DOCSLIB.ORG

Antihyperlipidemic, Antiatherosclerotic and Cardio-Protective Activity Of

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antihyperlipidemic, Antiatherosclerotic and Cardio-Protective Activity Of Research Article iMedPub Journals American Journal of Ethnomedicine 2018 www.imedpub.com ISSN 2348-9502 Vol.5 No.1:1 DOI: 10.21767/2348-9502.10001 Antihyperlipidemic, Antiatherosclerotic and Sarkar AP1*, Sutradhar A1, Saleh MA2, Cardio-protective Activity of Leaves and Mondal M1, Alam KMK1, Aerial Roots of Heritiera fomes (Sundari) Wahed TB1, Ahmed S2 and Extract on Alloxan-induced Diabetic Kundu SK1 Sprague Dawley Rats 1 Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh 2 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Abstract Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh Background: Hyperlipidemia is one of the leading causes of death in developed as well as in developing countries like Bangladesh. Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for early development of atherosclerosis and its cardiovascular *Corresponding author: Sarkar AP complications. The objective of the study was to evaluate antihyperlipidemic, antiathersclerotic and cardio-protective activities of the leaves (LE) and aerial root [email protected] (AR) extracts of Heritiera fomes(Family: Malvaceae, local name: Sundari) which is a common species in the world’s largest mangrove forest, Sundarbans, major part of which is located in Bangladesh. Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar Methods and findings: Extracts of the powdered LE and AR of Heritiera fomeswere University, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh. obtained using methanol, and the extracts were applied at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg of body weight, to treat the diabetic rats. Alloxan Monohydrate was used Tel: +88 01724713549 to induce diabetic condition in Sprague dawley rats. Metformin Hydrochloride Fax: +91-7752-260148 was also used as a standard drug to treat the diabetic rats in order to compare the efficacy of the plant extracts with that of the standard drug. After 21 days of treatment, the animals were sacrificed and lipid profiles were estimated. The lipid Citation: Sarkar AP, Sutradhar A, levels were elevated in alloxan-induced diabetic rats as compared to the control Saleh MA, Mondal M, Alam KMK, rats. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL and VLDL were increased in diabetic et al. (2018) Antihyperlipidemic, rats and the HDL level was significantly (P<0.001) decreased. After treatment Antiatherosclerotic and Cardio-protective Heritiera fomes with (LE and AR), the lipid levels of diabetic rats were returned Activity of Leaves and Aerial Roots of to normal level and this reduction was dose-dependent, whereas HDL level was Heritiera Fomes(Sundari) Extract on significantly (P<0.001) increased. LE and AR extracts also reduced atherosclerotic Alloxan-induced Diabetic Sprague Dawley index and increased cardio-protective index as compared to the diabetic rats. Rats. Am J Ethnomed Vol.5 No.1:1 Conclusion: Conventional drugs available for the treatment of hyperlipidemia carry the risks that may lead to many adverse effects such as weight loss, hypoglycemia, muscle pain, muscle damage, liver damage etc. So, medicinal plants having antihyperlipidemic, antiathersclerotic and cardio-protective properties should be given importance to avoid the adverse effects associated with modern allopathic lipid-lowering drugs. This study demonstrated that Heritiera fomes can be an excellent medicinal plant for the treatment of hyperlipidaemia, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular complications. Keywords: Heritiera fomes; Hyperlipidaemia; Atherosclerotic; Cardio-protective; Alloxan Received: April 04, 2018, Accepted: April 20, 2018, Published: May 04, 2018 © Under License of Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License | This article is available in: http://www.imedpub.com/ethnomedicine/ 1 American JournalARCHIVOS of Ethnomedicine DE MEDICINA 2018 ISSNISSN 2348-9502 1698-9465 Vol.5 No.1:1 Introduction Materials and Methods Hyperlipidemia, one of the common complications of diabetes Plant collection mellitus, is associated with an increased level of total cholesterol First of all, the plant was identified and documented properly. (TC), triglycerides (TG) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) as Fresh leaves and aerial roots of Heretiera fomes (Sundari) were well as a lower level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). These