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Nanotechnology E.Pdf CONTENTS AIST’s Nanotechnology .......... 4 World Nanotech Projects .......... 7 Nanotechnology: A Breakthrough toward a Resource & Energy Compatible Society of the 21st Century .......... 8 Carbon Nanotube Industrial Applications .......... 10 A New Type of Nanotube Formed from Molecules .......... 12 The Impact of Nanotechnology in Electron Devices .......... 14 Managing Chemical Risks Using Environmental Nanotechnology .......... 16 Computational Sciences on the Frontiers of Nanotechnology .......... 18 The Nanotechnology Program Projects and NEDO's Project Management .......... 20 The Propagation Effect of Nanotechnology on the Economy .......... 22 The Nanoprocessing Partnership Program: AIST as Incubator for Nanotech Japan .......... 23 Nanotech Ventures .......... 23 The Future of Continuously Developing Nanocarbons .......... 24 AIST’s Nanotechnology Technical Development Outlook .......... 25 AIST Organization Chart .......... 26 Nanotechnology For New Industry Creation and Life-Style Innovation Kazuo IGARASHI Research Coordinator [email protected] What is Nanotechnology? Application to industrialization Nanotechnology is technology to manipulate and While nanotechnology is a comparatively new field control a substance at the nanometer (nm) level (1 nm of research, it has promising applications to a range of = one billionth of a meter. The nanometer level is the industrial fields. In the information technology area, level of atoms and molecules. See Figure 1), and create researchers are investigating the application of nano- new materials and devices with fascinating functions technology to the development of, for example, high- making the best use of the special properties of nano- density/efficiency memories, computer devices with sized substances. For example, today people need de- completely new operating principles, high-luminosity vices able to store information at high densities and high devices using nano-materials such as carbon nanotubes, speeds, using little energy. One way of realizing this is and high-speed optical network devices using photonic to make each component very small. However, as there crystals. In medical area, specialists are working on drug are limits to miniaturizing components with existing injections to certain organs using liposomes or nanoma- technology, we need technology that uses a different chines. And in the environmental and energy industries, (nanotechnology) approach to process components and it is thought that nanotechnology can be utilized in such systems with nanometer-level precision. Also, when the applications as environment remediation catalysts and size of the matter is at the level of several molecules hydrogen-loading materials. In this way, nanotechnol- or atoms, certain properties (the quantum effect or the ogy is creating new industries across a wide range of surface effect) are clarified, which are not particularly fields and attracting interest as a infrastructural technol- noticeable when a substance is a large mass. Therefore, ogy for enriching society. the downsizing to the nanometer level can provide us not only the miniatures but also completely new devices operated by such special properties. Japan’s approach to nanotechnology Metrology advancements have given Six government departments carry out nanotech- nanotechnology a big boost nology-related national projects in Japan. These are the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports and Culture The rapid development of nanotechnology research (MEXT), the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry in recent years is closely related to advances made in (METI), the Ministry of Public Management, Home metrology. For example, in the first half of the1980s, Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications, the Ministry the IBM Group invented the scanning tunneling micro- of Health, Labor and Welfare, the Ministry of Agricul- scope, which enabled researchers to observe and ma- ture, Forestry and Fisheries, and the Ministry of the nipulate a substance at the level of individual atoms and Environment. The total nanotechnology-related budget molecules. This opened the wey for creating and verify- for FY2003 is expected to be more than the last year’s ing various nano-structures. amount (¥81.6 billion). Of this amount, most was allo- The two methods of controlling the structure of cated to MEXT and METI (97.5% of the FY2001 budget matter at the nanometer level are the top-down and for nanotechnology-related projects). Both Ministries bottom-up methods. In the top-down approach, larger identify electronic device- and biotech-related nanotech masses are finely processed, as in lithography, with light projects as important research areas. Against this back- or electron beams. In the bottom-up