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Working Paper N. 2007-24 A WAY TO FOSTER INNOVATION: A VENTURE CAPITAL DISTRICT. FROM SILICON VALLEY AND ROUTE 128 TO WATERLOO REGION CINZIA COLAPINTO Working Paper n. 2007-24 MAGGIO 2007 DIPARTIMENTO DI SCIENZE ECONOMICHE AZIENDALI E STATISTICHE Via Conservatorio 7 20122 Milano tel. ++39 02 503 21501 (21522) - fax ++39 02 503 21450 (21505) http://www.economia.unimi.it E Mail: [email protected] Pubblicazione depositata ai sensi della L. 106/15.4.2004 e del DPR 252/3.5.2006 A way to foster innovation: a Venture capital district *. From Silicon Valley and Route 128 to Waterloo Region Cinzia Colapinto + This article presents a case-study of close links between universities, firms and government agencies ranging from joint research centres to contract research funded by industry or consultancies. Knowledge and technological change or innovation have become key drivers of economic growth in the knowledge- based economy (KBE 1) where a national innovative capacity can be defined as the ability of a country to produce and commercialise innovative technology in the long term. The role of innovation and diffusion of new technologies as engines of growth is empirically well established from firm and industry level studies (Nadiri, 1993). In the KBE, the US economy is considered a model to imitate, but close linkages among firms, research communities, the financial community and government are also in place in other countries. In Canada, for example, several important regional systems of innovation (RSIs) are in place in large cities such as Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver and Ottawa 2 (similar to those in the United States). From these we focus on Toronto (Ontario), because it leads the Canadian software industry, and is in second place in telecommunications and semiconductors (after Ottawa) and in aerospace and biotechnology (after Montreal). If the European Union (EU) has set the Lisbon 2010 targets 3, Canada has identified a goal of becoming the 5th highest R&D intensive country by 2010, up from its current position of 15th out of OECD and non- OECD countries 4 (Achieving Excellence, Govt. of Canada, 2001). Mansfield (1995) linked universities to national innovation performance and found that even if academic researchers do not provide the invention itself, they provide theoretical and empirical findings and new instrumentation essential new product/process development. For this reason, this paper devotes particular attention to academic research and university-industry relation. This paper has three aims. First, it draws a comparison between Silicon Valley 5 and Route 128 and the Region of Waterloo, underlying the theme of intellectual property rights. Second, it focuses on the linkage between Venture Capital (VC) and Canadian universities in the Waterloo Region. Third, it discusses some successful examples at the University of Waterloo (UW). We demonstrate that innovation is strongly * Acknowledgement: I would like to thank Christina Fader (University of Waterloo) and especially Franco Papandrea (University of Canberra) for their comments and suggestions. + Research fellow, University of Milan and Associate Visiting Researcher, University of Canberra. [email protected] . This work has been written during a research visit to the Department of Economics of the University of Waterloo, Canada. 1 The KBE term was defined: "[economy] which is directly based on the production, distribution and use of knowledge and information" (OECD 1996). 2 We have to mention that there are also more specialised regional systems of innovation in Calgary, Edmonton and Saskatoon, but we focus only on the largest regional innovation system. 3 During the Lisbon European Council (March 2000) Heads of State and Government established the guidelines in order to make the EU a more competitive and dynamic economy based on knowledge by 2010. At Barcelona European Council (2002) they agreed that: research and technological development (R&D) investment in the EU must be increased with the aim of approaching 3 % of GDP by 2010, up from 1.9 % in 2000; the level of business funding should rise from 56% to ⅔ of total R&D investment, a proportion already achieved in the US and in some European countries. 4 In 2000 Finance Minister Paul Martin posed this challenge, which was confirmed in the 2001 Speech from the Throne. 5 This name was coined by Don Hoefler, a journalist, in 1971: it was the title of an article about the semiconductor industry written for Electronic News, a weekly industry tabloid. 1 dependent on exchange/integration of knowledge originating from all the relevant players within a country: firms, scientific communities, the financial community, and government. 