collected from this mangrove forest, Sundarbans (Karamjol area). alterations in lipid profile significantly contribute to the initiation The collection was performed under a specialist supervision. This and development of atherosclerosis leading to coronary heart plant Heretiera fomes (Bengali name -Sundari) was authenticated diseases [1,2]. Cardiovascular diseases are the principal causes of by a Botanist. death in both developed and developing countries. Difficulties in lipid metabolism are the major risk factor for these diseases [3]. Preparation of the extract Diets enriched fat, inactive life style, lack of physical activities, The fresh leaves and aerial roots were washed carefully with and obesity are the risk factors for impaired lipid metabolism distilled water to remove any extraneous materials. The fresh [4]. The anomalies in lipid metabolism lead to elevated levels leaves and aerial roots were air-dried under a shade for 7 days of serum lipids and lipoproteins that play a crucial role in the followed by drying in an oven at a temperature of 65°C. The dried development of early atherosclerosis affecting diabetic patients. leaves and aerial roots were pulverized into coarse powder. About Hypertriglyceridaemia and a low level of high density lipoprotein 1 kg of each of the two types of powders was extracted with 2.5 (HDL) cholesterol are the most common lipid associated problems L of methanol by cold maceration for 48 hours using a Soxhlet in diabetic patients [5]. apparatus [12]. After removal of the solvent from the samples by Many effective lipid-lowering synthetic drugs are available in the a rotary evaporator, the extract left behind was stored at 4°C in market, but none of them is effective for all lipoprotein disorders. a refrigerator. Moreover, all such drugs are associated with some adverse Experimental animals effects such as heart disease, stroke, weight loss, hypoglycemia, muscle pain, muscle damage, liver damage, and many vascular Laboratory female Sprague Dawley rats (120-180 g) were diseases. Therefore, medicinal plants having antihyperlipidemic obtained from the Department of Pharmacy, Jahangirnagar property should be prioritized in searching of new compounds, University, Savar, Dhaka. The animals were housed in plastic better efficacy and safety profile, to fulfill the need of avoiding cages and maintained under the standard laboratory conditions the adverse effects of modern allopathic lipid-lowering drugs of temperature 22 ± 3°C and 12-hour light/dark cycle. The rats [6,7]. were fed with a standard commercial pellet diet and water throughout the experimental period. Medicinal Plants have healing properties because they contain biologically active chemical components such as essential oils, Drugs flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins and other chemical Metformin hydrochloride as an active pharmaceutical ingredient compounds. Many plants and their different parts have long been (API) was purchased from the Square Pharmaceuticals Limited, used as traditional medicines for the treatment of hyperlipidemia Bangladesh. in many parts of the world [8]. Hypoglycemic agents from herbal plants could be less toxic and free from the side effects Induction of diabetes mellitus associated with the modern day’s hypoglycemic drugs [9]. Herbs Alloxan monohydrate was used to induce diabetes in rats. are considered to be a major source of the most effective lipid- Diabetes was induced by injecting intraperitoneally at a dose of lowering drugs, and more than two hundred types of herbal 150 mg/kg of Alloxan monohydrate. The alloxanized rats were drugs have been identified that contain anti-lipid properties [10]. kept for 7 days with free access to food and water. The rats Heritiera fomes belongs (local name: Sundri) to Malvaceae were fasted on the 8th day for 12 hours and their blood glucose family and grows abundantly in the Sundarbans. This tree can levels were determined using On Call EZ II Glucometer (Acon Laboratories, inc. San Dego, USA). Rats with glucose levels above reach up to 25 m in height and its trunk can be about 50 cm in 7 mmol/L or 126 mg/dl were used for this study [13]. diameter. This mangrove forest is named after the tree Heritiera fomes, and it is grown plentifully in this mangrove forest. H. Design of experiment fomes plays an important role in traditional medicine. In the The rats were divided into seven groups comprising of five rats treatment of diabetes, diarrhea, dysentery, goiter and other in each