Toc JUN09 in This Issue

newsletter of the ucla Center for the JUN09 study of women

by VA N G E H e i l i ge r an d H eat he r C o l l e t t e -VA N d E r aa CSW

Desire and Disposability in Patricia Yaeger’s “Luminous Trash: Throwaway Robots in Blade Runner, the Terminators, A.I., and Wall•E” Many objects remain unnoticed simply because it never occurs to us to look their way. Most people turn their backs on garbage cans, the dirt underfoot, the waste they leave behind. Siegfried Kracauer, Theory of Film: The Redemption of Physical Reality (Oxford, 1960)

1 toc JUN09 in this issue

Trashy Robots Dorothy Shaver Vange Heiliger and Stephanie Amerian 15 Heather Collette-VanDeraa

Kay Warren on Director’s Commentary Gender, Class, and the HAVE A GREAT SUMMER! Unwilling Victims of Kathleen McHugh Human Trafficking Law Janell Rothenberg

3 19

NAme law and gender AWARDS 2009 in iceland Kendra Willson 8 21

Where Are the Voices? Shonali M. Choudhury DEPARTMENTS Staff 34

2 JUN09 DIRECTOR’s Commentary

Have a great summer!

– Kathleen McHugh

This issue is the last of this academic year. We look forward to seeing everyone in the Fall!

— Kathleen McHugh and all the staff of CSW

3 Trashy Robots , continued from page 1

hat does it mean for humans to them completely within three years—almost desire human-like relationships with before the physical object itself shows any signs Wrobots? What kind of sovereignty do of wear and tear. In robot movies, this technol- we want to have over our trash? These two seem- ogy turnover becomes personified in robots: ingly unrelated questions melded together ex- commodities who behave both as subjects (who quisitely during Patricia Yaeger’s talk “Luminous can act) and as objects (that can be disposed of Trash: Throwaway Robots in Blade Runner, the once they are no longer valued). We humans Terminators, A.I. and Wall•E.” Yaeger directed want human-like relationships with our robots, her audiences’ eyes towards robots as trash, and but when our robots become obsolete—which is in doing so, linked together present and future practically instantaneous—we shift our thinking possibilities for re-thinking automated relation- from one of relating to one of discarding. ships, technological power, and wasteful con- Yaeger suggests that while many humans sumption. Yaeger, the Henry Simmons Frieze cease to think about trash once we have dis- Collegiate Professor of English and Women’s carded an object we deem no longer useful to us, Studies at the University of Michigan, spoke to this doesn’t mean that the life of the object has an overflowing room about our fascination with ended. Rather, the life of commodities-as-trash robots and trash, both of whom—or of which, persists in what she calls robot time. If durable depending on your comfort level with anthro- time is the increasingly brief period when objects pomorphizing non-human subjects—highlight are useful to humans, then we can think of robot Blade Runner (1982) Ridley Scott, Warner Bros. tensions between our desires and their limits. time as time outside the boundaries of durable Yeager’s work presents a meta-commentary time, time that exists before and after durable on disposable culture, using trash to interrogate time. This reveals that commodities have some- our complex and contradictory relationships thing like half-lives; what we throw away in the to technology and commodities. Obsolescence trash takes on new life after it is recycled, and quickly follows a commodity’s introduction into again when it is trashed and re-used once again. our lives, she points out; our computers are in Yaeger suggests that while commodities are need of upgrades almost as soon as we take them better when they have use-value that transcends out of the box, and we are encouraged to replace ‘first use,’ most humans don’t think of their com- JUN09 4 CSupdateW toc modities as having value beyond first use. That is, we are accustomed to brief rather than lengthy durable times. This post-WWII shift in thinking accompa- nied political and economic strategies to increase production and consumption, and with the shorten- ing of durable time, heightened trashy destruction. Robot time, capable of spanning the present and the future, provides long-sighted thinking about trash. The robots in the four films discussed—Blade Runner, the Terminator movies, A.I., and Wall•E— personify the commodified objects that we so desire when they are ‘luminous,’ that is, shiny and new, but later yearn for after we have thrown them away. Additionally, robots, cyborgs, and androids make us question our humanness. We want to create some- thing ‘just like us,’ but the more like us they become, the more we fear them in their capacity to throw us away. In Blade Runner, for example, the shared intimacy between maker and cyborg creates an “at- mosphere of radiance,” in a moment of recognition. The Terminator (1984), Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), We personify commodities but in choosing to see James Cameron, Orion Pictures James Cameron, Carolco Pictures commodities as humanlike, we give them power to make choices: about what to throw away and what transformation from being a human-like object our waste creates: the large scale global trashing to destroy. Robots can choose to trash us, a theme to simply ‘trash’ forces us to confront our personal exemplified in the “vortex of trash,” a region in the 1 particularly acute in the Terminator series. relationships with the things we throw away. Pacific Ocean the size of Texas? Yeager assures us Robots connect us to our refuse, illuminating our In Yeager’s terms, this leaves us with a “strange that it is both. desires for the new and the old, for relationships metallic mourning for that which we throw away.” Yaeger suggests that in disposing of both old of pleasure and consumption, relationships both But are we mourning the objects we throw away, and new commodities, we reveal that our desires human-like and commoditized. When a commod- a kind of longing for that-which-is-no-longer- ity has been anthropomorphized, its inevitable new? Or are we morning the destruction that 1. See http://oceans.greenpeace.org/en/the-expedition/news/ trashing-our-oceans/ocean_pollution_animation JUN09 5 CSupdateW toc Pardon our dust (2005), Spike Jonze, Gap

