participant which are the speaker and interlocutor can minimize disagreement with the hearer and maximize agreement with the hearer.

Datum 22:

Ellen DeGeneres : is he still doing stand up? Debra Messing : he still is. And now there is nothing off limits. Now he uses me in his material. Ellen DeGeneres : oh, wow. Debra Messing : Yes. Ellen DeGeneres : Do you like it?

85 Duration 00.04.01

Debra Messing : I mean, I kind of feel like I have to be supportive, right? Ellen DeGeneres : Right On datum 22 above, this conversation happens when Debra talk about his son to Ellen. Here, Debra messing is using the agreement maxim of politeness principle to Ellen by saying “í mean, I kind of people like I have to be supportive right?”based on the Leech Theory if Debra maximizes the agreement maxim to Ellen where Ellen also said ”right” what Debra has been talking showed Ellen is agree with Debra’s utterance.

Datum 23:

86 87 Shawn Mendez : You follow him on Instagram. Though, right? Jimmy Fallon : Uh, no I just hang out with him outside of fake social media. I am really his friend. Anyway. On datum 23 above, this conversation happens when Shawn asks Jimmy whether she follow Justin in Instagram or not by uttering “You follow him on Instagram. Though, right?” which Jimmy Fallon responds “Uh, no I just hang out with him outside of fake social media. I am really his friend. Anyway.”From Jimmy’s utterance shows disagreement maxim of politeness principle if Jimmy is really friend of Justin and go hang out with Justin not just doing friendship in social media. 4. The Sympathy maxim The Sympathy maxim should oblige all the participants to maximize sympathy towards the hearer and minimize antipathy toward the hearer in order all the participants can maximize sympathy between one another. Datum 24:

86Duration 00.00.53 87 Duration 00.00.55

Sandra Bullock : I think. You can’t not see what’s going on in the world anymore, and you can’t protect your kids from it, so they saw it, and it just made them really sad. Ellen DeGeneres : That’s so great. I hope a lot of people do that because there are a lot of people. On datum 24 above, this conversation happens when Sandra Bullock talks about her children. Here, Ellen reacts what Sandra Bullock has been saying, by saying “I hope a lot of people do that” Ellen give the sympathy feeling to Sandra about Sandra’s life to protect her children in this world. Here Ellen maximizes her sympathy feeling to Sandra that indicates the usage of sympathy feeling. 5. The Consideration maxim The consideration maxim wants all the participants to minimize the hearer’s discomfort and maximize the hearer’s pleasure in order to consider the feeling of the speaker. Datum 25:

89 90 Taylor Swift : ….but then you take it step further. In the nightmare world. It’s being for murder Ellen DeGeneres : I don’t think that’s a step. That’s a leap. But, anyway, I think you’re fine, and I think you would even have fans in

88 Duration 00.02.24 89Duration 07.02.47 90 Duration 00.02.54

prisons, and they would take care of you, and they would all love you.

On datum 25 above, this conversation happens when Taylor clarifies why she is afraid being framed by uttering “….but then you take it step further. In the nightmare world, It’s being for murder”,and Taylor gives the reason how she could face it, from Taylor’s utterance, Ellen respond by uttering “I don’t think that’s a step. That’s a leap. Which Ellen considers what have been stated from Taylor is not a step but a leap how she could face her fear. The utterance from Ellen shows if Ellen uses the consideration maxim of politeness principle by minimize discomfort of what she has been stated to Taylor where Ellen considers the statement from Taylor in this conversation.

Datum 26:

.91 On datum 26 above, the writers indicates that in this talk show if trump is giving the consideration maxim what Jimmy has been saying if the business background helps Trump being president so here Trump giving the statement by saying “I’m trying to figure that one out”. It describes and indicates that Trump maximize discomfort of pleasure not to consider what have been Jimmy said about himself. Thus Trump seems violating the consideration maxim in this conversation to make the conversation more polite, he should consider the feeling of Jimmy that is being interlocutor in this conversation.

6. The Generosity Maxim The generosity maxim wants all the participant to minimize benefit to self and maximize cost to self in order to make the speaker can respect other. Datum 27:

91Duration 00.01.54

92 93 Ellen DeGeneres : I hope a lot of people do that because there a lot of people Sandra Bullock : I think a lot of people are doing it. On datum 27 above, this conversation happens when Sandra talks about the Christmas event and how she protects her children to Ellen, that makes Ellen amazes to Sandra for what have been Sandra done by uttering “I hope a lot of people do that because there a lot of people” which Sandra responds “I think a lot of people are doing it.” It indicates the utterance that is uttered by Sandra is generosity of politeness maxim where Sandra here also wants to state as Ellen said if what she has been doing is also done by people, it show if Sandra minimizes benefit to self. Datum 28:

Jimmy Fallon : Donald, this is getting real. This is Donald Trump : Yeah, it’s getting real. I agree. Jimmy Fallon : You still have time. Do you still want to do this? I mean, there’s time Donald Trump : We’re doing well. It’s been really a lot of fun, and it’s an amazing movement all over the country. It’s been incredible, so, no, it’s been an honor for me, I have to say. On datum 28 above, this conversation happens when Jimmy Fallon asks Trump’s feeling become president. Here, Jimmy asks Trump how the feeling become president after Trump won the election come to Jimmy Fallon Show, the utterance “so, no, it’s been an honor for me, I have to say” who uttered by

92 Duration 00.02.22 93 Duration 00.02.26 94 Duration 00.00.17

Trump is indicated the generous feeling of politeness principle which Trump feels honor has been able to the Jimmy Fallon Talk Show. 7. The Praise Maxim The Praise Maxim wants all the participants to minimize dispraise of the hearer and maximize praise of the hearer in order to make all participant do not mock or humiliate other. Datum 29:

Jimmy Fallon : you posed for a picture with him. It was great. Shawn Mendez : I got it Jimmy Fallon : I really loved that On datum 29 above, in this conversation happens when Jimmy praises to Shawn and Justin Timberlake friendship while being together on her stage, by saying “I really love that”. Therefore the writer indicates that here Jimmy applies politeness principle by using the praise maxim to hearer that he tells to Shawn in this conversation.

Datum 30:

96 97 Ellen DeGeneres : Go out with girlfriend more often. Debra Messing : Yes Ellen DeGeneres : Yes? Debra Messing : Yes Ellen DeGeneres : That’s great.

95 Duration 00.01.00 96Duration 00.00.56 97Duration 00.01.04

On datum 30 above, the conversation happens when Ellen asks Sandra about the activity which Debra does by asking “Go out with girlfriend more often”, Debra nodded that she often goes out with her girlfriend and, from what Debra said it makes Ellen maximize praise to Debra by uttering “That’s great” it shows that Ellen uses praise maxim of politeness principle in the conversation with Debra Messing.