group. diseases, this plant is traditionally used by the people living near the Sundarbans [11]. No report on the antihyperlipidemic, Group I: Negative control group rats that were treated with antiatherosclerotic and cardio-protective potential of this plant neither alloxan nor the extracts and served as the normal control, extract has been published yet. The objective of this study was and were given only 0.5 ml water daily. to assess the antihyperlipidemic, antiatherosclerotic and cardio- Group II: Positive control group rats that were treated with only protective effects of methanolic extracts of the leaves and aerial alloxan to induce diabetes in the rats that served as Diabetic roots of Heritiera fomes in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Control and were given
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bangladesh Journal of Forest Science Bangladesh Journal of Forest Science Bangladesh Journal of Forest Science Volume 35, Nos
    ISSN 1021-3279 Volume 35, Nos. 1 & 2 January - December, 2019 Volume 35, Nos. (1 & 2), January - December, 2019 Bangladesh Journal of Forest Science Bangladesh Journal of Forest Science Bangladesh Journal of Forest Science Volume 35, Nos. 1 & 2 January - December, 2019 35, Nos. 1 & 2 January - December, Volume BANGLADESH FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE Printed & Published by The Director, Bangladesh Forest Research Institute Chittagong, Bangladesh from the- The Rimini International, Motijheel, Dhaka. CHITTAGONG, BANGLADESH ISSN 1021-3279 Bangladesh Journal of Forest Science Volume 35, Nos. (1 & 2) January - December, 2019 BANGLADESH FOREST RESEARCH INSTITUTE CHATTOGRAM, BANGLADESH ISSN 1021-3279 Bangladesh Journal of Forest Science Volume 35, Number 1 & 2 January - December, 2019 EDITORIAL BOARD Chairman Dr. Khurshid Akhter Director Bangladesh Forest Research Institute Chattogram, Bangladesh Member Dr. Rafiqul Haider Dr. Hasina Mariam Dr. Daisy Biswas Md. Jahangir Alam Dr. Md. Ahsanur Rahman Honorary Members Prof. Dr. Mohammad Mozaffar Hossain Prof. Dr. Mohammad Kamal Hossain Prof. Dr. Mohammad Ismail Miah Prof. Dr. AZM Manzoor Rashid Prof. Dr. M Mahmud Hossain Dr. Md. Saifur Rahman BOARD OF MANAGEMENT Chairman Members Editor Associate Editors Assistant Editors Editor Dr. M. Masudur Rahman Associate Editors Dr. Md. Mahbubur Rahman Dr. Mohammad Jakir Hossain Assistant Editors Nusrat Sultana Eakub Ali * Published in July, 2019 ISSN 1021-3279 C O N T E N T S New Approach to Select Top-dying Resistant Sundari (Heritiera fomes) Trees from the Sundarban of Bangladesh 01-15 Md. Masudur Rahman, ASM Helal Siddiqui and Sk. Md. Mehedi Hasan Optimization of In vitro Shoot Production and Mass Propagation of Gynura procumbens from Shoot Tip Culture 16-26 Md.
    [Show full text]
  • Tree Diversity As Affected by Salinity in the Sundarban Mangrove Forests, Bangladesh
    Bangladesh J. Bot. 40(2): 197-202, 2011 (December) - Short communication TREE DIVERSITY AS AFFECTED BY SALINITY IN THE SUNDARBAN MANGROVE FORESTS, BANGLADESH * ASHFAQUE AHMED , ABDUL AZIZ, AZM NOWSHER ALI KHAN, MOHAMMAD NURUL 1 1,2,3 3 ISLAM, KAZI FARHED IQUBAL , NAZMA AND MD SHAFIQUL ISLAM Department of Botany, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh Key words: Tree zonation, Salinity, Remote Sensing, GIS, Heritera fomes, Ceriops decandra Abstract A botanical expedition to the Sundarban Mangrove Forests (SMF) in March, 2010 was made to study the tree diversity and their abundance as affected by salinity gradient. In six quadrats of 25m × 25m each, distributed in all four Ranges, a total of eight tree species were recorded. A maximum number of five species occurred in relatively low saline sites. Tree zonation dynamics of the forests along salinity gradient revealed an increase in the number of Ceriops decandra (goran), a salt tolerant plant in the north-eastern parts of the SMF which was dominated by Heritiera fomes (sundri), a freshwater loving plant in 1960’s. Highest importance value index (IVI) was recorded for C. decandra, which was present in all sites, except Moroghodra, a freshwater zone in Nalianala (Khulna) Range. Comparison of the Landsat images of Nalianala and Chandpai Ranges during 1989, 2000 and 2010 revealed a decreased tendency of dominance of H. fomes in the two Ranges but increased tendency of Bruguiera sexangula (kankra), Excoecaria agallocha (gewa) and Sonneratia apetala (keora). Total tree cover in 2010 decreased by about 3% from that of 1989. The changes in the tree composition have been attributed to increased salinity.
