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Actual Problems of Management of Cultural Heritage in Ukraine Актуальні Проблеми Управління Культурною Спадщиною В Україні

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Actual Problems of Management of Cultural Heritage in Ukraine Актуальні Проблеми Управління Культурною Спадщиною В Україні Випуск # 22 / 2020 ЕКОНОМІКА ТА СУСПІЛЬСТВО DOI: https://doi.org/10.32782/2524-0072/2020-22-92 УДК 351.853 ACTUAL PROBLEMS OF MANAGEMENT OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN UKRAINE АКТУАЛЬНІ ПРОБЛЕМИ УПРАВЛІННЯ КУЛЬТУРНОЮ СПАДЩИНОЮ В УКРАЇНІ Safonov Yurii Institute of Education Content Modernization of Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5623-1965 Datsko Olesya Faculty of History and Theory of Arts, Lviv National Academy of Arts ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6713-1158 The article focuses on the problems of public management of cultural heritage sphere in Ukraine, including challenges of heritage management in museums and cultural reserves. Te main aim of this paper is to identify the problems and challenges of cultural heritage management in Ukraine that require reform in the first place. The main conclusion of this article is that Ukraine urgently needs to reform such areas of cultural heritage manage- mentas: functioning of the registration and information database on cultural heritage, ensuring effective protection of historical buildings, their surroundings and landscape, solving land use problems and conflicts with business- es, improving the technical conditions of historical buildings and surrounding infrastructure, significant reform of managementof museums and cultural reserves. All these measures should be supplemented by ensuring that state autorities respond quickly to violations of laws on the protection of cultural heritage and that punishment for violators of the law is unavoidable. Without these measures, the risk of losing a large number of cultural heritage sites in Ukraine today is very high. Keywords: management, cultural heritage, heritage management, cultural heritage protection, Ukraine. Introduction. Protection of cultural heritage viet countries in Central and Eastern Europe, is one of the main tasks of public management the process of forming national systems of pub- in any state. This activity is particularly impor- lic management of cultural heritage is often still tant in the concept of sustainable development incomplete and is at different stages depending in the context of the principle of equal rights to on the country. The situation here is complicated, cultural heritage for current and future genera- on the one hand, by the level of economic deve- tions of citizens. Today, an effective public pol- lopment of these countries and, consequently, icy in this area can not only ensure the reliable often by the small funds that states can allocate preservation and transfer of the cultural herit- from the budget for the protection and restoration age unchanged to future generations, but also of heritage. On the other hand, public policy and transform it into a specific economic resource. administration of cultural heritage in these coun- The heritage resource, without being destroyed tries is still largely guided by the previously exist- or losing its qualities, can now act as a driver ing paradigm of cultural heritage. The previous of economic development, for example, in such paradigm of cultural heritage did not consider it areas as tourism, creative industries, science as a resource or a driver of economic develop- and education, crafts, construction and recon- ment, but interpreted it as an economic ballast struction, real estate, etc. This is confirmed by that does not bring any benefits, but constantly the experience of such European countries as requires funds from the budget. This attitude to Italy, France, Austria, Greece, Spain, Nether- cultural heritage also unfortunately still exists in lands, Czech Republic, etc. some countries and among some political and However the situation in cultural heritage public public figures. In reality, the problems are much management in different regions of Europe is very greater. And without their definition it is impossible different. In post-socialist and especially post-So- to develop an effective plan for the reform of pub- ЕКОНОМІКА © Safonov Yurii, Datsko Olesya 219 ЕКОНОМІКА ТА СУСПІЛЬСТВО Випуск # 22 / 2020 lic policy and management of cultural heritage in As a result, there is an institutional gap in these countries. Ukraine that has far-reaching implications for Ukraine today seeks to implement reforms public management. The fact is that according in many areas of public life in order to learn to the law on the protection of cultural heritage, from the successful European experience and only the object that is included in the State reg- get closer to developed countries in this regard ister of immovable monuments of Ukraine can within the framework of the EU integration pro- be considered a heritage monument. This regis- cesses. In this situation, the reform of public ter includes only about 8 thousand objects that policy and administration of cultural heritage are monuments of history, archeology and mon- should become an integral part of the overall umental art, of