for commodities may be less motivated by an by Spike Jonze. Economic strategies of waste have Terminator robot, who possesses the power to attempt to gain material status as the one who been more viable than tactics of reuse and recy- come back to life when humans try to trash him. has the most stuff than by a fetishistic desire for cling, as exemplified in Wall•E with an advertise- In Ridley Scott’s Blade Runner (1982), we view novelty. This desire leads us, as consumers, to ment by Buy n Large (BnL), the movie's fictional a tension in the landscape of high-tech future, live in perpetual futurity, grounded not in the mega-corporation, : which is simultaneously luminous and decayed. present landscape of our waste, but in a future of These two films, as well as the circus-like display needs and wants defined by the new, located a Too much garbage in your face? There’s plenty of robot execution in A.I. (2001) and the barren of space out in space! BnL StarLiners leaving each comfortable distance from the refuse of material wasteland dotted by trash skyscrapers in Wall•E day. We’ll clean up the mess while you’re away! reality. Robots, at once both disposable and de- (2008), offer up spectacles of our destruction. structive, personify our human needs and desires The idea of space being empty, that we can fill Yaeger proposes that robots remind us of while they also expose our contemporary role it with trash and move on, and thus perpetuate our own obsolescence in the face of increas- as “the destructive consumer” rather than “the our endless consumption, is another faulty human ingly “smart” technology. Calling attention to creative producer.” hubris of avoidance. Robot movies offer up trash- the disposable workforce of childcare, welfare, To consume conspicuously, we must trash ing as a regenerative activity, even—or perhaps and social workers in A.I. (2001), and the sole conspicuously, says Yaeger. We have a commer- especially—via the destruction of humans and inhabitant of planet Earth, a loveable lonely cial fascination with trash, evidenced not only in human presence. Each of the robot movies Yaeger trash compactor in Wall-E (2008), it appears that the destructive landscapes in robot movies, but draws upon provides us with spectacles of destruc- throwaway workers and programmed obsoles- also in a smorgasbord of destruction in commer- tion. James Cameron’s 1984 Terminator film begins cence bear the marks of gender, race, and class cials, such as a recent Gap commercial directed with a garbage truck as vector of arrival for the politics. The movie A.I. renders useless the labor

JUN09 6 CSupdateW toc be linked to the unsettling relationship between with old-fashioned robot values and working robots as object and subject: robots themselves steadily in robot time, who sifts through trash can be both disposable objects and subjects who and discovers the potential for a human future create trash. Robot movies remind us that when on Earth. Reveling in the pleasure of trash, we throw robots away or attempt to destroy Wall•E saves items valuable to a quirky robot, them, we are also participating in their next half- reminding us that it is not a limited understand- life creations by removing them from durable ing of durable time that provides the means for time as first-use commodities and allowing them regenerative ecological and human reproduction new life as subjects in robot time. Through our on earth, but rather, an expansive robot time that acts of trashing, we create the potential means of considers the endless possibilities in trash. our own human destruction. Vange Heiliger is a doctoral candidate in the De- Yaeger’s talk was delightful in that it prompt- partment of Women’s Studies at UCLA. ed the audience to notice trash, to begin asking questions about trash, and to ask what it might Heather Collette-VanDeraa is a Masters student WALL•E (2008), Andrew Stanton, mean to behave ethically in relation to trash. If in the Cinema & Media Studies program at UCLA. Pixar Animation Studios/Walt Disney Pictures the point of robots is to call attention to questions of subjectivity and choice, our ability as apparatuses who no longer serve industrial humans to trash robots and their potential to needs, nor even the emotional and psychologi- trash us complicates seemingly over-determined cal needs of humans. Yet despite the destruction consumer relationships not only to the means of those robots marked as no longer valuable, of production, but also to the means of destruc- humans are afraid of cyborgs, our trash-turned- tion. Wall•E, that lovable trash-compacting subjects, taking over. What remains unclear is dumpster-diving robot extraordinaire, finds a which humans, if any, will survive the techno- plant in a discarded refrigerator, and instead of logical takeover: those who create waste or those destroying it per his human instructions, nur- who reuse it? tures the plant in an old boot. The use-value of During the question and answer session, Yea- the plant, for Wall•E, occurs in robot time; more ger suggested there are no clear answers to these than 700 years after humans have declared Earth questions because it is “complicated thinking uninhabitable and “impossible to recolonize.” about trash.” We suggest this complication can After the humans’ flight, it is a robot, operating