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion Based on the analysis in finding research, the writer draws some conclusions according to formulation of the problem as follow: 1. According to the first formulation the writer found types of flouting maxim used in Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. Type of flouting the maxim in these Talk shows indicate how the speaker and hearer in these talk shows are intentionally and unintentionally break while conversing in conveying the information given. Four flouting the maxims which are flouting quantity, flouting quality, flouting relation and flouting the manner, in this research flouting the maxim of quantity become main type used in Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon are Flouting Quantity, they are 5 data as flouting quantity, 4 data as flouting quality, 4 flouting quality, 6 data as flouting relation and 6 data as flouting manner in Ellen DeGeneres Show while 7 data as flouting quantity, 3 data as flouting quality, 4 data as flouting relation and 4 data as flouting manner in The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon which violated in this research. In these talk shows flouting the maxim used when speaker gives the utterance that is too much information and too little information to the hearer that can be broader information. The data compared in these talk shows show that in this research flouting maxims are frequently used in these talk shows are flouting the maxims in Ellen DeGeneres Show rather than in The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon flouting the maxim. 2. According to the second formulation of the problem, the writer found The strategies to flout the maxim in these talk shows used in this research are Rhetorical strategies which are Tautology, Overstatement, Understatement, Metaphor, Irony, and Rhetorical Question. The data in Ellen DeGeneres show are 1 datum as Tautology, 4 data as Overstatements, 1 datum as Understatement, 2 data as Metaphor, 4 data as Irony and 1 datum as

Rhetorical question Rhetorical Strategies are frequently used in Ellen DeGeneres Show and The data in Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon are 2 data as Overstatement, 1 datum as Metaphor, 4 data as Ironies and 1 datum as Rhetorical Question. The finding data show Rhetorical Strategies are frequently used in Ellen DeGeneres Show rather than in The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. The Rhetorical Strategies frequently used in Ellen DeGeneres are Overstatement and Irony, which overstatement is when the speaker’s description is stronger while uttering the information, meanwhile the irony is friendly way of being offensive which also gives a positive sentiment but implies negative one in utterance. 3. According to formulation of the third formulation of problem, The findings of Politeness principle in these talk shows are to know the speaker being polite every utterance that is uttered in conversation. There are seven politeness principles; tact maxim, modesty maxim, agreement maxim, sympathy maxim, consideration maxim, generosity maxim, and praise maxim. From those politeness principles, the most frequently used both of these talk shows are showed in Ellen DeGeneres rather than The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon which the data 2 data as tact maxim, 1 datum as modesty maxim, 4 data as agreement maxim, 1 datum as sympathy maxim, 3 data as consideration maxim, 2 data as generosity maxim and 2 data as praise maxim in Ellen DeGeneres Show compared with data in The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon 1 datum as tact maxim, 4 data as modesty maxims, 1 datum as agreement maxim, 1 datum as consideration maxim, 2 data as generosity maxims, 3 data as praise maxims After finding the data which draw above, it shows that in Ellen DeGeneres Show most frequently used type of flouting the maxim, the Rhetorical strategies to flout the maxim and also there are politeness principlesin their utterance of the conversation, compared with The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy that is fewer in using type of flouting, rhetorical strategies and also politeness principles that relate in the talk show. The writer finds why speaker and the hearer in talk shows

are flouting because the speaker and hearer wants to create the humor, make the conversation nicer, avoid awkwardness and have a sense of curiosity.

5.2 Suggestion The writer suggests to the reader or next researcher who has interest in usage the maxim where flouting the maxim has been analyzed become subject of the research. Thus, for other researchers who want to analyze the maxim especially in other parts of Non-Observance maxim in different point of view of literary work because by using flouting the maxim, people may know how to converse well and avoid the misunderstanding in conversation so that in writing this research paper hopefully this next research can help other researcher understands well using the maxim theory to the next researcher of English Literature student in Faculty of Adab and Humanities.

Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon are the popular talk show in America which release every episode In YouTube where in these talk shows flouting the maxim is common phenomenon used in daily life that will give more understanding the usage in running the conversation to run the conversation well if flouting maxim not only happens in daily life but also in other media as the talk show in the object of this research.

REFERENCES

Arikunto, S. (2006). Metodologi Penelitian. Yogyakarta: Bina Aksara.

Ajayi, V. O. (2017). Advance Statistical Methods in Education. Primary Sources of Data and Secondary Sources of Data.

Adawiyah, R. (2016). Flouting Maxim Used By Main Characters in “FOCUS” Movie. English Language and Letters Department Faculty of Humanities. Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang.

Bruun, H . The Aesthetics of the Television Talk Show.

Cutting, J. (2002). Pragmatics and Discourse:A Resource Book for Students.London and New York: Routledge.

Cruse, D. A. (2000). Meaning in Language An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatic. (E. V. Keith Brown, Ed.) United Stats: Oxford University Press Inc.

Faridah. (2016). Flouting Conversational Maxim Used By Main Characters in LIE To Me Movie. Thesis of English Language and Letter Department Faculty of Humanities. Faculty of Humanities. Maulana Malik Ibrahim State Islamic University of Malang.

Grice, P. (1989). Studies in the Ways of Words. Mainland: Harvard University Press.

-----(2000). Doing Pragmatics. New York, United States of America: Oxford University Press Inc.

-----(2008). Doing Pragmatics. New York, United States of America: Routledge.

Griffiths, P. (2006). An Introduction to English Semantics and Pragmatics. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Kroeger, P. R. (2018). Analyzing Meaning: An Introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics (Textbooks in Language Sciences 5). Berlin: Language Science Press.

Kolb, S. M. (2012). Grounded Theory and The Constant Comparative Method: Valid Research Strategies for Educators. Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies, 3, 83-86. Retrieved from http://www.Researchgate.net/publication/307632469 on December 12th 2018 on 01:00 am.

Levinson, S. C. (1983). Pragmatics.New York, United States America: Cambridge University Press. Leech, G. N. (1983). Principles of Pramatics. New York, United States of America: Lonman Inc.

Merriam, S. B. (2009). Qualitative Research A Guide to Design and Implementation. San Fransisco: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Pridham, F. (2001). The Language of Conversation. London and New York: Routledge.

Price, J. (2003). Media Studies. United Kingdom: Nelson Thernos Ltd.

-----(2016). Introduction to Qualitative Research Method A Guidebook and Resource. New Jersey: JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.

-----(1984). Introduction to Qualitative Research Methosd: the search for meaning. New Jersey: JohnWiley & Sons, Inc.

Simon C Kitto, J. C. Quality in qualitative research. Criteria for authors and assessors in the submission and assessment of qualitative research article for the Medical Journal Australia, 188, 243.

Saragi, Yanthi Monica. (2016). Flouting Maxim in Conversational Implicature in The Ellen DeGeneres Show. English Literature, Faculty of Language and Arts. The State University of Surabaya.

Thomas, J. (2013). Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. (M. S. Geoffrey Leech, Ed.) London and New York: Routledge.

Walliman, N. (2011). Research Methods the basics. New York: Routledge

Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press.

Yuvike, W. &. (2009). The Non Observance Of The Conversational Maxim An Analysis Of The Dialogues In Arthur Miller’s The Crucible. Jurnal Lingua Cultura, 3, 116-127.

The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. (2018). Retrieved from: http://www.nbc.com/c\the-tonight-show on December 3, 2018. Collins Dictionary. (2018) Retrieved from http://Collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/maxim on October 9, 2018.