which less than 1 thousand are reform plan. Based on the above, the main aim monuments of national significance, and others of this article is to identify such problems and have only the status of monuments of local sig- challenges of public policy and administration of nificance (Ministry of Culture of Ukraine, 2020). cultural heritage in Ukraine that require reform At the same time, the register did not include any in the first place. Achieving this aim will provide Ukrainian heritage sites of national significance important information for developers and imple- that are located on the territory of the Kyiv Pech- menters of the public policy and administration ersk Lavra (World Heritage site), which has the reform program. status of a national reserve. Although there are Registration and Information Database 48 cultural heritage sites of national significance for Cultural Heritage on the territory of this monastery. Also, the reg- Ukraine, both in absolute and relative terms, is ister did not include any object of the national one of the countries with a rich cultural heritage. reserve “Sophia of Kyiv” (Saint Sophia Cathedral But recently there has been a steady decline in in Kyiv, also a World Heritage site), which has the number of heritage sites in Ukraine. And this 38 heritage sites of national significance. At the trend is not directly related to the war and Rus- same time, the register includes only 2 objects sia’s occupation of the Crimea and part of the of the reserve “Sophia of Kyiv” and 85 objects Donbass. In 2011-2012 there were 144.8 thou- of the reserve “Kyiv Pechersk Lavra” and only in sand registered heritage sites in Ukraine. And the category of monuments of local significance. already in 2013, their number decreased by The situation is complicated by the fact that 2 thousand to 142.8 thousand, in 2014-2015 it neither laws nor other acts of state authorities decreased by almost 20 thousand more up to have fixed a specific form of this register. As a 123.6 thousand (Mazur, 2018). In 2016-2019 the result, the Ministry of Culture has been adding decline in the number of heritage sites contin- information to the register for almost 20 years ued at the same (if not greater) rate. This is a that may no longer be relevant, not sufficiently consequence of the fact that Ukraine today has complete, or not suitable for making effective not formed an effective and adequate system management decisions. of cultural heritage public management. First of Moreover, the Ministry of Culture does not all, the country lacks the important institutional, have some data on individual heritage sites and organizational and financial conditions for the their entire groups that are already included in preservation of cultural heritage guaranteed by the register. This is, among other things, basic the Ukrainian Constitution. This ultimately leads information about the number of objects, as well to a reduction in the number of heritage sites due as information about their cost. This applies, to their destruction under the influence of natural for example, to the objects of the national and anthropogenic factors. reserves “Old Halych” (46 objects), “Pereiaslav” One of the most important problems in the field (20 objects) and “Castles of Ternopil region” of cultural heritage registration in Ukraine today is (8 objects), although all of them are already the lack of a complete and exhaustive State register included in the register. of immovable monuments, which has been under A significant disadvantage of the system development in the Ministry of Culture for almost of registration of cultural heritage objects in 20 years. Although the procedure for determining Ukraine, which are stored in museums and cul- the category of a heritage object for inclusion in this tural reserves, is that all of them are accounted register was approved by the Cabinet of Ministers for by storage groups only in quantitative terms. in 2001 (Bohutskyy, 2009). The consequence is The legislation of Ukraine does not provide for that the state authorities do not have complete and determining the value of registered cultural herit- reliable information about the number and physical age objects. Because of this, it is now impossible condition of these objects. to determine the value of, for example, stolen or ЕКОНОМІКА 220 Випуск # 22 / 2020 ЕКОНОМІКА ТА СУСПІЛЬСТВО destroyed heritage objects. In addition, accord- not concluded at all. The greatest resonance in ing to Ukrainian accounting standards, both the media and society was the information that individual objects of cultural heritage that are the security documents for the objects of the stored in museums, and entire collections that Kyiv Pechersk Lavra were not signed. These are main part of the State Museum Fund, are not are 12 monuments, including those of national accounted for and are not reflected in the finan- significance, included as a single complex in the cial statements (Ganski, 2019). UNESCO World Heritage List. Today they are in Protection of Cultural Heritage Sites the use of the Orthodox Church of the Moscow Protection of cultural heritage in Ukraine is Patriarchate, which conducts numerous illegal defined at the highest legal level – in the Consti- construction works on this site.
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