JUN09 7 CSupdateW toc A person’s name by Kendra Willson is at once a central marker of personal identity (including gender identity), a linguistic artifact, and a label used to identify individuals at all levels of social organization. Legal monitoring of personal name choice correlates with aspects of state Name Law formation and centralization. The Nordic countries (Denmark, Sweden, Iceland, Finland, Nor- way) each implemented legislation on personal names between 1828 and 1923. Each country’s laws have subsequently been revised several and Gender times. In general, the original name laws in the Nordic countries assume an ethnically homogeneous population and treat names as part of the national language. Recent revisions have attempted in Iceland to take into account increasing immigration and multiculturalism. Changes in family structures and attitudes (for example, women’s name changes at marriage, policies regarding children of unmarried parents) are also reflected in name law revisions. Iceland is known for an extremely successful policy of linguistic purism. The folk belief that the language has remained unchanged since the country was settled in the 9th century ad is central to Icelandic national identity. Many Icelanders are proud of the conser- vatism of their vocabulary and the morphological complexity of their language, with three grammatical genders, four cases, and myriad inflectional classes. One aspect of Icelandic purism is a historically strict policy on personal names. From 1952 until 1995, foreigners who applied for Icelandic citizenship were obliged to take Icelandic names. In the early 20th century, after some debate (see Willson 2002), Iceland decided to depart from the dominant European trend of adopting fixed surnames and maintain the patronymic system; adoption of new surnames was forbidden after 1925. Only some 7 percent of contemporary Icelanders have surnames inherited in fixed forms © MarisaWilliams Allegra JUN09 8 CSupdateW toc (Ellen Dröfn Gunnarsdóttir 2005). A person’s children as they wish. I believe this debate re- nal arguing that the name should be masculine first name remains his or her primary name; flects uncertainty in society about the role of the because there was no appropriate declension hence the telephone catalogue is organized by family and the state in shaping citizens, as well class for feminine nouns of that shape (Margrét first name. The “last name” is in most cases a as tension between tradition and individualism Jónsdóttir 2002). Blær, like other names over the patronymic, based on the father’s name with the in name choice (see Ólöf Garðarsdóttir 1999). years, became a “poster child” for opponents of addition of -son or -dóttir. Ólöf Garðarsdóttir, The law states “a boy shall not be given a the name policy. The one female Blær in Iceland, for example, is the daughter of a man named girl’s name nor a girl a boy’s name.” This has Blær Guðmundsdóttir, was quoted in the media Garðar. Metronymics formed in the same way been interpreted to mean that names must be saying that the name had never caused her any from the mother’s name are legal but rare (for unambiguous with respect to gender. In most trouble. example, Ingunn Ásdísardóttir, whose mother instances, the inflectional class of the name is Andri Árnason, then chair of the personal is Ásdís). Defenders of the patro- (and metro-) unambiguous with respect to gender. In the rare name committee, was interviewed in the news- nymic system tout its gender equity in that instances where a name has been attested both paper Morgunblaðið (5 July 2002) explaining as women do not change their names at marriage. as a man’s and as a woman’s name, the commit- follows: If parents wish to give their child a name that tee considers the gender of the common noun on The law which specifies that names cannot be is not on the list of approved first names, they which the name is based (if applicable) and then borne by both women and men was probably cre- must submit a petition to the committee on the relative numbers of male and female name- ated with the idea in mind that is should be pos- personal names (mannanafnanefnd). The personal bearers (Morgunblaðið 5 July 2002). sible to determine from people’s names whether they are male or female. As an example one might name committee is widely unpopular. Twice One case which attracted media attention take the name Blær Hafberg; it is not possible since its establishment in 1991 the committee has concerned the name Blær. This name is ho- to see from it whether the person in question is resigned en masse. An acquaintance who joined mophonous with the masculine common noun a man or a woman. It is the legislative body that makes decisions that it shall be so and the per- the committee after the last group resignation blær (“breeze; nuance; tone”). It is found as a sonal name committee operates accordingly. reports having been told, “You must love to be feminine personal name in the novel Brekku- hated.” Members of the committee emphasize kotsannáll (The fish can sing) by Nobel laureate This statement is typical in emphasizing that the difficulty of being charged with enforcing Halldór Laxness. In 1989, one woman and five the committee does not set policy but simply an ambiguous and unpopular law (see Hall- men in Iceland had this name (Guðrún Kvaran enforces it, although feedback from the commit- dór Ármann Sigurðsson 1993). Popular voices and Sigurður Jónsson frá Arnarvatni 1991: 161). tee was influential in shaping the 1995 revision to object variously that the committee is failing in The name Blær was registered as a mascu- the name law. The hypothetical example of Blær its gatekeeper function by permitting ugly or line name in 1998. Three subsequent petitions Hafberg ties the issue of gender-ambiguous first ridiculous names and that it is restricting human to register it as a feminine name were therefore names to the question of surnames. The gender rights by denying parents the right to name their denied. An article appeared in a linguistic jour- and declinability of surnames were areas of con- JUN09 9 CSupdateW toc tention in the Icelandic surname debate of the From 1952 until 1995, foreigners who applied early 20th century (Willson 2002). for Icelandic citizenship were obliged to take Surprisingly, I have not identified in this discourse many voices questioning the general Icelandic names. principle that names should indicate the bearer’s gender. One blogger (http://begga.blog.is/blog/ begga/entry/612/) presents, as a parallel to the The personal name committee is widely Blær case, that the name Sturla is grammatically feminine but is a man’s name (and one borne unpopular. Twice since its establishment in by prominent figures in early Icelandic history). This is not entirely correct; rather, the masculine 1991 the committee has resigned en masse. name Sturla belongs to a declension class most An acquaintance who joined the committee members of which are feminine. The name laws of most other Nordic coun- after the last group resignation reports tries also stipulate that first names should be having been told, “You must love to be unambiguous for gender. This is the case, for example, in Finland, where Finnish, the domi- hated.” nant language, has no grammatical gender and uses the same pronoun for “he” and “she.” One could argue in both directions about the rela- The law states “a boy shall not be given a tive importance of gender-specific names in Icelandic vs. Finnish. In Icelandic, any adjective girl’s name nor a girl a boy’s name.” This has and even the way of saying “hello” will take a different form depending on the gender of the been interpreted to mean that names must name bearer. On the one hand, the grammatical be unambiguous with respect to gender. relevance of the person’s gender is much greater in Icelandic than in Finnish. On the other hand, the Icelandic language will provide many redundant “clues” to the person’s gender (including, in most instances, the person’s patronymic),

JUN09 10 CSupdateW toc whereas in Finnish the first name may be the of feminism in Iceland have tended to emphasize Halldór Ármann Sigurðsson. 1993. Heimil nöfn og only indication of the person’s gender. Hence if equal rights without necessarily questioning óheimil. Um 2. grein mannanafnalaganna. Íslenskt one accepts the notion that a person’s sex should sexual difference. mál og almenn málfræði 15: 7–34. Margrét Jónsdóttir. 2002. Karlmannsnafn eða be clear from textual references to the person, kvenmannsnafn? um nafnið Blær. Íslenskt mál og the information load on the name is greater in Author's Note: This research forms part of a larg- almenn málfræði 23: 191-201. Finnish than in a language like Icelandic. er project on “Personal name law in the Nordic Ólöf Garðarsdóttir. 1999. “Naming practices and I interviewed a transgender Swede who had countries: models of language and citizenship.” the importance of kinship networks in early taken the name Mia Hedvigsdotter. Uppsala Kendra Willson is an Assistant Professor-in-Res- nineteenth-century Iceland.” History of the Family 4, 3: 297–314. University accepted this name, but the national idence in the Scandinavian Section at UCLA. Her registry did not. Swedish law does not allow Willson, Kendra. 2002. Political inflections. Grammar research interests include Old and Modern Icelandic and the Icelandic surname debate, 135–152, in people to adopt “gender-inappropriate” names language, literature, and culture and Nordic language Linn, Andrew R., and Nicola McLelland, eds. unless they have completed a full biological sex history. She has written on Icelandic nicknames, Standardization. Studies from the Germanic change, whereas Norwegian law simply re- language politics, and syntactic change in Icelandic languages. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. quires a “transgender identity.” The Swedish law, and other Nordic languages. Prof. Willson received however, is being combated by grassroots groups. a CSW Faculty Development Grant in 2008 and I have not yet seen signs of a debate over the she gave a presentation at the Works in Progress II principle of gender-specific names in Iceland. symposium on May 12th. In the United States, some parents view a gender-neutral name as an advantage for a Bibliography daughter. Names tend to evolve from masculine to unisex to feminine (Barry and Harper 1982). Barry, Herbert, III, and Aylene S. Harper. 1982. The absence of such a trend in Iceland may relate “Evolution of unisex names.” Names 30, 1: 15–22. to the grammatical structure of the language. A Ellen Dröfn Gunnarsdóttir. 2005. Frá Guðrúnu recent Bible translation which aimed to ren- Jónsdóttur til Birtu Lífar Aronsdóttur. Breytingar der scripture in “the language of both sexes” á nafnahefðum Íslendinga frá landnámsöld til nútímans. MA thesis, University of Iceland. (mál beggja kynja) was attacked by linguists for Guðrún Kvaran and Sigurður Jónsson frá Arnarvatni. distorting the language to the point of incom- 1991. Nöfn Íslendinga. Reykjavík: Heimskringla. prehensibility (Guðrún Þórhallsdóttir 2005). The Guðrún Þórhallsdóttir. 2005. Mál beggja kynja – eða lack of interest in unisex names may also be con- hvorugs? Lecture delivered at the 19th Rask nected to the fact that the most prevalent forms conference, Reykjavík, 22 January 2005.