    [Show full text]
  • Contribution of Environmental Factors on in Vitro Culture of an Endangered and Endemic Mangroves Heritiera Fomes Buch.-Ham
    ISSN (E): 2349 – 1183 ISSN (P): 2349 – 9265 2(3): 192 –203, 2015 Research article Contribution of environmental factors on in vitro culture of an endangered and endemic mangroves Heritiera fomes Buch.-Ham. and Bruguiera gymnorhiza (L.) Lam. Abdul Kader1, Sankar Narayan Sinha2, Parthadeb Ghosh1* 1Cytogenetics & Plant Biotechnology Research Unit, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, India 2Environmental Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, India *Corresponding Author: [email protected] [Accepted: 19 October 2015] Abstract: Importance and destruction of mangroves have appeared in some recent surveys. So their restoration through tissue culture study is urgently required because in vivo propagation is plagued with unforeseen obstacles. This study describes for the first time in vitro approach for threatened species Heritiera fomes and Bruguiera gymnorhiza through callus. For initiation of callus modified MS medium was formulated for each species which correlated with soil conditions of Sundarban mangrove forest. For both species the auxin NAA, nodal or shoot tip explants and rainy season were found to be most suitable for callusing. NaCl at the concentration of 20 mM and 60 mM promoted growth for H. fomes and B. gymnorhiza callus respectively which was found to be comparative for their growth in vivo as in Sundarban. Histological study indicated morphogenicity of callus. Previous in vitro studies on mangroves were mostly based on the effect of variety of hormones and different sea salts. However this present study clearly indicates that the in vitro studies of mangroves not only depend on these factors but greatly influence by soil condition of their habitual environment, seasonal condition etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Dark Septate Fungi in Plants Associated with Aquatic Environments Doi: 10.1590/0102-33062016Abb0296
    Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and dark septate fungi in plants associated with aquatic environments doi: 10.1590/0102-33062016abb0296 Table S1. Presence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and/or dark septate fungi (DSF) in non-flowering plants and angiosperms, according to data from 62 papers. A: arbuscule; V: vesicle; H: intraradical hyphae; % COL: percentage of colonization. MYCORRHIZAL SPECIES AMF STRUCTURES % AMF COL AMF REFERENCES DSF DSF REFERENCES LYCOPODIOPHYTA1 Isoetales Isoetaceae Isoetes coromandelina L. A, V, H 43 38; 39 Isoetes echinospora Durieu A, V, H 1.9-14.5 50 + 50 Isoetes kirkii A. Braun not informed not informed 13 Isoetes lacustris L.* A, V, H 25-50 50; 61 + 50 Lycopodiales Lycopodiaceae Lycopodiella inundata (L.) Holub A, V 0-18 22 + 22 MONILOPHYTA2 Equisetales Equisetaceae Equisetum arvense L. A, V 2-28 15; 19; 52; 60 + 60 Osmundales Osmundaceae Osmunda cinnamomea L. A, V 10 14 Salviniales Marsileaceae Marsilea quadrifolia L.* V, H not informed 19;38 Salviniaceae Azolla pinnata R. Br.* not informed not informed 19 Salvinia cucullata Roxb* not informed 21 4; 19 Salvinia natans Pursh V, H not informed 38 Polipodiales Dryopteridaceae Polystichum lepidocaulon (Hook.) J. Sm. A, V not informed 30 Davalliaceae Davallia mariesii T. Moore ex Baker A not informed 30 Onocleaceae Matteuccia struthiopteris (L.) Tod. A not informed 30 Onoclea sensibilis L. A, V 10-70 14; 60 + 60 Pteridaceae Acrostichum aureum L. A, V, H 27-69 42; 55 Adiantum pedatum L. A not informed 30 Aleuritopteris argentea (S. G. Gmel) Fée A, V not informed 30 Pteris cretica L. A not informed 30 Pteris multifida Poir.