approach, structures ground, the nanotechnology and materials R&D promo- are created by assembling atoms and molecules. Vari- tion project team (NTPT) of the Council for Science and ous different bottom-up approaches are being studied. Technology Policy are trying to strengthen links with In addition to the munipulation of individual atoms by a government departments and agencies for collaborative scanning tunneling microscop, methods using the self- projects that would result in more efficient R&D useful assembly of atoms and molecules (where atoms and for industrial advancement. molecules come together to form stable structures) are Through New Research Promotion Program (in- being researched as well as methods using the self-orga- cluding so-called CREST and ERATO projects) and nization of a substance (where nanoscale structures form Nanotechnology Support Projects, MEXT is currently spontaneously under certain conditions), as manifested funding research themes that promote nanotechnology in living organisms. Currently, there is considerable in- basic research (including providing nanotechnology- terest in combining top-down and bottom-up approaches related facilities and constructing nanotechnology net- to develop technologies for assembling and operating works). Table 1 shows the Ministry’s principal nano- complex components and systems. technology-related project proposals for FY2003. The 4 AIST’s Nanotechnology A B A B C C D D Figure 1. Various sizes of matter Table 1. Principal nanotechnology-related project Table 2. Principal nanotechnology-related project proposals of the Ministry of Education, proposals of the Ministry of Economy, Trade Science, Sports and Culture (FY2003) and Industry (FY2003) ● Development of devices with novel principle using nanotechnology ● Ultrafine structured advanced funtional materials ● Development of advanced semiconductor manufacturing technology ● Microfabrication of semiconductors and novel semiconducting including the EUV light sources materials ● Development of artificial internal organs and sense organs using ● Semiconductor application chips nanotechnology ● Upgrading of telecommunication systems ● Next-generation fuel cells ● Advanced display ● Project for terahertz photonics ● Post-genome ● Development of equipments for measurements, analyses and ● Amalgamation of nanotechnology and biotechnology evaluations ● Nanobiotechnology ● Project for medical treatment according to individual's gene ● Development of lightweight materials and heat release technology ● Project for regenerative medicine ● Development of next generation fuel cells ● Simulation for cells and organisms ● R&D of biofunction measurement technology by photonics ● Incubation of new industries for sugar chain biotechnology ● "Protein 3000" project 5 AIST’s Nanotechnology AIST’s Nanotechnology total funding sought in MEXT’s nanotechnology budget tial for applying nanotechnology to industry, and stan- is around ¥50.5 billion. dard nano-materials that give greater reliability. The METI, on the other hand, focuses on nanotech- From 1992 to 2002, the National Institute of Ad- nology industrialization. It aims, for example, to estab- vanced Interdisciplinary Research (NAIR) (a research lish the nanotechnology business promotion council in institute of the Agency of Industrial Science and Tech- September 2003 to promote links among industry, gov- nology, the forerunner of today’s AIST) carried out the ernment bodies, and universities. The Ministry’s nano- Atom Technology Project on the ultimate technology for technology-related projects also seek to quickly develop manipulating of atoms and molecules. This was a world- practical and industrial applications for nanotechnology. leading project, which gathered together researchers Table 2 shows the Ministry’s principal nanotechnology- from industry, government, and universities in Tsukuba related project proposals for FY2003. The total funding to break new ground in nanotechnology research. AIST sought is around ¥62.4 billion. also leads such projects as the Nanotechnology Program (of the New Energy and Industrial Technology Develop- ment Organization or NEDO) and the Semiconductor AIST’s world-leading approach MIRAI Project (NEDO), seeking to strengthen Japan’s to nanotechnology international competitiveness and create new industries (Figure 2). This feature introduces some nanotechnology-relat- Some of AIST’s staff also act as project lead- ed research topics pursued by AIST. AIST, the National ers in a number of New Research Promotion Program Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technol- (MEXT). In addition, AIST provides various resources ogy, is an integrated research institution that employs for the Nanoprocessing Partnership Program (a MEXT around 2,400 (full-time) researchers
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