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A Study of Two-Phase Flow Through Static Mixers and Their Effects on Downstream Pressure Behavior" (2018)

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A Study of Two-Phase Flow Through Static Mixers and Their Effects on Downstream Pressure Behavior University of North Dakota UND Scholarly Commons Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects January 2018 A Study Of Two-Phase Flow Through Static Mixers And Their ffecE ts On Downstream Pressure Behavior Adam A. Stoker Follow this and additional works at: https://commons.und.edu/theses Recommended Citation Stoker, Adam A., "A Study Of Two-Phase Flow Through Static Mixers And Their Effects On Downstream Pressure Behavior" (2018). Theses and Dissertations. 2355. https://commons.und.edu/theses/2355 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses, Dissertations, and Senior Projects at UND Scholarly Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UND Scholarly Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A STUDY OF TWO-PHASE FLOW THROUGH STATIC MIXERS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON DOWNSTREAM PRESSURE BEHAVIOR by Adam Alan Stoker Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering, University of North Dakota, 2016 A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Grand Forks, North Dakota August 2018 Copyright 2018 Adam Stoker ii This thesis, submitted by Adam Stoker in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Science from the University of North Dakota, has been read by the Faculty Advisory Committee under whom the work has been done and is hereby approved. _______________________________________ Dr. Clement Tang _______________________________________ Dr. Nanak Grewal _______________________________________ Dr. Surojit Gupta This thesis is being submitted by the appointed advisory committee as having met all of the requirements of the School of Graduate Studies at the University of North Dakota and is hereby approved. ____________________________________ Grant McGimpsey Dean of the School of Graduate Studies ____________________________________ Date iii PERMISSION Title A STUDY OF TWO-PHASE FLOW THROUGH STATIC MIXERS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON ITS DOWNSTREAM PRESSURE BEHAVIOR Department Mechanical Engineering Degree Master of Science In presenting this thesis in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a graduate degree from the University of North Dakota, I agree that the library of this University shall make it freely available for inspection. I further agree that permission for extensive copying for scholarly purposes may be granted by the professor who supervised my thesis work or, in his absence, by the Chairperson of the department or the dean of the School of Graduate Studies. It is understood that any copying or publication or other use of this thesis or part thereof for financial gain shall not be allowed without my written permission. It is also understood that due recognition shall be given to me and to the University of North Dakota in any scholarly use which may be made of any material in my thesis. Adam Stoker August 3rd, 2018 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………………….v LIST OF FIGURES…………………………………………………………...…...…………….vii LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………..……………………………….x ACKNOWLEDGMENTS…………………….………………………………………………….xi ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………….…….xii NOMENCLATURE…………………………………………………………………………….xiii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................1 1.1 Objectives ...............................................................................................................2 1.2 Scope of Study ........................................................................................................3 2 LITERATURE REVIEW .....................................................................................................4 2.1 Observations of Two-phase Flow Patterns in a Horizontal Circular Channel ...........4 2.2 Influence of Gas Injection on Bubble Diameters and Void Fraction ........................7 2.3 Void Fraction Measurement in Two-phase Flow by Capacitance Sensor .................8 v 2.4 Pressure Drop in Motionless Mixers ......................................................................9 2.5 Experimental Study on Two-Phase Flow in Millimeter-Size Channels ................. 11 2.6 Hydrodynamics and Mass Transfer ...................................................................... 15 2.7 Study of Fluid Dynamics Conditions in Selected Static Mixers - Pressure Drop ... 17 2.8 Study of Fluid Dynamics Conditions - Residence Time ....................................... 19 2.9 Improvements to the SMX Static Mixer ............................................................... 21 2.10 Optimizing the SMX Static Mixer ....................................................................... 23 2.11 Single-Phase Mechanistic Model for Pressure Drops in Static Mixers .................. 25 2.12 The Rheology of Suspensions of Solid Particles .................................................. 26 3 EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND METHODOLOGY ........................................................ 29 3.1 Overview ............................................................................................................ 29 3.2 Static Pressure Transducers ................................................................................ 35 3.1 Static Pressure Transducer Calibration ................................................................ 37 3.3 Data Acquisition ................................................................................................. 39 3.4 Static Mixer Test Section .................................................................................... 40 3.5 Static Mixer Creation.......................................................................................... 41 3.6 Static Mixer Design ............................................................................................ 43 3.7 Single-Phase Experimental Procedure................................................................. 46 3.8 Two-phase Experimental Procedure.................................................................... 46 vi 3.9 Rheometer .......................................................................................................... 47 3.10 Experimental Density ......................................................................................... 50 3.11 Hydromx ............................................................................................................ 51 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................................ 52 4.1 Overview ............................................................................................................ 52 4.2 Density Measurement ......................................................................................... 52 4.3 Viscosity Measurement ...................................................................................... 53 4.4 Single-phase Flow Measurements ....................................................................... 58 4.5 Two-Phase Flow Measurements ......................................................................... 62 5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................. 84 5.1 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 84 5.2 Recommendations .............................................................................................. 88 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................... 91 vii LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Flow Regime Map of Breber et al. ................................................................................4 Figure 2. Photographs of representative flow patterns: (a) X = .21, jg* = 2.02; (b) X = .25, jg* = 1.10; (c) X = .23, jg* = .49; (d) X = .11, jg* = .28; (e) X =1.49, jg* = .22; (f) X = 2.1, jg* = .11;(g) X = 5.8, jg* = .05; (h) X = 5.6, jg* = .32; (i) X = 1.61, jg* = 1.72; (j) X = 1.35, jg* = 1.73 ....................................................................................................................................6 Figure 3. Configurations of capacitance sensors .........................................................................8 Figure 4. Kenics static mixer .......................................................................................................9 Figure 5. SSC, YNU, and Sulzer SMX static mixing elements .................................................. 10 Figure 6 . The comparison of experimental data of Ekberg and Pehlivan for the Homogeneous and Friedel flow model............................................................................................................ 12 Figure 7 . The comparison of experimental data of Ekberg and Pehlivan for the Chisolm flow model ........................................................................................................................................ 13 Figure 8. Pehlivan flow regime map compared to present experimental data ............................. 14 Figure 9. Mass transfer coefficient and interfacial area versus power dissipation ....................... 16 Figure 10. Newton number versus Reynolds number comparison for different static mixer designs .....................................................................................................................................
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