Biografía Del Universo

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Biografía Del Universo Biografía del Universo Jaime Reguart Pelegrí Biografía del Universo 1 Marzo 2018 A partir de la serie “Biografía del Universo” editada en el blog “El Cedazo”. (https://eltamiz.com/elcedazo/biografia-del-universo/) Imagen de portada: NASA, ESA, P. Oesch y B. Robertson (University of California, Santa Cruz), y A. Feild (STScI), dominio público. (https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/image2 i1607bw.jpg) Licencia CC BY-NC-ND 2.5 ES El único coste será el exclusivo de edición. El autor. 2 ÍNDICE Prólogo 5 01. Introducción a una historia real 9 02. Momento cero 17 03. Las edades de Planck 28 04. Inflando el Universo I 39 05. Inflando el Universo II 49 06. ¡Qué grande es la inflación! 59 07. De materia y antimateria. Un poco de teoría I 73 08. De materia y antimateria. Un poco de teoría II 80 09. Una sopa con mucha radiación 89 10. La liberación de la fuerza débil I 98 11. La liberación de la fuerza débil II 104 12. Los hadrones 112 13. La nucleosíntesis I 123 14. La nucleosíntesis II 131 15. La sinfonía del Universo I 140 16. La sinfonía del Universo II 149 17. El big flash 157 18. Lo que nos enseña la radiación de fondo I 168 19. Lo que nos enseña la radiación de fondo II 179 20. La materia entra en faena 190 21. La era de la gran oscuridad 203 22. De la oscuridad a la luz 213 23. Mirando en el campo profundo 226 24. La reionización 235 25. La época de los cuásares 248 26. El Universo a vista de pájaro 258 27. Un Universo de galaxias 265 28. La fiesta continúa en las estrellas 277 29. La estructura del Universo 292 30. Epílogo 310 ANEXO I: Breve cronología y otros parámetros 318 ANEXO II: Bibliografía 320 3 4 Biografía del Universo “Toda la materia, más toda la gravedad en el universo observable, es igual a cero. Por eso el Universo pudo surgir de la nada, porque es, básicamente, nada”. Alan Guth, padre de la expansión inflacionaria. Imagen del campo profundo del Universo observable tomada por el telescopio Hubble Space, en el que se llegan a ver miríadas de galaxias, y eso que con la tecnología actual solamente llegamos a contemplar el 10% del total de galaxias (Imagen NASA y European Space Agency, dominio público) El día que esto escribo es primero de enero de 2017. Año Nuevo, Vida Nueva, se dice por todo el Orbe. Un buen momento para sentarme y compartir una nueva aventura científico-literaria con todo aquel que la quiere seguir. Los que me conocéis ya sabéis mi tendencia hacia las biografías de las cosas que he publicado en el blog “El Cedazo”. En este blog ya se ha publicado una larga, acerca de la aventura de la vida terráquea: “La Biografía de la Vida”. Más tarde 5 otra biografía particular, podríamos decir una rama de la anterior, acerca de la historia que hizo que unos animalillos indefensos se convirtieran en unos feroces competidores en el vértice de la pirámide, gracias a que una serie de carambolas azarosas y coyunturales los colocó allí. Una aventura que la hemos contado como “Biografía de lo Humano”, esto último con mayúscula. En este libro propongo el que nos adentremos en la intrincada selva del escenario en donde se llevaron a cabo las dos anteriores obras teatrales: el Universo, también éste con mayúsculas. Así que hablemos ya de la “Biografía del Universo”. Mi nueva propuesta. Como en las otras ocasiones citadas, este libro es el resultado de múltiples lecturas dispersas, cazadas a vuelapluma, inicialmente desconexas y con el único propósito de satisfacer mi curiosidad. Como siempre, mil notas y apuntes que satisfacían también mis aficiones escritoras. Son años de descubrir y decantar. Aunque ahora, con la experiencia que me dieron el vivir las otras series, el enfoque último lo tenía en la cabeza: [1] aprender de una historia que debía ser hilada y coherente, [2] divulgarla a través de una plataforma cuyo útil principio fundacional dice así como que “un buen entendimiento necesita de la ayuda de una buena simplificación”, lo que permitía a mi formación ingenieril ponerse a tiro de la obra que me proponía, y [3] esperar la lluvia enriquecedora de los comentarios de los lectores, absolutamente necesarios. Y así surgió otro de mis libros de viajes, que se fue viendo a lo largo de la serie homónima del blog “El Cedazo”. La idea es muy simple: Partiendo del inicio que suponemos para el Universo, el Big Bang, llegar a la comprensión de cómo surgieron, y siguen en ello, las estructuras del Universo que observamos a nuestro alrededor. Éste puede ser un posible sucinto guión: . El momento cero . El hipotético escenario del Universo en las edades de Planck, cuando la gran