The Noble Qur’an. (2016). Qur’an.com (Also Known as The Noble Qur’an, Al Quran, Holy Quran, Koran). Retrieved from https://www.quran.com Accessed on April, 12th 2019 at 22.31 pm.

Merriam Webster Dictionary. (2018) Retrieved from http://www.Meriam- Webster.com on November 15, 2018

Ellen DeGeneres Biography. (2019) Retrieved from www.Biography.com on March 3, 2019.

Appendix 1

No Name of talk show Utterance Ellen DeGeneres -No, they’re not. That’s just things. they’re like a Show with Taylor grenade. They’re like sitting there waiting there to Swift completely injure you to the point where. Okay so you step. You can’t see a sea urchin. If you’re in you’re in you’re like, this water is so beautiful. It’s amazing. And you’re walking, it’s clear water. You can’t see a sea 1 urchin right there. And then you step on one and then it has barbs, and it goes into whatever it touches, and then you have to go to the emergency room. And it has to be surgically removed your foot. You could lose your hand trying to get it off your foot. (00.00.26-00.00.56) Ellen DeGeneres -No..no..no 2 Show with Debra Messing (00.00.41) Ellen DeGeneres I have been open no one has asked me on a date. Not 3 Show with Debra one Messing (00.02.09-00.02.14) Ellen DeGeneres I was born in D.C., but my mother was German. She was Show with Sandra an opera singer. So we would go back through the opera 4 Bullock seasons, and every opera has a dirty gypsy child, and that was me. (00.00.14-00.00.22) Ellen DeGeneres What are you talking about? 5 Show with Sandra I don’t know. Bullock (00.03.14-00.03.16) The tonight show There’s probably kids watching you right now, if they’re starring Jimmy Fallon at home watching. They do stay up late and watch our 6 with Donald Trump show. Why should they want to grow up and be president? (00.00.20-00.00.27) The tonight show I really never did. I probably wouldn’t have done many starring Jimmy Fallon of the shows that I’ve done over the years if I ever with Donald Trump thought. But I never thought this would happen. Four years ago, I really considered it. And they renewed as you know, they wanted me to stay and do ”The Apprentice,” 7 and I was doing all of these jobs and, but I really want to do it, and ultimately I decided I’d wait. Let’s see how things go with the country, and things only got worse, and I decided to do it. And, you know, I gave up a lot by doing this. This is a tough thing. There’s no nothing easy

about it. I’ve always heard doing this is a very, very difficult thing, but nobody knows how tough it is. (00.00.52-00.01.27)

The tonight show We’re gonna get that one soon. But, you know, yeah, I starring Jimmy Fallon think business will always help. It helps from a country with Donald Trump standpoint. You know, it’s interesting when I was doing primaries, I spent less money than other people, and I 8 did better than other people and that’s what we want to do for the country. We want to spend less money and do better and I think we can do that. (00.02.02-00.02.21) The tonight show Maybe not all 17, but you had a lot of them. But we had starring Jimmy Fallon 17 people. And as it got down, you know, I do notice with Donald Trump there’s a big difference with the media. I also say, though, there’s even more love out there. People want this to happen. They really want it to happen. And you see what’s going on, even today with the polls where the 9 polls are so good. We just got a great poll from Colorado. Normally, a republican wouldn’t do particularly well there, and we’re leading in Colorado and we’re leading in lowa. We’re leading in Ohio and Florida. We’re leading all over and it’s been amazing. It’s been really amazing. (00.02.43-00.03.15) The tonight show Yeah, you know, I feel like you make the time off. Like, starring Jimmy Fallon we’ve had to readjust our lives now. According to the with Trevor Noah Trump news cycle, I feel like, as people. so we just go, like we know it’s, like, morning wake. Like, you don’t 10 have a cock crowing. You have the tweet crowing. Like, you know? that’s how we wake up. And then we just adjust our lives. We go, what’s gonna happen, what’s gonna happen, what’s gonna happen, and then we chill. The tonight show And genuinely, I love seeing America. Like, I love going starring Jimmy Fallon cause I don’t just go coast to coast. I’ll go everywhere, with Trevor Noah like, Erie, Pennsylvania. I was in Cleveland recently, 11 Pittsburgh. I was in yeah I just I just go around to middle America I just want to see everything, every city.

The tonight show I was hearing, when I was there, actually, I got off the starring Jimmy Fallon stage. He doesn’t really do that with many people. Like, with Shawn Mendez. it’s really rare that he brings people on stage. So he 12 must really like me. (00.01.21-00.01.27)

Ellen DeGeneres They’re on rocks, and they’re spinny-looking there. And 13 Show with Taylor the poor things are just minding their own business. Swift (00.00.14-00.00.19) Ellen DeGeneres You could lose your hand and your foot from swelling Show with Taylor and redness. It’s a living thing that would be stuck in 14 Swift you like a knife. (00.01.22-00.01.27) Ellen DeGeneres So it’s like, you know but then you take it a step further. 15 Show with Taylor In the nightmare world, it’s being framed for murder. Swift (00.02.40-00.02.45)

Ellen DeGeneres This is very serious show today. A whole different vibe Show with Sandra for me today.There’s like a seriousness here that we have 16 Bullock to. (00.03.10-00.03.13) The tonight show When I was doing primaries, I spent less money than starring Jimmy Fallon other people, and I did better than other people and with Donald Trump that’s what we want to do for the country. We want to spend less money and do better and I think we can do 17 that. (00.02.10-00.02.21)

The Tonight show Well, I think the press has become more and more starring Jimmy Fallon vicious. You know, it was interesting. We started off with 18 with Donald Trump 17, and you had some of them in here, and one by one by one. (00.02.32-00.02.29) The Tonight Starring He doesn’t like everybody. 19 Jimmy Fallon with Yeah, he likes. Nah, not really. Shawn Mendez. (00.01.14-00.01.17) Ellen DeGeneres -Can I go through them and ask how you did. Show with Debra -Really? 20 Messing (00.00.11-00.00.13)

Ellen DeGeneres -How long did it last? 21 Show with Debra -I did an app Messing (00.00.-00.00.) Ellen DeGeneres -yeah, exercise daily? Show with Sandra -ha…ha…ha. No. Bullock -No? 22 -No. -How often? -No. (00.00.50-00.00.52)

Ellen DeGeneres -Are you serious? Show with Sandra -Serious. Bullock -So. 23 -There is an uncomfortable silence going, yeah. Something not right with her. (00.01.01-00.01.06) The tonight show -Do you pay attention to the poll? 24 starring Jimmy Fallon -Oh, I love the poll. with Donald Trump (00.03.17-00.03.19) The tonight show You were very high-voiced. Your voice was very high, starring Jimmy Fallon china You’d say “china” a lot of pointing, very high with Donald Trump (as a Trump). And then go into a stage where you were 25 just yelling. You were yelling into microphone at people and you were yelling at people and you were yelling at everyone! (00.03.49-00.04.03) The tonight show -How do you keep the energy up, though? I mean, I starring Jimmy Fallon would. I would be exhausted. with Trevor Noah -Oh, but it helps when you don’t have a family, Jimmy. 26 (00.02.32-00.02.35)

