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A Study of the Changing Paradigm of Education Management in Punjab in the Perspective of Decentralization

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A Study of the Changing Paradigm of Education Management in Punjab in the Perspective of Decentralization A STUDY OF THE CHANGING PARADIGM OF EDUCATION MANAGEMENT IN PUNJAB IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF DECENTRALIZATION AFTAB AHMED (04-SS-PhD (Edu)/03) DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY ISLAMABAD, PAKISTAN 2011 A STUDY OF THE CHANGING PARADIGM OF EDUCATION MANAGEMENT IN PUNJAB IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF DECENTRALIZATION By AFTAB AHMED (04-SS-PhD (Edu)/03) A thesis submitted for partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Education Department of Education Faculty of Social Sciences International Islamic University ISLAMABAD 2011 i ii Dedication This humble piece of research work is dedicated To My Parents, Whose prayers and affections are source of strength in my life iii APPROVAL SHEET A STUDY OF THE CHANGING PARADIGM OF EDUCATION MANAGEMENT IN PUNJAB IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF DECENTRALIZATION BY AFTAB AHMED 04-SS-PhD (Edu)/03 Accepted by the Department of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad, in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the degree of “Doctor of Philosophy in Education” Supervisor: ----------------------------------- (Dr. Muhammad Maqsud Alam Bukhari) Internal Examiner: -------------------------- (Dr. N. B. Jumani) External Examiner: ------------------------- External Examiner: --------------------------- (Dr. P.A. Shami) (Dr. Ayesha Akbar) --------------------------------- ---------------------------------- Head Dean Department of Education, Faculty of Social Sciences, International Islamic University Islamabad International Islamic University, Islamabad iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Praise and glory be to ALLAH (SWT) whose blessings are unlimited, Who created us, Who enlightened our minds and hearts with the knowledge and enabled the researcher to accomplish this research work. Blessings of ALLAH (SWT) be upon the Holy Prophet Muhammad (P.B.U.H) who guided the humanity to the right and bright path. The researcher greatly acknowledges and appreciates the sincere and compassionate guidance of his supervisor Prof. Dr. Maqsud Alam Bukhari who left no stone unturned to unveil the different vistas of research for him. Extreme gratitude is due to Dr. R.A. Farooq, Dr. A.R, Sagher, Dr. Khalid Hassan Bukhari, Dr. Zafar Iqbal and Dr. Muhammad Memon for their expert advice and guidance during his research work. Thanks are also due to Dr. Muhammad Munir Kayani for his valuable suggestions during the process of data collection, analysis and report writing. Acknowledgements are also due to dear friends Asad Naeem, Abid Kayani, Tahir Siddiqui, Haji Arshad, Kamran Masood, Muhammad Arif, Tariq Kaleem, Abdus Sattar, Jameel Virk, Farooq Ahmed, Muhammad Anwar, Muhammad Nafees, Nisar ul Haq Kayani, for their help during his visits for data collection to different areas of Punjab. Thanks are also due to Mr. Zakaullah (Librarian, AEPAM) for his assistance in review of literature and Mr. Ehtesham, Mr. Usman and Mr. Shaukat for their cooperation and help in data analysis and editing. Recognition is also due to all the head teachers, teachers and Educational Managers (EDOs, DEOs, etc.), the District Nazims, DCOs, Education Department high officials and the experts/ educationists who spared time for responding the questionnaires and interviews. v Without their participation and interest it would have not been possible to complete this work. The researcher is also thankful to his family members, for the patience displayed by them during the previous five years. (AFTAB AHMED) vi ABSTRACT Education was decentralized to the district governments under the Devolution of Power Plan in Pakistan in 2001. This research was designed to study the changing paradigm of education management in Punjab in the perspective of decentralization. The major objectives of the study were: 1) To assess the extent to which the following objectives of the devolution plan have been achieved: a) decentralization of administrative authority b) Public participation in decision making, c) Improvement of service delivery, and d) Measures against maladministration; 2) To investigate the opinions of stakeholders about the organizational changes and their implementation at district level, 3) To identify the specific elements of reform that seem helpful to improve the school management, and 4) To recommend the measures for the solution of problems and improvement of performance of the school educational managers in future. The study was significant for the understanding of the process of decentralization of education in Pakistan. The analysis of this study may highlight the major factors for success or failure