JUN09 11 CSupdateW toc Where Are the Voices? Moving Beyond HIV in the Lives of Female Sex Workers

by Shonali M. Choudhury

ijuana promises different social position because they are things to different people. violating the norms of sexual TThroughout Mexico people purity demanded of “good women” in difficult circumstances dream in order to provide for their of moving to the US-Mexico children. Grounded in feminist border in search of better economic constructivism, my research studies opportunities and the chance to be the process of forming a positive closer to the American dream. Men self-image and negotiating health of means from the United States in the lives of establishment-based and other countries flock to Tijuana female sex workers in Tijuana. in search of new and exciting sexual In this research I find that the adventures. At the crossroads, we women working in the commercial find women working in the sex sex industry have a strong drive industry in order to give their to form a positive self-image as families a better life and at the same a way to manage their lives and time servicing men seeking sex. challenge notions that they are Women working in the women of little to no value. Social commercial sex industry in Tijuana interactions both inside and find themselves in a precarious outside the world of commercial Tijuana

JUN09 12 CSupdateW toc sex are central to shaping the into account their own holistic self-image of women working in concepts of mental and physical I find that the women working in the the commercial sex industry and health because narrowly targeting commercial sex industry have a strong their capacity to take control of reproductive health undermines their lives and health. My research their positive self-image as women drive to form a positive self-image suggests that the key processes of value rather than sex objects. that contribute to a positive The inspiration for working on as a way to manage their lives and self-image amongst female sex this research project came from a challenge notions that they are women workers in Tijuana include being class on health in Latin America a good mother, having supportive at the UCLA School of Public of little to no value. sisterly relationships with women, Health. For this class I wrote a managing relationships with men, critical literature review of what has legitimizing sex work, and rejecting been labeled a “public health crisis” the victim label. related to female sex workers and My research concludes that HIV in Tijuana. In the preparation public health interventions that of this paper, what struck me was aim to improve the health and that the voices of women were well-being of female sex workers lacking from most of the discourses should take into account their on the topic. Researchers were Sciences in the School of Public research project I had spent vast existing strengths and resources. quick to assume that women Health with a subconcentration amounts of time in Mexico, I had Programs should incorporate the working in the sex industry are to in Women’s Studies, I decided to never been to Tijuana. I decided reinforcement of values that are blame for HIV crossing over from use my training and my dedication to embark on an adventure, and central to most women working high-risk populations to low-risk to issues related to community I drove my car to the border in the commercial sex industry. populations or that female sex and women’s health to address the and crossed into Mexico by The importance of supportive workers are helpless victims caught significant gaps in the literature foot. Crossing the border was female figures in their lives can in a lifetime of desperation. I asked in regards to the health and well- a very interesting experience. be replicated in a community myself how we could possibly talk being of women working in the You walk a few feet and cross health model in which sex workers about a public health crisis and commercial sex industry in Tijuana. through a turnstile gate and all are trained to be “promotoras” not involve the “public” or the As a resident of Southern of a sudden you are in a very (big sister community health community. California, the US-Mexico border different world. Although the workers). Interventions that target As a doctoral student in the is a significant part of my social process of crossing the border is sex workers should also take Department of Community Health world. Although prior to this relatively easy and you are not JUN09 13 CSupdateW toc Through the nonprofit health action that starts from the I had many informal conversations with organization the Bi-National voices of the women rather than these women to find out about their lives, Center for Human Rights, I making judgments about their lives was able to make contacts in the and health priorities. While HIV their concerns, and their priorities. Hearing community, and I started talking to is an important factor in their lives, their stories helped me realize that as women working in the sex industry. it is only part of a larger struggle to Engaging in these conversations live fulfilling lives and provide the public health scholars, we cannot forget changed everything. I was no best life possible for their children longer in a strange environment but and families. about the faces and voices of the people rather just sharing life stories with and communities with whom we work. other women. Prior to officially Shonali M. Choudhury finished starting the research project, I had her Ph.D. in May 2009 at the UCLA many informal conversations with School of Public Health with a these women to find out about concentration in Community Health their lives, their concerns, and their Sciences and a subconcentration in priorities. Hearing their stories Women’s Studies. She specializes in helped me realize that as public health promotion among marginal- health scholars, we cannot forget ized women, reproductive health, and about the faces and voices of the the application of feminist research asked for any documentation of Once you move past the guns, people and communities with methods in public health. For her citizenship, you are greeted by men you encounter a hodgepodge of whom we work. As I continued in fatigues and masks carrying bars and craft vendors desperately to gather data through in-depth dissertation research she spent exten- semi-automatic weapons. The seeking your patronage and the interviews, I learned a great deal sive time working in the field with military and police are not worried US dollar. Walking down the main about the lives of these women women working in the commercial about illegal immigration into street, if you look closely, you can that was not uncovered in other sex industry in Tijuana, Mexico. She Mexico but rather are responding see women standing on the corners research with this community. was awarded the Elizabeth Black- to the government call for a crack luring men with as simple a sign My research reveals how women well, MD, award in June 2009 for down on drug trafficking. One’s as a wink. At first the environment working in the sex industry are her paper “As Prostitutes, We Control confidence that their presence is seems shocking and unfamiliar. engaged in a constant struggle Our Bodies”: Perceptions of Health making the city safer is shattered But things change when you get to to form a positive self image. By and Body in the Lives of Establish- by the news stories about know your surroundings and the engaging with the community ment-Based Female Sex Workers in corruption within law enforcement. I developed a model for public people in the community. Tijuana. JUN09 14 CSupdateW toc T r ave l G r an t r E p o r t by S t e p han i e A me r i an Fifth Avenues’ First Lady Dorothy Shaver