The tonight show Yeah, man. I’m lucky that I inherited great people from starring Jimmy Fallon John Steward, and I, you know, I was never meant for a with Trevor Noah job like this in my world. Every day’s a dream for me. I’m appreciative. I’m happy. Even Trump I can enjoy on 27 certain days. (00.02.32-00.02.35)

Ellen DeGeneres Does that sound like stuff that you want? 28 Show with Taylor (00.01.11) Swift. Ellen DeGeneres Oh, so many people would frame me. And they could Show with Taylor frame you for any crime that you could go to jail for, Swift. and I. look at me, I wouldn’t survive in jail. And I think it comes from the fact that, like, I could open up my phone, I could look at my phone and see any headline 29 written about me at any time, and it could be, like, the most ridiculously untrue thing. And so I think the dream and the nightmare of being framed comes from like, I could do nothing wrong. I could sit in my house with the cats all day, and somehow, there could be an article about, like, me buying a house in a place I’ve never

been or dating guy I’ve never met. (00.01.56-00.02.38)

Ellen DeGeneres I don’t think that’s a step. That’s a leap. But, anyway, I Show with Taylor think you’re fine, and I think you would even have fans Swift. in prisons, and they would take care of you, and they 30 would all love you. (00.02.57-00.02.54)

Ellen DeGeneres I mean, I kind of feel like I have to be supportive right? 31 Show with Sandra (00.04.00) Bullock Ellen DeGeneres -Are you serious? Show with Sandra -Serious. Bullock -So. 32 -There is an uncomfortable silence going, yeah. Something not right with her. (00.01.01-00.01.06) Ellen DeGeneres It just feels different this year for some reasons. I don’t Show with Sandra know. People feel nicer? 33 Bullock (00.02.27-00.02.30)

The tonight show You were very high-voiced. Your voice was very high, starring Jimmy Fallon china You’d say “china” a lot of pointing, very high with Donald Trump (as a Trump). And then go into a stage where you were 34 just yelling. You were yelling into microphone at people and you were yelling at people and you were yelling at everyone! (00.03.49-00.04.03) The tonight show Well, I think you want to grow up and be president starring Jimmy Fallon because you want to help people. And you want to help with Donald Trump. people. There’s tremendous problems that people in this 35 country have, and all over the world. And if you want to help people, there’s no better position to do it from than the presidency. So we can do a lot of good. (00.00.29-00.00.43) The tonight show -We’re actually pretty good friends now. starring Jimmy Fallon -What’s that? with Shawn Mendez. -We’re actually pretty good friends now. 36 -Yeah, what’s that? -We’re pretty good friends now. -What’s that? (00.00.12-00.00.24)

The tonight show -I mean, he likes other people, too. starring Jimmy Fallon -Yeah, he likes other people. with Shawn Mendez. -He doesn’t like everybody. 37 -He likes a lot of people. -Yeah, he likes. Nah, not really He’s very selective, actually (00.01.11-00.01.19) Ellen DeGeneres Thank you. Yeah it was a, you know like, life, I realize, it Show with Sandra happens whether you schedule it or not. That just blew Bullock my mind in this year. 38 (00.06.43-00.00.00)

Ellen No, they’re not. That’s just things. they’re like a grenade. DeGeneres They’re like sitting there waiting there to completely injure Show with you to the point where. Okay so you step. You can’t see a sea Taylor Swift urchin. If you’re in you’re in you’re like, this water is so beautiful. It’s amazing. And you’re walking, it’s clear water. 39 You can’t see a sea urchin right there. And then you step on one and then it has barbs, and it goes into whatever it touches, and then you have to go to the emergency room. And it has to be surgically removed your foot. You could lose your hand trying to get it off your foot. (00.00.26-00.00.56) Ellen You could lose your hand and your foot from swelling and DeGeneres redness. It’s a living thing that would be stuck in you like a Show with knife. 40 Taylor Swift (00.01.21-00.01.25)

Ellen I have been open. No one has asked me on a date. Not one, DeGeneres zero. 41 Show with (00.02.09-00.02.14) Debra Messing Ellen -Where are you going? DeGeneres -Nowhere, because no one’s asking me anywhere. 42 Show with (00.02.016-00.02.18) Debra Messing

The tonight There’s no better position to do it from than the presidency. show starring So we can do a lot of good 43 Jimmy Fallon (00.00.39-00.00.43) with Donald Trump The tonight Little rocket man…is a friend.” You don’t know. show starring (00.07.09-00.07.11) 44 Jimmy Fallon with Trevor Noah Ellen -Yeah, exercise daily? DeGeneres -ha…ha…ha. No. Show with -No? 45 Debra Messing -No. -How often? -No. (00.00.50-00.00.52) Ellen So it’s like, you know but then you take it a step further. In DeGeneres the nightmare world, it’s being framed for murder. 46 Show with (00.02.40-00.02.45) Taylor Swift Ellen He still is and now there is nothing off limits. Now he uses DeGeneres me in his material. 47 Show with (00.03.48-00.03.52) Debra Messing Ellen Just murky water? DeGeneres (00.01.37) 48 Show with Taylor Swift Ellen I don’t think that a step that’s a leap. But anyway, I think DeGeneres you’re fine, and I think you would even have fans in prison, 49 Show with and they would take care of you, and they would all love Taylor Swift you. (00.00.00-00.00.00) Ellen I might want to be your nanny. That sounds like a really DeGeneres good job. 50 Show with (00.04.01-00.04.05) Taylor Swift Ellen You have a great bank account is what. DeGeneres (00.05.58-00.06.00) 51 Show with Sandra Bullock The tonight We’re gonna get that one soon. But, you know, yeah, I think show starring business will always help. It helps from a country 52 Jimmy Fallon standpoint. You know, it’s interesting when I was doing with Donald primaries, I spent less money than other people, and I did

Trump better than other people and that’s what we want to do for the country. We want to spend less money and do better and I think we can do that. (00.02.02-00.02.21) The Tonight Little rocket man…is a friend.” You don’t know. show starring (00.07.09-00.07.11) 53 Jimmy Fallon with Trevor Noah The Tonight -You follow him on Instagram, though right? show starring -Uh, no. I just hang out with him outside of fake social 54 Jimmy Fallon media. I am really his friend. Anyway. with Shawn (00.00.50-00.00.55) Mendez. The tonight I was hearing, when I was there, actually, I got off the stage. show starring He doesn’t really do that with many people. Like, it’s really 55 Jimmy Fallon rare that he brings people on stage. So he must really like with Shawn me. Mendez. (00.01.21-00.01.27) Ellen Let me know what are you looking for and I have set so DeGeneres many people up. 56 Show with (00.02.42-00.02.45.) Taylor Swift