of the decentralization process and would supply an important informational base for the planners and managers to make necessary changes to achieve the targets. This study was descriptive in nature. Thorough review of the relevant literature was carried out followed by surveys through questionnaires and interviews. Its population included all the school cadre management, head teachers and teachers in the Punjab province. Twelve out of the 35 districts of Punjab were included in the sample. From each district 42 schools were selected randomly. Principals / Headmasters / Headmistresses, and vii one teacher from each sample school and ten educational managers from each sample district were included in the sample. Thirty (30) Educationists/policy makers and planners were interviewed. The study was delimited to the management of school education in Punjab only. Percentage, Chi Square, t-Test, and ANOVA were applied for analysis and drawing the conclusions. On the basis of the findings of the study the researcher concluded that: a) decentralization of administrative authority did not happen, b) public participation in decision making regarding education, provision of missing physical facilities and resource mobilization has enhanced to some extent, and public access has increased mostly against the maladministration, c) improvement of service delivery is rare due to some misconceptions in the understanding of roles and responsibilities, confusion between provincial and district governments, and lack of capacity building measures, d) political interference has been increased in the administrative affairs and there are evidences of political victimization of the teachers and officers, e) significant differences have been seen in the opinions of educational managers of different districts in Punjab regarding the decentralization of authority, public participation in decision making, improvement of service delivery, and measures against maladministration. The researcher recommended that: 1) educational managers i.e. EDOs, DEOs, DDEOs and AEOs should be properly empowered. Their empowerment should be ‘teacher - specific’ not ‘scale - specific’, 2) planning, and financial decisions should be more decentralized, 3) SMCs/SCs and CCBs should be strengthened through proper training for this purpose, 4) roles and responsibilities of each and every level officer must be quite clear and well defined. It should be provided to them in written form, 5) a proper set up for viii training of educational managers and head teachers at district level be established, 6) job specific training for persons being deputed on some managerial post be arranged, 7) performance bonuses for the efficient educational managers, head teachers along with the teachers for their better performance be introduced, 8) proper accountability system for the elimination of corruption and maladministration be launched, 9) Monitoring and Evaluation Cell should be dissolved, 10) management cadre be separated from the teaching cadre, 11) no person should be directly posted on a higher post unless he/she has experience of lower level post, 12) minimize the political influence in the education management system and teachers / officers should be protected against the political victimization, 13) proper training for plan implementation and execution be provided to officers/ head teachers, and 14) monitoring committees should be formulated by selecting persons amongst the community including well reputed retired educational managers, head teachers and teachers. ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Statement of the problem 3 1.2 Objectives of the study 4 1.3 Significance of the study 4 1.4 Methodology 5 1.4.1 Population 5 1.4.2 Sample 5 1.4.3 Research Instruments 6 1.4.4 Data Collection 6 1.4.5 Data Analysis 7 1.5 Delimitations 7 Chapter 2 REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE 8 2.1 Management 8 2.1.1 Management 8 2.1.2 Educational management 10 2.2 Decentralization 11 2.2.1 What is decentralization? 11 2.2.2 Decentralization as an education management paradigm 12 2.2.3 Decentralization of Education 13 2.2.4 Why decentralize education? 16 2.2.5 Global trends in educational decentralization 17 x 2.3 Devolution and its implementation strategies 19 2.3.1 Local govt. and decentralization reform efforts implemented in 19 Pakistan 2.3.2 Policy provisions regarding the structure of educational 19 management 2.3.3 The Devolution of Power Plan (2000) 23 2.3.4 Education decentralization efforts in Pakistan 24 2.3.5 Devolution of Education 25 2.3.6 Roles of different levels of government under DOP 27 2.3.7 Policy dimensions of devolved education system in Punjab 28 2.3.8 Literacy matters 29 2.3.9 Provincial organogram of education department 30 2.4 Directorates of Public Instructions 31 2.4.1 Functions of DPI Colleges 31 2.4.2 Functions of DPI Secondary Education 32 2.4.3 Functions of DPI Elementary Education 33 2.5 Hierarchical
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