    [Show full text]
  • Foliar Architecture of Indian Members of the Family Sterculiaceae and Its Systematic Relevance”
    PROJECT REPORT: FINAL UGC–MRP: F. No. 40–327/2011 (SR); dt. 30th June, 2011 TITLE OF THE PROJECT “FOLIAR ARCHITECTURE OF INDIAN MEMBERS OF THE FAMILY STERCULIACEAE AND ITS SYSTEMATIC RELEVANCE” PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR DR. DEBABRATA MAITY Assistant Professor Department of Botany Taxonomy & Biosystematics Laboratory University of Calcutta 35, Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata – 700 019 INDEX TO FIGURES FIGURE DETAILS FOLLOWED NO. PAGE NO. Fig.1 Presentation and illustration of Heritiera fomes 9 Fig.2 Presentation and illustration of Heritiera fomes continued 9 Fig.3 Transverse section of internode and node 10 Fig.4 Transverse section of petiole at different topography 10 Fig.5 Leaf shapes and major venation patterns in different members of 10 Sterculiaceae Fig.6 Types of Minor venation in different members of Sterculiaceae 11 Fig.7 Types of Margin and marginal venation in different members of 11 Sterculiaceae Fig.8 Types of vein ends in different members of Sterculiaceae 12 Fig.9 Types of trichomes, crystals and stomata in different members of 12 Sterculiaceae CONTENTS Titles Page No. 1. Introduction……………………………………………………………………..... 1 2. Review of literatures…………………………………………………………...... 3 3. Objectives..…………………………………………………………..................... 5 4. Materials and Methods…………………………………………………………... 6 4.1 Materials 4.2 Methods 4.2.1 Morphology 4.2.2 Anatomy 4.2.3 Venation of lamina 4.2.4 Dermal features and inclusions 4.2.5 Morphometric analysis 4.2.6 Key to the species 8. Observations……………………………………………………………………… 9 I. Study of stem and petiole 8.1 Internodal anatomy 8.2 Nodal anatomy 8.3 Petiolar anatomy II. Study of lamina 8.4 Laminar shape 8.5 Laminar venation 8.5.1 Major venation 8.5.2 Minor venation 8.5.3 Margin and Marginal venation 8.5.4 Free vein endings 8.6 Dermal features and inclusions 8.6.1 Trichomes 8.6.2 Scales 8.6.3 Stomata 8.6.4 Crystals III.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Causes of Disease in Sundarbans Natural Mangrove
    American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering 2014; 2(2): 18-32 Published online July 30, 2014 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/bio) doi: 10.11648/j.bio.20140202.11 ISSN: 2328-5885 (Print); ISSN: 2328-5893 (Online) Analysis of causes of disease in Sundarbans natural mangrove Awal, Mohd. Abdul Environmental Scientist, (Ministry of Environment & Forest), Founder & Chief Advisor, (Health & Pollutions Research Farm), and Address: Long Island City, New York, USA Email address: [email protected] To cite this article: Awal, Mohd. Abdul. Analysis of Causes of Disease in Sundarbans Natural Mangrove. American Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. Vol. 2, No. 2, 2014, pp. 18-32. doi: 10.11648/j.bio.20140202.11 Abstract: A serious disease (top dying) of H. fomes in Sundarbans is affecting millions of the trees. An inventory by Chaffey et al., (1985) revealed that there were about 45.2 million top dying trees in the Sundarbans of which 20 million had more than 50% of their crown affected by top dying. The loss of H. fomes will have a major impact on the Sundarbans mangrove ecosystem, as well as lead to economic losses. Despite various hypotheses as to the causes of this top-dying, the underlying causes are still not well understood. The present work has explored some of the possible factors involved, focussing particularly on the relationship between the amount of top-dying in different places and the concentrations of a number of chemical elements present in the soil and water, in order to test the hypothesis that chemical pollution might be responsible. Other factors such as the pH, salinity and nutrient status were also assessed.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges to Survival
    DIPANJAN GHOSH AND SREEPARNA GHOSH Article Feature Challenges to Survival Sunderban, the largest mangrove ecosystem in the world, is facing serious threats to its survival. Also threatened are a large number of endangered and globally threatened faunal species and local inhabitants who earn their livelihood. about 410,000 hectares, 212,500 hectares The Sunderban region has a warm is occupied by mangrove forest and humid climate. The average maximum 178,100 hectares is water body. The entire and minimum temperature of this region forested area constitutes the Biosphere is 40° C and 18° C respectively, with an Reserve (declared on 29 March 1989). annual rainfall of about 1600 to 1800 The present Sunderban National Park, with millimetres. Sunderban receives rainfall three sanctuaries, is an integral part of this during the southwest monsoon season UNDERBAN is the largest mangrove biosphere. (June to October), with occasional rainfall Secosystem in the world, covering an area The Sunderban creates a unique throughout the year. Rainfall is negligible of about one million hectares, of which 60% ecological environment that is composed in the winter months. Occasionally, during is located in Bangladesh and the remaining of rich assemblages of both floral and May and October, violent cyclonic storms in India. Located in the southern part of the faunal wealth, along with dense human accompanied with high sea waves and state of West Bengal, it extends over the habitation surrounding the forest core tides devastate the coastal Sunderban area from Dampier-Hodges Line in the north area. Human settlements in Sunderban area. to the Bay of Bengal and from the western are believed to have started at least four embankment of the rivers Ichhamati-Kalindi- hundred years ago.