Largely forgotten except in and Hortense Odlum of Bonwit be explored in depth. The fashion and some business histo- Teller, who both attained their high basic question motivating ries, Dorothy Shaver was a trail- positions through their husbands. my research asks what blazing female executive at Lord In this sense, Dorothy Shaver was distinguishing factors & Taylor department store in New unique because she became presi- allowed Dorothy Shaver York City. Upon her promotion to dent, as Life magazine reported, to achieve such business president of the company in 1945, “exactly as a man would have done success. In answering this Lord & Taylor department store on Time magazine dubbed her “Fifth —by vote of the male directors of question, my dissertation examines 1 5th Avenue between 38th and 39th Avenue’s First Lady.” Born in the Associated Dry Goods Corpo- the life of an important woman to 2 in New York City. The store moved to Arkansas in 1893, Dorothy Shaver ration, which controls [the store].” analyze larger issues involving the this 10-story Italian Renaissance Re- worked at Lord & Taylor from 1924 During her life, Dorothy Shaver nature of women’s roles within the vival building when it was completed until her death in 1959, climbing was a well-known leader of the development of the fashion indus- in 1914. In 2007 the New York City up the corporate ladder rung by American fashion industry. Even try, American consumer culture, and Landmarks Preservation Commission rung. Shaver’s rise from compari- though fashion historians have dis- American business. designated the building a city land- mark. Dorothy Shaver’s office was on son shopper to president distin- cussed her important role in pro- In the fall of 2008, with the the ninth floor. guished her from other leading moting American fashion designers support of a CSW Travel Grant, I female executives such as Beatrice like Claire McCardell and Ameri- travelled to Washington, D.C., to Fox Auerbach of G. Fox & Co. can fashion itself, her life has yet to conduct research at the Smithsonian

JUN09 15 CSupdateW toc Anyone who has undertaken archival National Museum of American ing, because scholars of women History. At the Archives Center, in business such as Kathy Peiss research can attest that even with an I combed through The Dorothy and Angel Kwolek-Folland have Shaver Papers collection. As- generally characterized business- excellent finding aid, you never know sembled by Shaver’s sister after women in female-centric indus- her death, the collection holds tries like beauty and fashion as exactly what you will come across inside the bulk of her business papers being somewhat insular, exclud- including speeches, periodical ed from more male-dominated the many folders and boxes. For example, clippings, photos, letters, other networks and businesses like 3 documents, and recordings. IBM. Yet Dorothy Shaver’s in going through Shaver’s correspondence, Anyone who has undertaken connection to Tom Watson archival research can attest that points to how we might rethink I discovered several letters to and from even with an excellent find- this characterization in an effort ing aid, you never know exactly to truly “incorporate” women prominent businessmen, including Thomas J. what you will come across inside into business history and busi- the many folders and boxes. ness into women’s history. Watson, Sr., WHO WAs head of IBM from 1914 For example, in going through The Dorothy Shaver Pa- Shaver’s correspondence, I pers collection also includes to 1956. Further investigation revealed a discovered several letters to and numerous articles that sought from prominent businessmen, Shaver’s thoughts on the issue business friendship between the two that including Thomas J. Watson, Sr., of women’s increasing pres- head of IBM from 1914 to 1956. ence in business. She repeatedly lasted several years. Further investigation revealed stated that men and women a business friendship between have equal mental capacities the two that lasted several years. and talents for business suc- This discovery was very excit- cess. She also expressed her

JUN09 16 CSupdateW toc belief that women should have is essential to understanding the fashion, retailers needed to focus American girls, and letters to the same opportunities as men. opportunities, limitations, and less on the clothes themselves Dorothy Shaver from American With Shaver in charge, Lord & choices that businesswomen, and more on the images and soldiers who had seen the Life Taylor’s policies towards women particularly female executives ideas they came to represent. article back up the assertion. were very progressive; the like Shaver, confronted in the Lord & Taylor’s 1945 advertis- To these lonely men, the young company allowed and encour- period that prefigured the move- ing campaign, “The American models represented the ideal of aged women to return to work ment for civil rights and second- Look,” best characterizes Shav- American womanhood. after having children. On the wave feminism. er’s approach. The key feature The Lord & Taylor “Ameri- other hand, Shaver also saw the What allowed Dorothy of “The American Look” in can Look” campaign, launched sexes as distinct and believed Shaver to succeed was not just fashion, as Dorothy Shaver saw just months before the end of that women were still primarily a keen sense of business and it, was American women them- World War II, demonstrated wives and mothers. In her own management, but also a talent selves. The campaign featured how much American identity life, however, Dorothy Shaver for selling. Shaver understood a photo essay in the April 1, and consumerism had become was neither a wife nor a mother; how modern advertising was no 1945 issue of Life magazine that bound up in each other. Dorothy she never married, never had longer just concerned with sell- pictured seven attractive young Shaver and other leaders in the children, and resided much of ing products, but was also about women and asked, “What is the fashion industry were trying to her life with her similarly single selling ideas and lifestyles, since American Look?” Each of the sell a form of Americanism to and childless sister, Elsie, in a desire more and more trumped women was featured in a differ- women who were not only to spacious Manhattan apartment. necessity in buying. With the late ent setting to embody supposed consume, but were also to embody Her own life reflected a far less nineteenth-century shift to mass characteristics of all American these values on domestic and traditional worldview than the production, mass consumption women, including cleanliness, international stages. Shaver ar- one she imagined for other increasingly became a defining confidence, agelessness, domes- gued that the “American Look” career women or her female cus- feature of American life, culture, ticity, naturalness, good groom- showed the world Americans’ tomers. Closely examining the and identity. Dorothy Shaver ing, glamour, and simplicity. freedom, prosperity, and youth, debate about career women that understood this dramatic change The essay argued that Ameri- what would offer a stark con- Dorothy Shaver’s papers reveal and realized that to sell women’s can G.I.s missed the “look” of trast to communism during the