The tonight show No we didn’t do “cry me a river.” We did what goes starring Jimmy around comes around.” Who’s the better friend now 57 Fallon with Shawn (00.00.42.) Mendez. Ellen DeGeneres Let’s talk about your fear of sea urchin 58 Show with Taylor (00.00.01) Swift Ellen DeGeneres Let’s talk about another irrational fear of yours. 59 Show with Taylor (00.01.39-00.00.00) Swift The tonight show Well, I think you want to grow up and be president starring Jimmy because you want to help people. And you want to Fallon with Donald help people. There’s tremendous problems that Trump. people in this country have, and all over the world. 60 And if you want to help people, there’s no better position to do it from than the presidency. So we can do a lot of good. (00.00.29-00.00.43) Ellen DeGeneres I see why Ellen thought she was special. 61 Show with Sandra (00.01.10-00.01.12) Bullock

The Tonight show But I don’t pay attention. If I’m losing or lagging, starring Jimmy I’d never mention polls. Believe me only when I’m Fallon with Donald winning. 62 Trump. (00.03.20-00.03.27)

The Tonight show I’ve noticed that little changes. I think your voice starring Jimmy has changed a little bit because I’ve done an Fallon with Donald impression of you or twice on this show. 63 Trump. (00.03.30-00.03.40)

The Tonight Show -Oh that’s what you did yeah. Starring Jimmy -yeah Fallon with Shawn - I wasn’t there, though. 64 Mendez - Yeah, you weren’t there. Sorry. Sorry (00.03.30-00.03.40)

The Tonight Show Yeah, man. I’m lucky that I inherited great people Starring Jimmy from John Steward, and I, you know, I was never Fallon with Trevor meant for a job like this in my world. Every day’s a 65 Noah dream for me. I’m appreciative. I’m happy. Even Trump I can enjoy on certain days. (00.02.32-00.02.35)

Ellen DeGeneres -Listen, they’re just these, they are in, they’re on Show with Taylor rocks, and they’re spiny-looking there. And the poor 66 Swift things are just minding their own business. -No, they’re not. They’re not. That’s the things. They’re like a grenade. Ellen DeGeneres Are you good at setting people up? Show with Debra -I’m so good at setting people up. 67 Messing 00.02.40-00.02.41)

Ellen DeGeneres -Are you serious? Show with Sandra -Serious. Bullock -So. 68 -There is an uncomfortable silence going, yeah. Something not right with her. (00.01.01-00.01.06)

Ellen DeGeneres -So you start at thanksgiving getting ready? Show with Sandra -Yeah. Right. Before thanksgiving I’ve started 69 Bullock pulling out the decorations.

The Tonight show -You follow him on Instagram. Though, right? starring Jimmy -Uh, no I just hang out with him outside of fake 70 Fallon with Shawn social media. I am really his friend. Anyway. Mendez. (00.00.50-00.00.55) Ellen DeGeneres I hope a lot of people do that because there are a lot Show with Sandra of people. 71 Bullock (00.03.42-00.00.00)

Ellen DeGeneres -I mean they don’t understand. I say, why you don’t Show with Sandra make me breakfast in bed. And they’re like, what? Bullock Us cook for you? And I’m us like that’s. but they’re 72 still young too. So they don’t understand the concept. -Well, that wonderful nanny you have could give them some ideas. (00.03.42-00.00.00) Ellen DeGeneres I don’t think that’s a step. That’s a leap. But, Show with Taylor anyway, I think you’re fine, and I think you would 73 Swift even have fans in prisons, and they would take care of you, and they would all love you. (00.02.57-00.02.54) Ellen DeGeneres -I didn’t know any of that Show with Sandra -Do I feel, like I’m more like special to you right Bullock now, Right. 74 -You’ve always been special to me, but I’m just, but in a different special way. (00.00.24-00.00.32) Ellen DeGeneres -People feel nicer? Show with Sandra -Yeah. Bullock -No? 75 -Yes, I do. I think we’re counterbalancing some not nice things going on, and I think people are trying to be nicer, so. (00.02.30-00.02.40) The Tonight Show -That’s good, right? Is that too business-y Starring Jimmy - I’m trying to figure that one out. 76 Fallon with Donald (00.01.52-00.01.54) Trump

Ellen DeGeneres -You had dream, you were here a year ago. Show with Debra -Yes. 77 Messing -You had goal, you had dreams, and things you were going to do for 2018. (00.00.01-00.00.09)

Ellen DeGeneres -I hope a lot of people do that because there a lot of Show with Sandra people. 78 Bullock -I think a lot of people are doing it (00.02.24-00.02.28)

The Tonight Show Yeah, that’s what I see you’re doing. And I got Starring Jimmy kindly thank you for giving us the material that Fallon with Donald we’re doing. It’s been amazing to follow and 79 Trump exciting because you say some shocking things. I can’t even believe. (00.04.21-00.04.36) The Tonight Show So, No. it’s been an honor for me, I have to say. Starring Jimmy (00.04.21-00.04.36) 80 Fallon with Donald Trump Ellen DeGeneres -Go out with girlfriend more often Show with Debra -Yes Messing -Yes? 81 -Yes -That’s great. (00.00.59-00.00.) Ellen DeGeneres This is very serious show today. A whole different Show with Sandra vibe for me today.There’s like a seriousness here that 82 Bullock we have to. (00.03.10-00.03.13) The Tonight Show -You’re doing great job. Starring Jimmy -Thank you so much man. Thank you, I love it so 83 Fallon with Trevor much. Noah (00.04.18-00.04.21) The Tonight Show I got it. Starring Jimmy I really love that 84 Fallon with Shawn (00.04.18-00.04.21) Mendez The Tonight Show -And he’s, and he’s super nice, too. Starring Jimmy -He’s so nice and so insanely talented. 85 Fallon with Shawn (00.01.52-00.01.55) Mendez

Appendix 2

Type of Flouting the Maxim in Conversation at Ellen DeGeneres and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon.

Types of No Speaker of Name of talk show Utterance Flouting the the utterance Maxim Ellen DeGeneres -No, they’re not. That’s just Show with Taylor things. they’re like a Swift grenade. They’re like sitting there waiting there to completely injure you to the point where. Okay so you step. You can’t see a sea urchin. If you’re in you’re in you’re like, this water is so

beautiful. It’s amazing. And

you’re walking, it’s clear

1 water. You can’t see a sea

urchin right there. And then

you step on one and then it Flouting Taylor Swift has barbs, and it goes into Quantity whatever it touches, and then you have to go to the emergency room. And it has to be surgically removed your foot. You could lose your hand trying to get it off your foot. (00.00.26-00.00.56) Ellen DeGeneres -No..no..no 2 Show with Debra Debra Flouting Messing (00.00.41) Messing Quantity Ellen DeGeneres I have been open no one has Flouting 3 Show with Debra asked me on a date. Not one Debra Quantity Messing (00.02.09-00.02.14) Messing Ellen DeGeneres I was born in D.C., but my Show with Sandra mother was German. She Bullock was an opera singer. So we would go back through the Flouting 4 opera seasons, and every Sandra Quantity opera has a dirty gypsy bullock child, and that was me. (00.00.14-00.00.22)

Ellen DeGeneres What are you talking about? Sandra Flouting 5 Show with Sandra I don’t know. bullock Quantity Bullock (00.03.14-00.03.16) The tonight show There’s probably kids starring Jimmy watching you right now, if Fallon with Donald they’re at home watching. Trump They do stay up late and 4 watch our show. Why should Jimmy Flouting they want to grow up and be Fallon quantity president? (00.00.20- 00.00.27) The tonight show I really never did. I probably starring Jimmy wouldn’t have done many of Fallon with Donald the shows that I’ve done Trump over the years if I ever thought. But I never thought this would happen. Four years ago, I really considered it. And they renewed as you know, they wanted me to

stay and do ”The

Apprentice,” and I was doing

all of these jobs and, but I

really want to do it, and 5 ultimately I decided I’d wait.