    [Show full text]
  • Running Head 'Biology of Mangroves'
    BIOLOGY OF MANGROVES AND MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMS 1 Biology of Mangroves and Mangrove Ecosystems ADVANCES IN MARINE BIOLOGY VOL 40: 81-251 (2001) K. Kathiresan1 and B.L. Bingham2 1Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Annamalai University, Parangipettai 608 502, India 2Huxley College of Environmental Studies, Western Washington University, Bellingham, WA 98225, USA e-mail [email protected] (correponding author) 1. Introduction.............................................................................................. 4 1.1. Preface........................................................................................ 4 1.2. Definition ................................................................................... 5 1.3. Global distribution ..................................................................... 5 2. History and Evolution ............................................................................. 10 2.1. Historical background ................................................................ 10 2.2. Evolution.................................................................................... 11 3. Biology of mangroves 3.1. Taxonomy and genetics.............................................................. 12 3.2. Anatomy..................................................................................... 15 3.3. Physiology ................................................................................. 18 3.4. Biochemistry ............................................................................. 20 3.5. Pollination
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Problems for Worldwide Mangroves
    Earth Science s 2014; 3(4): 97-108 Published online August 30, 2014 (http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/earth) doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20140304.11 ISSN: 2328-5974 (Print); ISSN: 2328-5982 (Online) Analysis of problems for worldwide mangroves Awal, Mohd Abdul Environmental Scientist, Ministry of Environment and Forest, and Founder & Chief Advisor, Health & Pollution Research Farm, Present address: Long Island City, New York, USA Email address: [email protected] To cite this article: Awal, Mohd Abdul. Analysis of Problems for Worldwide Mangroves. Earth Sciences. Vol. 3, No. 4, 2014, pp. 97-108. doi: 10.11648/j.earth.20140304.11 Abstract: Mangroves supports a diverse fauna and flora, approximately one million people of Bangladesh and India depend on it directly for their livelihood, and also it provides a critical natural habitat which helps protect the low lying country and its population from natural catastrophes such as cyclones. Despite this role, mangroves particularly Sundarbans has been facing tremendous problems, including that of dieback (top-dying), human destructions, deforestations, illicit fellings, miss-management of the main tree species ( Heritiera fomes ) which is affecting millions of trees. The cause of this dieback is still not well understood unknown. The present work has investigated one of the possible factors that might be causing this problems like top-dying, namely the concentrations of various chemical elements present in the sediments, particularly heavy metals, though other chemical parameters such as the pH, salinity, moisture content of the sediment and nutrient status were also assessed. Tree height and trunk diameter were determined as indications of tree growth, counts of seedlings and saplings were made to assess regeneration success, and the intensity of top-dying within the sampled plots was recorded on a rank scale.