JUN09 17 CSupdateW toc Cold War. She envisioned that Stephanie Amerian is a doctoral the “American Look” would be candidate in the Department of CSW TRAVEL GRANTS PROGRAM copied around the world and History in the U.S. field. She earned her M.A. in History at UCLA in This program assists UCLA graduate students with travel that Americans would rival the 2007 and her B.A. in History at UC, expenses related to their research on women, gender, and French as fashion leaders. sexuality and enables them to present papers at professional Berkeley in 2004. Ultimately my work on Doro- conferences. Students may apply for a grant to fund travel that has occurred since the last award deadline (the prior 6 months) thy Shaver will increase our Notes or travel that will occur within the following 6 months. Awards understanding of the history of may be used only for transportation costs to and from the 1. “Fifth Avenue’s First Lady,” women in business and the roles conference or place of research. Awards are given twice a year. Time, December 31, 1945, http:// they played in shaping Ameri- Check the CSW website for requirements and deadlines. www.time.com/time/magazine/ can consumer culture that has article/0,9171,886788,00.html. come to be a defining feature of 2. Jeanne Perkins, “No. 1 Career our identities and lives as Amer- Woman,” Life, May 12, 1947, Dorothy Shaver Papers, Box 16, icans and as women. Folder 2, NMAH. 3. See Kathy Peiss, Hope in a Jar: Author’s Note: I thank the Center The Making of America’s Beauty for the Study of Women again for Culture (New York: Henry Holt, their gener- 1998); and Angel Kwolek-Folland, ous sup- Incorporating Women: A History of Women & Business in the United port of my States, (New York: Palgrave, 1998). research and Professors Jan Reiff, Kathryn Norberg, Ellen Dubois, Eleanor Kaufman,

and Mary Yeager for their essential insights into this research project.

JUN09 18 CSupdateW toc Kay Warren on Gender, Class, and the Unwilling Victims of Human Trafficking Law

by Janell Rothenberg

ver the last decade, Drugs and Crime. More than 110 particular practices of prosecu- between Colombia and Singa- human trafficking UN member states are signato- tion. Speaking at the Depart- pore. By 2006, it had become a has emerged as a ries to this protocol while ac- ment of Anthropology’s Cul- case of prostitution and collabo- legal category of prosecutable tual attempts to translate it into ture, Power and Social Change ration in criminal enterprises. Ocriminal behavior. The 2000 practice continue to face major Group on May 7, Warren dem- During this period, Warren Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and obstacles. onstrated contestation over the also witnessed the Colombian Punish Trafficking in Persons, In a recent talk, Kay Warren, category of trafficking victim legal system change. In 2003, adopted by the United Na- Tillinghast Professor of Interna- through an ethnographic ac- the country’s courts were still tions General Assembly, created tional Studies and Anthropology count of one particular human an inquisitorial system, marked international guidelines for the at Brown University, traced the trafficking case in Colombia. by lengthy judicial interroga- identification and prosecution framing of trafficking victims Under external, international tion and document prolifera- of human trafficking under the and perpetuators from the dis- pressure, the case began in 2003 tion. All of this was changed by auspices of the UN Office on course of the UN protocol to the as a trial over human trafficking 2005 into an adversarial system

JUN09 19 CSupdateW toc emphasizing plea bargains and as accused traffickers, gained efficiency, adopted under pres- innocence via their class posi- sure from the US. tion. These local recruiters were The UN protocol was de- characterized by the defense as signed to clearly distinguish too poor to have benefited from between the trafficking victim human trafficking. Therefore, and perpetrator. Resulting Warren argued, “victimhood was from the strong influence of shifted, partially and momen- anti-prostitution activists in the tarily, onto an unexpected cat- drafting of the protocol, the egory of protagonists.” The “real” definition of human traffick- perpetrators became those men ing was given the distinctive with the capital and mobility to quality of sexual exploitation. utilize transnational economic In the UN protocol, trafficking networks. The lack of suitable victims are framed as innocent, victims required to pursue a Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons duped, non-consenting women case of human trafficking forced Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations and children, while perpetra- the prosecution to reframe the Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, adopted tors are described as wielding crime. The shift in prosecution and opened for signature, ratification, and accession by General Assembly resolution 55/25 of 15 November 2000 coercion and violence to exploit from being “victim-centered” to their victims transnationally. In “criminal enterprise centered” the 2003-2006 Colombian case, resulted from the complicated norms and practices surrounding ty, 1998) and Women of the Andes: Warren found a more ambigu- ways that globally circulated human trafficking. Patriarchy and Social Change ous legal drama. Some women legal discourse interacted with Kay Warren’s current book in Two Peruvian Towns, co- identified as trafficked were the local realities of prosecution project is entitled Human Traf- authored with Susan Bourque unwilling to play the role of in Colombia. Following the pro- ficking, Global Solutions, and (University of Michigan, 1981). duped victims. They gave the cess of “writing the victim” from Local Realities Across the Pacific impression of having been labor the text of the UN protocol to Rim. Her other books include Janell Rothenberg is a doctoral can- migrants, consenting to leave the changing arguments in a Indigenous Movements and Their didate in the Department of Anthro- and earn money to support their Colombian courtroom, Warren Critics: Pan-Maya Activism in pology at UCLA. families. Poor men, who started put into question international Guatemala (Princeton Universi- JUN09 20 CSupdateW toc JUN09 AWARDS 2009

The annual CSW Awards luncheon was held on June 9, 2009, at the UCLA Faculty Center. Some of the recipients are shown above. Top row, left to right: Cristina F. Rosa, Shonali M. Choudhury, Darby Saxbe, Laurel Westrup, Sonja Kim, and Asmara Carbado. Bottom row, left to right: Katie Oliviero, Emily Susan Carman, Beverly Ann Woodard, Gabrielle Thomas, and Cailin Crockett

21 JUN09 AWARDS 2009

PENNY KAnner

Penny Kanner with Kathleen McHugh

Barbara “Penny” Kanner received a Ph.D. including Women in Context: Two Hundred for the Study of Women in 1983 after “seeing in the Department of History at UCLA. Years of British Women Autobiographers, a that professional encouragement for women Kanner has taught at UCLA Extension, Reference Guide and Reader (Prentice Hall, graduate students was pitifully inadequate in Mount St. Mary’s College, Occidental 1997). Her research interests also include all disciplines.” More recently, she generously College, and held a faculty appointment at bibliomethodology as an analytical tool. endowed the George Eliot Dissertation Award UCLA. She has been a Research Scholar In her essay, “Growing into History” in the and the Elizabeth Blackwell, M.D., Awards. at the Center for the Study of Women book Voices of Women Historians (Indiana She has served as President of the West Coast since 1990. She authored a number of UP, 1999), she noted that she endowed the Association of Women Historians and the works on British women's autobiographies Mary Wollstonecraft Award at the Center Conference Group on Women’s History.