Let’s see how things go with

the country, and things only Donald Flouting got worse, and I decided to Trump Quantity do it. And, you know, I gave up a lot by doing this. This is a tough thing. There’s no nothing easy about it. I’ve always heard doing this is a very, very difficult thing, but nobody knows how tough it is. (00.00.52-00.01.27) The tonight show We’re gonna get that one starring Jimmy soon. But, you know, yeah, I Fallon with Donald think business will always Trump help. It helps from a country 6 standpoint. You know, it’s interesting when I was doing Donald Flouting primaries, I spent less Trump Quantity money than other people, and I did better than other

people and that’s what we want to do for the country. We want to spend less money and do better and I think we can do that. (00.02.02-00.02.21) The tonight show Maybe not all 17, but you starring Jimmy had a lot of them. But we had Fallon with Donald 17 people. And as it got Trump down, you know, I do notice there’s a big difference with the media. I also say, though, there’s even more love out there. People want this to happen. They really want it to happen. And you see what’s going on, even today with the polls where the Donald Flouting 7 polls are so good. We just Trump Quantity got a great poll from Colorado. Normally, a republican wouldn’t do particularly well there, and we’re leading in Colorado and we’re leading in lowa. We’re leading in Ohio and Florida. We’re leading all over and it’s been amazing. It’s been really amazing. (00.02.43-00.03.15) The tonight show Yeah, you know, I feel like starring Jimmy you make the time off. Like, Fallon with Trevor we’ve had to readjust our Noah lives now. According to the Trump news cycle, I feel

like, as people. so we just go,

like we know it’s, like,

morning wake. Like, you 8 don’t have a cock crowing.

You have the tweet crowing. Flouting Like, you know? that’s how Trevor Noah Quantity we wake up. And then we just adjust our lives. We go, what’s gonna happen, what’s gonna happen, what’s gonna happen, and

then we chill. The tonight show And genuinely, I love seeing starring Jimmy America. Like, I love going Fallon with Trevor cause I don’t just go coast to Noah coast. I’ll go everywhere,

like, Erie, Pennsylvania. I 9 was in Cleveland recently, Flouting Trevor Noah Pittsburgh. I was in yeah I Quantity just I just go around to middle America I just want to see everything, every city. The tonight show I was hearing, when I was starring Jimmy there, actually, I got off the Fallon with Shawn stage. He doesn’t really do Mendez. that with many people. Like, Shawn Flouting 10 it’s really rare that he brings Mendez Quantity people on stage. So he must really like me. (00.01.21-00.01.27) Ellen DeGeneres They’re on rocks, and Show with Taylor they’re spinny-looking Swift there. And the poor things Ellen Flouting 11 are just minding their own DeGeneres Quality business. (00.00.14-00.00.19) Ellen DeGeneres You could lose your hand Show with Taylor and your foot from swelling Swift and redness. It’s a living Flouting 12 Taylor swift thing that would be stuck in Quality you like a knife. (00.01.22-00.01.27) Ellen DeGeneres So it’s like, you know but Show with Taylor then you take it a step Swift further. In the nightmare Flouting 13 Taylor Swift world, it’s being framed for Quality murder. (00.02.40-00.02.45) Ellen DeGeneres This is very serious show Show with Sandra today. A whole different vibe Bullock for me today. There’s like a Sandra Flouting 14 seriousness here that we have bullock Quality to. (00.03.10-00.03.13)

The tonight show When I was doing starring Jimmy primaries, I spent less Fallon with Donald money than other people, Trump and I did better than other people and that’s what we Donald Flouting 15 want to do for the country. Trump Quality We want to spend less money and do better and I think we can do that. (00.02.10-00.02.21) The Tonight show Well, I think the press has starring Jimmy become more and more Fallon with Donald vicious. You know, it was Trump interesting. We started off Donald Flouting 16 with 17, and you had some of Trump Quality them in here, and one by one by one. (00.02.32-00.02.29) The Tonight He doesn’t like everybody. Starring Jimmy Yeah, he likes. Nah, not Jimmy Flouting 17 Fallon with Shawn really. Fallon Quality Mendez. (00.01.14-00.01.17) Ellen DeGeneres -Can I go through them and Show with Debra ask how you did. Debra Flouting 18 Messing -Really? Messing relation (00.00.11-00.00.13) Ellen DeGeneres -How long did it last? Debra Flouting Show with Debra -I did an app Messing Relation Messing (00.00.-00.00.) Ellen DeGeneres -yeah, exercise daily? Show with Sandra -ha…ha…ha. No. Bullock -No? Sandra Flouting 19 -No. Bullock Relation -How often? -No. (00.00.50-00.00.52) Ellen DeGeneres -Are you serious? Show with Sandra -Serious. Bullock -So. -There is an uncomfortable Sandra Flouting 20 silence going, yeah. Bullock Relation Something not right with her. (00.01.01-00.01.06)

The tonight show -Do you pay attention to the starring Jimmy poll? Donald Flouting 21 Fallon with Donald -Oh, I love the poll. Trump Relation Trump (00.03.17-00.03.19) The tonight show You were very high-voiced. starring Jimmy Your voice was very high, Fallon with Donald china You’d say “china” a Trump lot of pointing, very high (as a Trump). And then go into a stage where you were Jimmy Flouting 22 just yelling. Fallon Relation You were yelling into microphone at people and you were yelling at people and you were yelling at everyone! (00.03.49-00.04.03) The tonight show -How do you keep the energy starring Jimmy up, though? I mean, I would. Fallon with Trevor I would be exhausted. Flouting 23 Trevor Noah Noah -Oh, but it helps when you Relation don’t have a family, Jimmy. (00.02.32-00.02.35) The tonight show Yeah, man. I’m lucky that I starring Jimmy inherited great people from Fallon with Trevor John Steward, and I, you Noah know, I was never meant for a job like this in my world. Flouting 24 Trevor Noah Every day’s a dream for me. Relation I’m appreciative. I’m happy. Even Trump I can enjoy on certain days. (00.02.32-00.02.35) Ellen DeGeneres Does that sound like stuff Flouting 25 Show with Taylor that you want? Taylor Swift Manner Swift. (00.01.11) Ellen DeGeneres Oh, so many people would Show with Taylor frame me. And they could Swift. frame you for any crime that you could go to jail for, and I. look at me, I wouldn’t 26 survive in jail. And I think it comes from the fact that, like, I could open up my phone, I could look at my phone and see any headline Taylor Swift Flouting