unificación de las fuerzas fundamentales . El hecho de la inicial inflación exponencial del espacio-tiempo . Cómo surge la radiación y la materia 6 . La sopa del plasma materia-antimateria de la época electrodébil . Las partículas elementales en el plasma quark-gluón . Higgs haciendo de las suyas . Aparecen los hadrones… entre otros, los protones y los neutrones. Los hadrones se constituyen en asambleas, formando algunos núcleos de unos pocos elementos químicos . La música del Big Bang y su reflejo en la primera foto de familia gracias a la radiación de fondo . La materia entra en faena una vez que la pegajosa radiación decide liberarse . De la oscuridad a la luz gracias a las primeras estrellas y galaxias . La compactación y ordenamiento de la materia . La estructura final del Universo Bueno… algo más o menos así es mi propósito. Como veis, una historia apasionante que da el necesario soporte a la particular crónica de nuestro sistema solar y la vida sobre la Tierra contada en una serie del blog “El Cedazo”, “La Biografía de la Vida”, y recopilada en un libro del mismo título. Antes de acabar este breve prefacio, quiero reconocer a los que me han enseñado lo que en este libro expongo, a mis maestros, una vez más a Pedro Gómez-Esteban, alma mater del blog “El Tamiz”, a Enrique F. Borja con su fantástico blog “Cuentos Cuánticos”, a los grandes del blog “Naukas”, a los fenómenos del blog “NeoFronteras”, a Matt Strassler por su blog “Of Particular Significance” y a alguno más que se quedan en el tintero. Y, por supuesto, y sin dudarlo, a tantos divulgadores científicos del mundo anglosajón… ¡qué buenos son, los condenados!, comenzando por el añorado Carl Sagan que sembró la semilla, para seguir por Steven Weinberg, George Gamow, Leon Lederman, Richard Feynman, Stephen Hawking, Brian Green, Michio Kaku, Lawrence Krauss, John Gribbin, Bill Bryson, Paul Davies… y unos cuantos más. Cumplido con el obligado protocolo… podemos empezar. 7 8 01: Introducción a una historia real Tiempo 0/∞ t tx … “Desde mi posición en [α1110 β5 π47 … Ω Λ ] soy capaz de percibir el colapso. Cómo definirme. Una inteligencia en el mundo de las cuerdas, dimensión 11. Notario fehaciente de todos los sucesos. Incluso los del pequeño Cosmos de cuatro dimensiones próximo a nacer. Como tantas otras veces, comienzo a experimentar el ligero desvaído en el que me sumiré durante el paso de la… singularidad. No me preocupa. Soy un experto en este tipo de experiencias, por otro lado muy normales en los espacios de Kalabi- Yau donde habito. A veces, alguno de estos organismos multidimensionales juega a ser niño y alardea de crear florestas con unos pocos de sus múltiples brazos. Intuyo que es el momento. Como el cloroformo antes de las anestesias, huele a infinito eterno… antes de la tiniebla ¡Nos vemos en el más allá!” … Alegoría muy imaginativa de la transición al Big Bang, un viaje a través de la singularidad del origen del tiempo, “Desde mi posición t tx en [α1110 β5 π47 … Ω Λ ]…” en un hipotético espacio en negativo abocado hacia un “gemelo” espacio de luz: nuestro Universo (Imagen modificada a partir de otra de la red, fair use) Así pudo comenzar la historia que vamos a relatar a lo largo de los capítulos de este libro sobre la Biografía del Universo. Imaginario. 9 Al otro lado de nuestra frontera temporal. Antes de la creación de nuestro Universo. He optado por una fábula, pues ciertamente nadie en este mundo, el de las x,y,z y t sensibles, sabe de dónde viene nuestro Cosmos ni cómo fue su primer instante. Y si alguien dice que tiene la clave, miente como un bellaco. ¿Nació en aquel incógnito momento el entramado del espacio-tiempo que conocemos?, ¿o fue simplemente una extensión 0/∞ de otro ya existente? O como en el cuento imaginado, ¿resultó ser un rebote de algo anterior?, ¿o surgió ex-novo del vacío? Aunque… ¿qué es el vacío? Podemos imaginar, inventar, conjeturar… pero no sabemos nada de nuestro momento t=0 -¿y si no hubo t=0?-. Aunque menos aún que menos sabemos de t<0. El animal racional que surge como una etapa en la historia que nos trae y que ha sido fijada por las condiciones físicas de nuestro Universo, el hombre, siempre ha sido muy curioso. Ha querido ver con el cuerpo y la razón todo lo que hay más allá de su propio sentimiento como individuo. Con los sentidos llegó hasta donde estos llegaban. Poco para la curiosidad y mucho, lo suficiente, para la supervivencia. Llegado el momento en que fue consciente de ello tuvo que idear milagros para lo razonable. Pero la razón es terca y pertinaz. Curiosa y potente. Comenzó a extender los brazos ejecutores de las antenas sensoriales.
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