22 JUN09 AWARDS 2009

Elizabeth Blackwell, M.D., Awards

Named for the first woman to graduate from medical school and made possible by the

generosity of Barbara “Penny”Kanner, Ph.D., these awards honor a publishable research report, thesis, dissertation, or published article relating to women, health, or women in health- related sciences.

Shonali M. Choudhury Sonja Kim

Shonali M. Choudhury received her Ph.D. time working in the field with women in the Sonja Kim received her Ph.D. in the Korean in the Department of Community Health commercial sex industry in Tijuana, Mexico. History program at UCLA and will take Sciences in the School of Public Health at She received the Blackwell Award for her a position as Assistant Professor in the UCLA with a subconcentration in Women’s paper, “‘As Prostitutes, We Control Our Department of Asian and Asian American Studies. She specializes in health promotion Bodies’: Perceptions of Health and Body in Studies at SUNY Binghamton in the Fall of among marginalized women, reproductive the Lives of Establishment-Based Female Sex 2009. Her Blackwell Award–winning article, health, and the application of feminist Workers in Tijuana.” “‘Limiting Birth’: Birth Control in Colonial research methods in public health. For her Korea (1910–1945),” was published in East dissertation research she spent extensive Asian Science, Technology and Society (2008).

23 JUN09 AWARDS 2009

Elizabeth Blackwell, M.D., Awards

Named for the first woman to graduate from medical school and made possible by the

Amanda K. Jessen

Amanda K. Jessen is a Point Scholar and Jessen intends to pursue publication of this recently received her B.A in International article and will continue to research the many Development Studies (IDS) with a minor ways in which women are marginalized by in Women’s Studies. Jessen received the conflict. Jessen plans to join the Peace Corps Elizabeth Blackwell, M.D., Award from CSW and serve for two years teaching English in for her IDS senior seminar paper, entitled Eastern Europe/Central Asia. “Food Insecurity and Hunger as a Gendered Crisis: A Case Study of Southern Sudan.”

24 JUN09 AWARDS 2009

George Eliot Dissertation Award

Emily Susan Carman Named for the nineteenth-century English completed her Ph.D. novelist and made possible by the generosity of in in the Cinema and Media Studies program Barbara “Penny”Kanner, Ph.D., this award in the Department of Film, Television, and honors an outstanding doctoral dissertation pertaining to women or gen Digital Media in Fall 2008. Her dissertation is entitled “Independent Stardoms: Female Film Star Labor, Agency, and the Studio System in the 1930s.”

Mary Wollstonecraft Dissertation Award

Named for the author of A Vindication of the Elizabeth Morgan received her Ph.D. Rights of Woman (1792) and made possible by the in the Department of Musicology with a generosity of Barbara “Penny”Kanner, Ph.D., this dissertation entitled “The Virtuous Virtuosa: award honors an outstanding doctoral dissertation pertaining to women or gender that uses historical Women at the Pianoforte in England, materials and methods. 1780–1820.” She holds bachelor’s and master’s degrees in piano performance from The Juilliard School.

25 JUN09 AWARDS 2009

Jean Stone

Jean Stone, born Jean Factor, collaborated CSW-sponsored talks and, after 1990, when established. On more than one occasion, with her husband, Irving Stone, as she made her first contribution to CSW, she she noted how much pleasure she derived a researcher and editor on eighteen never missed the annual Awards Luncheon. from supporting stellar young scholars and biographical novels. For over five decades, Stone, who passed away in 2004, cared their research. In addition to the fellowships she was involved with and supported UCLA. deeply about the graduate students whose she established during her life, her legacy Stone had a long and productive relationship research on women embodied the promise to UCLA now includes the Irving and Jean with CSW. Her relationship with the Center of the next generation of women scholars. Stone Dissertation Year Fellowships. began with her participation in the Friends Her commitment to graduate students is of CSW in the late 1980s. She attended many reflected in the dissertation fellowships she

26 JUN09 AWARDS 2009

Jean Stone Dissertation Research Fellowship

Made possible by the generosity of Mrs. Kathryn E. “Katie” Oliviero is a doctoral Jean Stone, this fellowship helps fund an candidate in the Department of Women’s exceptional graduate student dissertation Studies. Her dissertation explores how research project focusing on women or gender. sensationalism, performance, and affect are used by twenty-first century conservative movements to compose citizenship, intimacy, life, and nation as vulnerable. Katie Oliviero Paula Stone Research Fellowship This fellowship, which was established by Jennifer Lynne Musto is a doctoral whether such protective interventions have Mrs. Jean Stone to honor her daughter, Paula candidate in the Department of helped to empower trafficked persons in Stone, helps fund an exceptional dissertation Women’s Studies. Her dissertation general and illegal migrants in particular. research project focusing on women and the project, “Institutionalizing Protection, law with preference given to research on Professionalizing Victim Management: women in the criminal/legal justice system. Explorations of Multi-Professional Anti- Trafficking Work in the Netherlands,” charts and takes theoretical stock of Dutch efforts to protect trafficked persons and investigates

27 JUN09 AWARDS 2009

Center for the Study of Women/ Graduate Division IRVING anD Jean Stone Dissertation YEAR Fellowships Made possible by the generosity of Mrs. Jean Stone, these fellowships support exceptionally promising doctoral students whose dissertation topic pertains to gender, sexuality, and/or women’s issues and who are at the dissertation writing stage. Cristina F. Rosa Laurel Westrup Stacy Macías

Cristina F. Rosa is a doctoral candidate Media. Her dissertation is “Reanimating Her dissertation is “Counter-Feminities: in Culture and Performance Studies in the Rock: Film and Television, Rock Music, and Gender, Sexual, and Racial Formations in Department of World Arts and Cultures. the Political Economy of Death, 1960–2005.” Latina Cultural Productions.” Jennifer Her dissertation is “Moving Scripts: Ginga, Nimmi Gowrinathan is a doctoral candidate Lynne Musto is a doctoral candidate in Choreography, and the Formation of in the Department of Political Science. Her the Department of Women’s Studies. Her Gendered and National Identities in Brazil.” dissertation is “Why Women Rebel? State dissertation is “Institutionalizing Protection, Laurel Westrup is a doctoral candidate Repression and Female Participation in Sri Professionalizing Victim Management: in Cinema and Media Studies in the Lanka.” Stacy Macías is a doctoral candidate Explorations of Multi-Professional Anti- Department of Film, Television, and Digital in the Department of Women’s Studies. Trafficking Work in the Netherlands.”