written about me at any Manner time, and it could be, like, the most ridiculously untrue thing. And so I think the dream and the nightmare of being framed comes from like, I could do nothing wrong. I could sit in my house with the cats all day, and somehow, there could be an article about, like, me buying a house in a place I’ve never been or dating guy I’ve never met. (00.01.56-00.02.38) Ellen DeGeneres I don’t think that’s a step. Show with Taylor That’s a leap. But, anyway, I Swift. think you’re fine, and I think you would even have Ellen Flouting 26 fans in prisons, and they DeGeneres Manner would take care of you, and they would all love you. (00.02.57-00.02.54) Ellen DeGeneres I mean, I kind of feel like I Debra Flouting 27 Show with Sandra have to be supportive right? Messing manner Bullock (00.04.00) Ellen DeGeneres -Are you serious? Show with Sandra -Serious. Bullock -So. -There is an uncomfortable Sandra Flouting 28 silence going, yeah. Bullock Manner Something not right with her. (00.01.01-00.01.06) Ellen DeGeneres It just feels different this Show with Sandra year for some reasons. I Sandra Flouting 29 Bullock don’t know. People feel Bullock Manner nicer? (00.02.27-00.02.30) The tonight show You were very high-voiced. starring Jimmy Your voice was very high, Fallon with Donald china You’d say “china” a Jimmy Flouting 30 Trump lot of pointing, very high Fallon Manner (as a Trump). And then go into a stage where you were just yelling.

You were yelling into microphone at people and you were yelling at people and you were yelling at everyone! (00.03.49-00.04.03) The tonight show Well, I think you want to starring Jimmy grow up and be president Fallon with Donald because you want to help Trump. people. And you want to help people. There’s tremendous problems that people in this country have, Donald Flouting 31 and all over the world. And Trump Manner if you want to help people, there’s no better position to do it from than the presidency. So we can do a lot of good. (00.00.29-00.00.43) The tonight show -We’re actually pretty good starring Jimmy friends now. Fallon with Shawn -What’s that? Mendez. -We’re actually pretty good friends now. Jimmy Flouting 32 -Yeah, what’s that? Fallon manner -We’re pretty good friends now. -What’s that? (00.00.12-00.00.24) The tonight show -I mean, he likes other starring Jimmy people, too. Fallon with Shawn -Yeah, he likes other people. Mendez. -He doesn’t like everybody. Jimmy Flouting 33 -He likes a lot of people. Fallon Manner -Yeah, he likes. Nah, not really He’s very selective, actually

Appendix 3

Strategies of Flouting the Maxim in Conversation at Ellen DeGeneres and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon

Strategies of Name of Talk Speaker of the No Utterance Flouting the Show utterance Maxim 1 Ellen Thank you. Yeah it was a, you DeGeneres know like, life, I realize, it Show with happens whether you schedule it Sandra Tautology Sandra Bullock or not. That just blew my mind Bullock in this year. (00.06.43-00.00.00) 2 Ellen No, they’re not. That’s just DeGeneres things. they’re like a grenade. Show with They’re like sitting there Taylor Swift waiting there to completely injure you to the point where. Okay so you step. You can’t see a sea urchin. If you’re in you’re in you’re like, this water is so beautiful. It’s amazing. And you’re walking, it’s clear water. Taylor Swift Overstatement You can’t see a sea urchin right there. And then you step on one and then it has barbs, and it goes into whatever it touches, and then you have to go to the emergency room. And it has to be surgically removed your foot. You could lose your hand trying to get it off your foot. (00.00.26-00.00.56) 3 Ellen You could lose your hand and DeGeneres your foot from swelling and Show with redness. It’s a living thing that Taylor Swift would be stuck in you like a Taylor Swift Overstatement knife. (00.01.21-00.01.25) 4 Ellen I have been open. No one has DeGeneres asked me on a date. Not one, Debra Messing Overstatement Show with zero. Debra Messing (00.02.09-00.02.14)

5 Ellen -Where are you going? DeGeneres -Nowhere, because no one’s Debra messing Overstatement Show with asking me anywhere. Debra Messing (00.02.016-00.02.18) 6 The tonight There’s no better position to do show starring it from than the presidency. So Jimmy Fallon we can do a lot of good Donald Trump Overstatement with Donald (00.00.39-00.00.43) Trump 7 The tonight Little rocket man…is a friend.” show starring You don’t know. Jimmy Fallon (00.07.09-00.07.11) Trevor Noah Overstatement with Trevor Noah 8 Ellen -Yeah, exercise daily? DeGeneres -ha…ha…ha. No. Show with -No? Debra Messing -No. Debra Messing Understatement -How often? -No. (00.00.50-00.00.52) 9 Ellen So it’s like, you know but then DeGeneres you take it a step further. In the Show with nightmare world, it’s being Taylor swift Metaphor Taylor Swift framed for murder. (00.02.40-00.02.45) 10 Ellen He still is and now there is DeGeneres nothing off limits. Now he uses Debra Messing Metaphor Show with me in his material. Debra Messing (00.03.48-00.03.52) 11 Ellen Just murky water? DeGeneres (00.01.37) Ellen Irony Show with DeGeneres Taylor Swift 12 Ellen I don’t think that a step that’s a DeGeneres leap. But anyway, I think you’re Show with fine, and I think you would Ellen Taylor Swift even have fans in prison, and Irony DeGeneres they would take care of you, and they would all love you. (00.00.00-00.00.00) 13 Ellen I might want to be your nanny. DeGeneres That sounds like a really good Ellen Irony Show with job. DeGeneres Taylor Swift (00.04.01-00.04.05)

14 Ellen You have a great bank account DeGeneres is what. Sandra Irony Show with (00.05.58-00.06.00) Bullock Sandra Bullock 15 The tonight We’re gonna get that one soon. show starring But, you know, yeah, I think Jimmy Fallon business will always help. It with Donald helps from a country Trump standpoint. You know, it’s interesting when I was doing primaries, I spent less money Donald Trump Irony than other people, and I did better than other people and that’s what we want to do for the country. We want to spend less money and do better and I think we can do that. (00.02.02-00.02.21) 16 The Tonight Little rocket man…is a friend.” show starring You don’t know. Jimmy Fallon (00.07.09-00.07.11) Trevor Noah Irony with Trevor Noah 17 The Tonight -You follow him on Instagram, show starring though right? Jimmy Fallon -Uh, no. I just hang out with with Shawn him outside of fake social Jimmy Fallon Irony Mendez. media. I am really his friend. Anyway. (00.00.50-00.00.55) 18 The tonight I was hearing, when I was there, show starring actually, I got off the stage. He Jimmy Fallon doesn’t really do that with many Shawn with Shawn people. Like, it’s really rare that Irony Mendez Mendez. he brings people on stage. So he must really like me. (00.01.21-00.01.27) 19 Ellen Let me know what are you DeGeneres looking for and I have set so Ellen Rhetorical Show with many people up. DeGeneres Question Taylor Swift (00.02.42-00.02.45.) 20 The tonight No we didn’t do “cry me a show starring river.” We did what goes around Shawn Rhetorical Jimmy Fallon comes around.” Who’s the Mendez Question with Shawn better friend now Mendez. (00.00.42.)