1 Some definitions In the KBE, development is a critical factor involving the systematic use of knowledge or understanding gained from research to produce useful materials, devices, systems, or methods, including the design and development of prototypes and processes. We always distinguish between product innovation , which introduces new products, and process innovation , which introduces new methods of production in order to reduce the costs of producing existing products. Innovation is a broader concept than research and development (R&D), although the latter is the starting point for innovation and R&D productivity is a central element of science and technology policies in advanced economies. Theoretically, several new approaches to understanding innovation have emerged including ideas-driven endogenous growth theory (Romer, 1990), cluster-based models of national competitive advantage (Porter, 1990), and models on national innovation systems (Nelson, 1993). Alfred Marshall (1890) noted that the concentration of firms in cities fostered economic growth by facilitating the diffusion of knowledge (knowledge spillover). Porter defines clusters as concentrations of highly specialized skills and knowledge, institutions, competitors, and related businesses in a particular region, and says that “Clusters are a driving force in increasing exports and are magnets for attracting foreign investment” 6. The reason lies in the fact that in a cluster the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. Breschi and Malerba (2001) argue that a successful factor for high-tech clusters is the extent to which local firms are embedded in a very thick network of knowledge sharing supported by close social interactions. Research funding must be included in any consideration of drivers of successful innovation. In addition to traditional government and in-house corporate funding, VC has become an important source of funds for R&D as well as an important component of the financial system, both in the US and globally [Gompers and Lerner (1999), Lerner and Schoar (2004), Megginson (2004)]. Its importance to the funding of new high-tech and/or high-growth potential firms is widely acknowledged. The establishment of more than 30 national venture capital associations 7 in the past two decades indicates that VC financing has become an important feature of the financial system of many countries. VC represents an alternative to raising funds via public equity or debt markets, especially if uncertainty or simply a long time horizon associated with the investment deter debt providers from funding these endeavours. These occur in high-technology environments, where the commercial potential of innovations is difficult to estimate. Venture capitalists (VCs) become co-owners of the start-up companies and share both risk and returns. The reward to the VC directly depends on the growth and profitability of the start-up firm. Successful investments are mainly executed through trade sales or Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) on 6 See Porter M., Economic development Quarterly, Vol. 14, p.15, Feb. 2000 and On Competition, Harvard Business Review, 1998, p.199. 7 Italian Venture Capital and Private Equity Association (AIFI, 1986), British Venture Capital Association in UK (BVCA, 1983), Australian Venture Capital Association (AVCAL, 1992), Canada's Venture Capital & Private Equity Association (CVCA, 1974), Indian Venture Capital Association in India (IVCA, 1998), the Taiwan Venture Capital Association (TVCA, 1999 - borne of its predecessor, the Taipei Venture Capital Association, a non-profit organization founded in 1992) to list a few. 2 the stock market. Frequently in the seed stage, VCs are preceded by business angels 8, which organize themselves into angel networks to share research and pool their own investment capital: the Angel Capital Electronic Network (ACE-Net) was developed by the US Small Business Administration's Office in 1995; European Business Angels Network (EBAN), a non-profit association, was established with the support of the European Commission in 1999; in Canada the National Angel Organization (NAO), an incorporated not-for-profit organization, was created in 2002, that is the point of match of local association as the Angel Forum-Vancouver started in 1997. Many important firms of the last three decades such as 3Com, Compaq, Cisco, Federal Express, Genentech, Intel, Oracle, and Sun Microsystems were first funded by VCs. Venture Capital supports some of the most innovative, dynamic firm clusters in the world: Silicon Valley and Route 128 in the US, Silicon Wadi in Israel 9, Cambridge Cluster in UK, Sophia Antipolis (telecom valley) and Grenoble (high- tech hub for micro nanotechnologies) in France, Hsinchu Region in Taiwan, Bangalore in India, Tsukuba in Japan. The common model (except for Taiwan where universities focus primarily on teaching
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