28 JUN09 AWARDS 2009

Constance Coiner Awards

Created to honor the memory and continue the work of Constance Coiner, Ph.D., and her daughter Ana Duarte-Coiner and made possible through donations of family and friends, the Constance Coiner Awards support research on feminist and working-class issues and honor excellence in teaching and a commitment to teaching as activism. Darby Saxbe with her husband, father, and daughter Darby Saxbe will receive her Ph.D. in the methodologies that report on everyday She hopes to pursue an academic career that Department of Psychology in June 2009. life “from the ground,” and on conducting integrates research, teaching, mentorship, Her research focuses on stress physiology, research that illuminates pathways between and clinical work, and to remain engaged in health, and well-being within the context of psychosocial functioning and physical political and community issues relevant to close relationships and families. Her primary health outcomes, with an emphasis on gender, class, and health. research advisor is Rena Repetti and her understanding women’s health from a research home base has been UCLA’s Center feminist perspective, she is a predoctoral for the Everyday Lives of Families (CELF). clinical intern with the Greater Los Angeles Passionate about developing research Veterans Adminstration Health Services.

29 JUN09 AWARDS 2009

Constance Coiner Awards

Asmara Carbado with her father

Asmara Carbado is a third-year transfer of women of color. Carbado is interning that reflect the multiple identities of women. student majoring in the Department of at Justice Corps where she assists litigants, Carbado plans to obtain a Ph.D in history History, with a minor in Civic Engagement. many of whom are poor women of color, and a J.D. and hopes to teach women and the A McNair scholar, she is working on a with completing and filing documents for law and critical race theory. research project entitled “Intersectionality: cases regarding family law issues. Through An Intellectual History of an Idea.” She is her academic, artistic, and volunteer work, deeply interested in how social movements Asmara’s goal is to promote legal, public related to race and gender relate to the lives policy, and academic approaches to gender

30 JUN09 AWARDS 2009

Constance Coiner Awards

Cailin Crockett with Virginia Coiner Classick, sister of Constance Coiner

Cailin Crockett is a third-year double major support groups for teen moms and recently contraceptives and gynecological care. After in Spanish and Political Science, with a lobbied California assemblypersons in graduation, Cailin hopes to continue working concentration in Political Theory. Inspired Sacramento in support of lowering healthcare with APRAMP and to conduct research in by her grandmother, mother, and sister, she costs for individuals below the poverty line. Spanish political philosophy. She also intends has been engaged in community activism While studying abroad in Spain during Fall to pursue a joint J.D./Ph.D. program in and feminist issues from an early age. She has quarter, she volunteered as a part of the political theory and public interest law. played a leadership role in Bruin Feminists mobile clinic team for APRAMP, a nonprofit for Equality. She has helped to start Vox, an group whose mission is to empower female on-campus advocacy group, which facilitates sex workers and provide them with safe

31 JUN09 AWARDS 2009

MYRNA HANT

Myrna A. Hant received her Ph.D. in in Gerontology from the University of In 2006, she established the Renaissance Education from UCLA with a dissertation Southern California. She was a college Award, an undergraduate scholarship that entitled “Life Satisfaction of the Well Elderly.” administrator at Chapman University as rewards the rebirth of academic aspirations She had previously completed two Master’s well as an instructor in Women’s Studies. among women whose college careers were degrees, one in English Literature and the Presently she teaches Women’s Studies interrupted or delayed by family and/ other in Business Administration. Dr. Hant courses as well as courses focusing on later life or career obligations and that encourages was inducted into Phi Beta Kappa and Phi issues. She has been a CSW Research Scholar achievement in the pursuit of a bachelor’s Delta Kappa for her Bachelor’s in Sociology since 2001. She is also Chair of the Board of degree at UCLA. from UCLA. She also received a Certificate P.A.T.H. (People Assisting the Homeless).

32 JUN09 AWARDS 2009

Renaissance Awards

Made possible through the generosity of Myrna Hant, Ph.D., this award supports the renewed academic aspirations of women whose college careers were interrupted or delayed. The recipients are UCLA undergraduate women who returned or are returning to college after a period of years.

Beverly Ann Woodard, Myrna A. Hant, and Gabrielle M. Thomas

Gabrielle M. Thomas is a student in the money matters, college planning, healthy Women’s Studies, with a minor in African- Department of Women’s Studies. Her eating, fitness, fashion, and etiquette—more American Studies. She is a first-generation research interests focus on the psychosocial than two thousand girls have participated. college student and the proud mother of three development of the adolescent female and Wanting to lead by example and set a standard children. The recipient of the Blue and Gold the issues that teen girls face in today’s of academic excellence, Thomas enrolled Scholarship and the Chancellor’s Award for society. After graduating from high school, in college when she was 23. Her goal is to 2009, she is currently conducting research on she received a license as an aesthetician and continue her studies and receive an M.A. gospel music with Professor Cheryl Keyes in then started My Beauty Inc. to help empower in Education from Harvard. Beverly Ann the Department of Ethnomusicology. girls through workshops on goal setting, Woodard is a student in the Department of

33 JUN09 STAFF

UCLA Center for the Study of Women CSW Update is published monthly during the academic DIRECTOR Kathleen McHugh Professor, English and Cinema and Media Studies year. UCLA faculty, staff, and students are welcome to sub- ASSOCIATE DIRECTOR Juliet Williams Associate Professor, Women’s Studies mit articles for inclusion. If you have questions, please ASSISTANT DIRECTOR April de Stefano, Ph.D. email the publications staff at SENIOR ADMINISTRATIVE ANALYST Van DoNguyen [email protected]

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