Appendix 4

Politeness Principle of Flouting Maxim in Conversation at Ellen DeGeneres Show and The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon

Speaker of Name of Talk No Utterance the Politeness Principle Show utterance Ellen DeGeneres Let’s talk about your fear Ellen 1 Show with of sea urchin Tact Maxim DeGeneres Taylor Swift (00.00.01) Ellen DeGeneres Let’s talk about another Ellen 2 Show with irrational fear of yours. Tact Maxim DeGeneres Taylor Swift (00.01.39-00.00.00) The tonight Well, I think you want to show starring grow up and be president Jimmy Fallon because you want to help with Donald people. And you want to Trump. help people. There’s tremendous problems that people in this country Donald 3 have, and all over the Tact Maxim Trump world. And if you want to help people, there’s no better position to do it from than the presidency. So we can do a lot of good. (00.00.29-00.00.43) Ellen DeGeneres I see why Ellen thought Ellen 4 Show with she was special. Modesty Maxim DeGeneres Sandra Bullock (00.01.10-00.01.12) The Tonight But I don’t pay attention. show starring If I’m losing or lagging, Jimmy Fallon I’d never mention polls. Donald 5 Modesty Maxim with Donald Believe me only when I’m Trump Trump. winning. (00.03.20-00.03.27) The Tonight I’ve noticed that little show starring changes. I think your Jimmy Fallon voice has changed a little Jimmy 6 with Donald bit because I’ve done an Modesty maxim Trump. impression of you or Fallon twice on this show. (00.03.30-00.03.40)

The Tonight -Oh that’s what you did Show Starring yeah. Jimmy Fallon -yeah Shawn 7 with Shawn - I wasn’t there, though. Modesty Maxim Mendez Mendez - Yeah, you weren’t there. Sorry. Sorry (00.03.30-00.03.40) The Tonight Yeah, man. I’m lucky Show Starring that I inherited great Jimmy Fallon people from John with Trevor Steward, and I, you Noah know, I was never meant for a job like this in my Trevor 8 Modesty Maxim world. Every day’s a Noah dream for me. I’m appreciative. I’m happy. Even Trump I can enjoy on certain days. (00.02.32-00.02.35) Ellen DeGeneres -Listen, they’re just these, Show with they are in, they’re on Taylor Swift rocks, and they’re spiny- looking there. And the poor things are just Taylor Agreement Maxim minding their own Swift business. -No, they’re not. They’re not. That’s the things. They’re like a grenade. Ellen DeGeneres Are you good at setting Show with people up? Ellen 9 Debra Messing -I’m so good at setting Agreement Maxim DeGeneres people up. 00.02.40-00.02.41) Ellen DeGeneres -Are you serious? Show with -Serious. Sandra Bullock -So. -There is an Ellen 10 Agreement Maxim uncomfortable silence DeGeneres going, yeah. Something not right with her. (00.01.01-00.01.06)

Ellen DeGeneres -So you start at Show with thanksgiving getting Sandra Bullock ready? Sandra 11 -Yeah. Right. Before Agreement Maxim Bullock thanksgiving I’ve started pulling out the decorations. The Tonight -You follow him on show starring Instagram. Though, right? Jimmy Fallon -Uh, no I just hang out Jimmy 12 with Shawn with him outside of fake Agreement Maxim Fallon Mendez. social media. I am really his friend. Anyway. (00.00.50-00.00.55) Ellen DeGeneres I hope a lot of people do Show with that because there are a Sandra 13 Sympathy Maxim Sandra Bullock lot of people. Bullock (00.03.42-00.00.00) Ellen DeGeneres -I mean they don’t Show with understand. I say, why Sandra Bullock you don’t make me breakfast in bed. And they’re like, what? Us cook for you? And I’m us Sandra 14 like that’s. but they’re still Sympathy Maxim Bullock young too. So they don’t understand the concept. -Well, that wonderful nanny you have could give them some ideas. (00.03.42-00.00.00) Ellen DeGeneres I don’t think that’s a step. Show with That’s a leap. But, Taylor Swift anyway, I think you’re fine, and I think you Ellen Consideration 15 would even have fans in DeGeneres Maxim prisons, and they would take care of you, and they would all love you. (00.02.57-00.02.54) Ellen DeGeneres -I didn’t know any of that Show with -Do I feel, like I’m more Ellen Sandra Bullock like special to you right Consideration 16 DeGeneres now, Right. Maxim Show -You’ve always been special to me, but I’m

just, but in a different special way. (00.00.24-00.00.32) Ellen DeGeneres -People feel nicer? Show with -Yeah. Sandra Bullock -No? -Yes, I do. I think we’re Ellen Consideration 17 counterbalancing some not nice things going on, DeGeneres Maxim and I think people are trying to be nicer, so. (00.02.30-00.02.40) The Tonight -That’s good, right? Is that Show Starring too business-y Donald Consideration 18 Jimmy Fallon - I’m trying to figure that Trump Maxim with Donald one out. Trump (00.01.52-00.01.54) Ellen DeGeneres -You had dream, you were Show with here a year ago. Debra Messing -Yes. -You had goal, you had Ellen 19 Generosity Maxim dreams, and things you DeGeneres were going to do for 2018. (00.00.01-00.00.09) Ellen DeGeneres -I hope a lot of people do Show with that because there a lot of Sandra 20 Sandra Bullock people. Generosity Maxim -I think a lot of people Bullock are doing it The Tonight Yeah, that’s what I see Show Starring you’re doing. And I got Jimmy Fallon kindly thank you for with Donald giving us the material Trump that we’re doing. It’s Jimmy 21 Generosity Maxim been amazing to follow Fallon and exciting because you say some shocking things. I can’t even believe. (00.04.21-00.04.36) The Tonight So, No. it’s been an Show Starring honor for me, I have to Donald 22 Jimmy Fallon say. Generosity Maxim Trump with Donald (00.04.21-00.04.36) Trump

Ellen DeGeneres -Go out with girlfriend Show with more often Debra Messing -Yes Ellen 23 -Yes? Praise Maxim -Yes DeGeneres -That’s great. (00.00.59-00.00.) Ellen DeGeneres This is very serious show Show with today. A whole different Sandra Bullock vibe for me today. There’s Sandra 24 Praise Maxim like a seriousness here that Bullock we have to. (00.03.10-00.03.13) The Tonight -You’re doing great job. Show Starring -Thank you so much man. Jimmy 25 Jimmy Fallon Thank you, I love it so Praise Maxim Fallon with Trevor much. Noah (00.04.18-00.04.21) The Tonight I got it. Show Starring I really love that Jimmy 26 Jimmy Fallon (00.04.18-00.04.21) Praise Maxim Fallon with Shawn Mendez The Tonight -And he’s, and he’s super Jimmy Show Starring nice, too. Fallon 27 Jimmy Fallon -He’s so nice and so Praise Maxim Shawn with Shawn insanely talented. Mendez Mendez (00.01.52-00.01.55)