    [Show full text]
  • Threatened Ecosystems of Myanmar
    Threatened ecosystems of Myanmar An IUCN Red List of Ecosystems Assessment Nicholas J. Murray, David A. Keith, Robert Tizard, Adam Duncan, Win Thuya Htut, Nyan Hlaing, Aung Htat Oo, Kyaw Zay Ya and Hedley Grantham 2020 | Version 1.0 Threatened Ecosystems of Myanmar. An IUCN Red List of Ecosystems Assessment. Version 1.0. Murray, N.J., Keith, D.A., Tizard, R., Duncan, A., Htut, W.T., Hlaing, N., Oo, A.H., Ya, K.Z., Grantham, H. License This document is an open access publication licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non- commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). Authors: Nicholas J. Murray University of New South Wales and James Cook University, Australia David A. Keith University of New South Wales, Australia Robert Tizard Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar Adam Duncan Wildlife Conservation Society, Canada Nyan Hlaing Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar Win Thuya Htut Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar Aung Htat Oo Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar Kyaw Zay Ya Wildlife Conservation Society, Myanmar Hedley Grantham Wildlife Conservation Society, Australia Citation: Murray, N.J., Keith, D.A., Tizard, R., Duncan, A., Htut, W.T., Hlaing, N., Oo, A.H., Ya, K.Z., Grantham, H. (2020) Threatened Ecosystems of Myanmar. An IUCN Red List of Ecosystems Assessment. Version 1.0. Wildlife Conservation Society. ISBN: 978-0-9903852-5-7 DOI 10.19121/2019.Report.37457 ISBN 978-0-9903852-5-7 Cover photos: © Nicholas J. Murray, Hedley Grantham, Robert Tizard Numerous experts from around the world participated in the development of the IUCN Red List of Ecosystems of Myanmar. The complete list of contributors is located in Appendix 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Aquatic Salinity on Mangrove Seedlings: a Case Study on Heritiera Fomes (Common Name: Sundari)
    DOI: 10.26717/BJSTR.2017.01.000348 Abhijit Mitra. Biomed J Sci & Tech Res ISSN: 2574-1241 Research Article Open Access Impact of Aquatic Salinity on Mangrove Seedlings: A Case Study on Heritiera fomes (Common Name: Sundari) Nabonita Pal1, Sufia Zaman1, Prosenjit Pramanick1 and Abhijit Mitra2* 1Department of Oceanography, Techno India University West Bengal, India 2Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, India Received: August 20, 2017; Published: September 12, 2017 *Corresponding author: Abhijit Mitra, Department of Oceanography, Techno India University West Bengal, Salt Lake Campus, Kolkata 700091, India, Tel: ; Email: Abstract Heritiera fomes a:b (commonly known as Sundari in India) is gradually getting extinct from high saline pockets of lower Gangetic plain. Hydroponically grown seedlings of the species were analyzed for Chl a, Chl b, total chlorophyll, Chl ratio and carotenoid at five different salinity levels (2, 5, 10, 15 and 20 psu). The concentrations of chlorophyll and carotenoid pigmentsa:b ratio exhibited in the significantplant remained negative almost correlations constant with salinity (p < 0.01). The total chlorophyll expressed, on unit fresh wt. basis decreasedHeritiera byfomes 63.39% of Indian to 73.33% Sundarbans and in region case of can carotenoid be sustained the decrease was from 27.78% to 36.84% with the increase of salinity from 2 to 20 psu. The Chl throughout the period of investigation during 2017 January. The results show that and propagated under low saline environment. At 15 psu, the plants become acclimated in one to two weeks, but at 20 psu the seedlings could not survive. The study is important as rising salinity is experienced in central Indian Sundarbans of lower Gangetic plain due to sea level rise and obstruction of freshwater flow from Ganga-Bhagirathi-Hooghly channel as a result of heavy siltation.
    [Show full text]
  • Climate Change-Induced Salinity Variation Impacts on a Stenoecious Mangrove Species in the Indian Sundarbans
    For Author's Personal Use Ambio 2017, 46:492–499 DOI 10.1007/s13280-016-0839-9 REPORT Climate change-induced salinity variation impacts on a stenoecious mangrove species in the Indian Sundarbans Kakoli Banerjee, Roberto Cazzolla Gatti , Abhijit Mitra Received: 11 April 2016 / Revised: 10 June 2016 / Accepted: 8 October 2016 / Published online: 1 November 2016 Abstract The alterations in the salinity profile are an that the global ocean is freshening (Antonov et al. 2002). indirect, but potentially sensitive, indicator for detecting The estuaries adjacent to the oceans have also been changes in precipitation, evaporation, river run-off, glacier affected in terms of salinity, but for the lower Gangetic retreat, and ice melt. These changes have a high impact on delta system, a unique situation has been observed owing the growth of coastal plant species, such as mangroves. to connection of the Ganga–Bhagirathi–Hooghly River Here, we present estimates of the variability of salinity and system in the western sector with the Himalayan glaciers the biomass of a stenoecious mangrove species (Heritiera (Banerjee 2013). The Farakka barrage discharge in this fomes, commonly referred to as Sundari) in the aquatic sector built to increase the draft of the aquatic subsystem subsystem of the lower Gangetic delta based on a dataset for navigational purpose also exerts a regulatory influence from 2004 to 2015. We highlight the impact of salinity on salinity. The discharge of freshwater by this barrage on alteration on the change in aboveground biomass of this regular basis results in the freshening of the system endangered species that, due to different salinity profile in (Banerjee 2013).
    [Show full text]